Cancer Vs Immmunotherapy For Cancer

Cancer Vs Immmunotherapy For Cancer
Immunotherapy for cancer treatment has had tremendous growth recently with increased awareness and knowledge of the immune system and
potential means to manipulate it for therapeutic intent. Progress in the treatment of viral infections including CMV, EBV, HHV
–6, utilization of
immune checkpoint blockade for melanoma, non–small cell lung cancer, and Hodgkin Lymphoma, as well as rapid emergence of genetically modified
T cells against CD19+ B cells have contributed to the growth in this area.Antibody–targeted therapy has now become standard of care for many
malignancies, and the multi–domain utilization of antigen–specific adoptive T–cell therapy has shown great promises. 4 While our understanding of B
cell and T cell and our ability to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key role of NK cells in various aspects of immune response are now being recognized and have been attracting increased attention for their
potential clinical efficacy via immune–based therapies. As their name implies, this unique member of the innateimmune system can recognize targets
without being previously sensitized and thus kill cells that are deemed dangerous to the host. This is particularly important when evaluating biologic
studies of NK cells and factors that influence NK–cell effect in cancer immune–surveillance, viral immunity, and transplantation alloreactivity. In this
chapter, we will review NK cell biology, discuss their role in the alloHSCT setting, and review new advances in incorporating NK cells as
therapeutic options for malignancies. Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) can be divided broadly into two major lineages mainly T cells and natural
killer (NK) cells. While mature cells NK cells are morphologically identified as LGL, nearly a decade after their initial discovery, NK cells were
characterized as lymphocytes having an immuno–phenotype that lacked expression of CD3– but expressed CD56+. This characterization thereby
differentiated them from T–cells having CD3+ expression and thus NK cells do not express the CD3/T–cell receptor (TCR) complex or experience
TCR gene rearrangement. NK cells can be further divided into two distinct
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Aplastic Anemia Essay
The two main treatments for aplastic anemia are immunosuppression (IST) and bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
Immunosuppression with either antithymocyte globulin or cyclosporine is an effective therapy for patients who are not suitable BMT candidates, due
to old age or lack of a suitable donor. However, in approximately one third of patients with AA, there is no response to immunosuppression.
Immunosuppression can restore the patient's blood count to normal or near normal for prolonged periods but improvement is not permanent and
treatment must be repeated if relapse of AA occurs, and up to 40% of patients eventually relapse. Also, patients who successfully respond to
immunosuppressive treatments are still at risk of eventually developing PNH, MDS, or leukemia (associated BMFDs). Considering the rates of relapse
and secondary clonal disease following antithymocyte ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The limitations of immunosuppression include the high rates of irresponsiveness and relapse rate after treatment. The creation of an immune
biomarker to monitor the disease could allow us to gain a better understanding of the immunological status of an individual AA patient, including
disease severity and response to therapy. Also, another consideration to help with IST efficacy is adding growth factors to the treatment, to help aid the
signaling.
An advantage of BMT over IST is a marked reduction in both the risk of relapse and the evolution of secondary clonal disorders such as MDS and
PNH. BMT is the treatment of choice for young patients who have a human–leukocyte antigen (HLA)–matched sibling donor. However, fewer than
30% of patients will have an HLA–matched sibling donor. So, what if the patient does not have an HLA–matched sibling for BMT? Unfortunately,
unrelated donors and mismatched transplants have

Fate Therapeutic: A Case Study
Fate therapeutic is a biotechnology company focusing on immunotherapy for cancer and immune disorder disease. This company has long history for
immune system research and their ultimate goal is to develop safe and effective off–the–shelf therapy for large amount of patients.
There is a strong pipeline in Fate therapeutic. Their pipeline can be divided into two areas: immuno–oncology, including 3 products named
FATE–NK100, engineered hnCD16 iNK and engineered CAR iTcell, and immuno–regulation, including 2 products named ProTmune and ToleraCyte. It
shows that Fate has a great interest in nature killer cells, T cells and CD34+ cells. This report will mainly introduce the technique in FATE
–NK100 and
ProTmune which are the only two products in clinical stage. In addition, the entire pipeline is built on the induced pluripotent stem cell technique. [7] ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fate induced well differentiated cell back to pluripotent stem cell then modify the genome and expand them into a human pluripotent stem cell line.
After cell line is produced, IPSC is induced to CD34+ cells, nature killer cells and T cells as their source of pipeline.[5] To maintain effective
derivation and expansion of IPSC, Fate develops a IPSC plateform using small molecule pathway inhibitor and reprogramming factor (OCT4/SOX2
/SV40LT) to quickly produce identical IPSC and enable off–the–shelf

Research Essay : Stem Cell Research
Biology Research EssayErica Ford
In recent years, there has been a lot more talk about stem cell research than ever before. The idea of stem cells arose in the 1960 's, with the first
successful bone marrow transplant in 1968. Now, stem cell research is a widely known topic in biotechnology and shows a substantial amount of
scientific promise. The future of stem cell research and the impact it could have follows with many questions on people 's minds, as well the simple
curiosity of what stem cells are and how they can affect people both positively and negatively. There are quite a few areas of discussion about stem
cells, and this essay addresses seven of the many questions concerning stem cell research.
The typical first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main risks of a blood and bone marrow stem cell transplant are infections, graft–versus–host disease (GVHD), and graft failure. Patients can easily
get infections after the transplant because their immune systems are very weak. The risk of infections decreases as the patient 's immune system
begins to recover. GVHD is a common disease for people who get stem cells from a donor in which the new stem cells attack the patient's body.
Doctors prescribe medicines to treat GVHD, such as glucocorticoids for acute GVHD and steroids for chronic GVHD.2 Graft failure occurs if the
immune system rejects the new stem cells. It also can occur if not enough stem cells are used, the new stem cells are damaged, or the patient
receiving the cells' bone marrow is damaged after the transplant. Graft failure is most likely to occur in people who aren 't as prepared for their
transplants. People who get stem cells from donors who are not a very good match also are more likely to have graft failure. Other complications can
include infertility, cataracts, new cancers, and damage to the liver, kidneys, lungs, or heart.
Now after most read the list of risks, the benefits seem outweighed and initially started controversy. The stem cell controversy is the consideration of
the ethics of research involving the development, usage, and destruction of human embryos and also takes into account the possible risks associated
with stem cell transfer. Most commonly, this

Oral Leukoplakia
A 57–year–old female presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences clinic with a chief complaint of "pain on my tongue
since 8 months". Patient was diagnosed with breast cancer 6 yrs back and underwent radiation therapy. She is allergic to sulfa drugs. On clinical
examination reveals there is a well–demarcated white patch with areas of depapillation on the left dorsum of the tongue. What is the likely diagnosis?
Oral Leukoplakia Incorrect Leukoplakia is the most common precursor lesion to squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. There is a male
predilection, presumably do to commonly implicated risk factors, smoking and alcohol. It presents as a white plaque with generally well–demarcated
borders: early lesions present as homogenously smooth and thin and more advanced lesions may present with nodular, verrucous, or even partially
erythematous components. Furthermore, histopathologic examination is characterized by a hyperkeratosis with or without acanthosis. Inconsistent
numbers... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It tends to occur in middle–aged patients with female predominance. Skin lesions appear as purple, pruritic, polygonal papules. Oral lesions may be
white, red, or erosive. The reticular type presents with classic Wickham striae, typically on the posterior buccal mucosa bilaterally, and is frequently
asymptomatic. Other common involved are the ventrolateral tongue, and the gingiva. Erythematous and ulcerative presentations may be symptomatic.
For asymptomatic cases, no treatment required. Histopathologic examination is characterized by hyperkeratosis, saw–tooth rete ridges and dense
band–like chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate. The immunopathologic feature of lichen planus demonstrates the deposition of a tangled band of
fibrinogen at the basement membrane zone. Topical or systemic corticosteroids recommended for symptomatic patients. Disease course is variable but
my be waxing or

Plasticity Of Mesenchymal Stem Cell
PLASTICITY OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL
INTRODUCTION
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), also regarded as marrow stromal cells, are multipotent adult stem cells that are able to differentiate into limited
mesodermal lineage and are able to self renew. MSCs possess characteristics that make them useful in regenerative medicine including,
immunomodulation, secretion profile and homing characteristics. Depending on where they are used, these characteristics can have a positive and
negative influence on the disease. This review will focus on the immunomodulatory characteristics of MSCs, several isolation points of MSCs, and
differentiation which make them useful tool in treatment of post myocardial infarction, diabetic foot disease (wounds), immune ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
CHARACTERISTICS OF MSCs
Isolation points of MSCs
Mesenchymal stem cells are attractive tools in the clinic and have been isolated from different tissues of the body but to be qualified for use in
regenerative medicine, they must in addition to the characteristics described by the international society for cell therapy, be expandable ex vivo with
high proliferative potentials, possess multipotent capability, and must be easy to harvest for autologous transplantation.4 The latter characteristic
ensures that the donor is not subjected to extreme condition or pain in order to access their stem cell. The site for MSC isolation includes but not limited
to; bone marrow, adipose tissue, whartson jelly umbilical cord, and skin.
Bone marrow: MSCs isolated from bone marrow stromal cell was first named Westen–Bainton's cell but were first plated by Friedensten in 1960. These
cells have fibroblast morphology and were plastic adherent with minimal contaminations of endothelial cells. Bone marrow derived–MSCs
(BM–MSCs) have been shown to maintain the hematopoietic stem cell environment through the secretion of cytokines such as vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF). BM–MSCs differentiation potential in vitro as well as surface markers makes them acceptable source for stem cell.5 Wexler
and colleagues showed that although BM is a reliable source for

Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells.[1] The condition, per its name,
involves both aplasia and anemia. Typically, anemia refers to low red blood cell counts, but aplastic anemia patients have lower counts of all three
blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, termed pancytopenia.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
[edit]Signs and symptoms * Anemia with malaise, pallor and associated symptoms such as palpitations * Thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts),
leading to increased risk of hemorrhage, bruising and petechiae * Leukopenia (low white blood cell count), leading to increased risk of infection * ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow reconstitute all three blood cell lines, giving the patient a new immune system, red blood cells, and
platelets. However, besides the risk of graft failure, there is also a risk that the newly created white blood cells may attack the rest of the body
("graft–versus–host disease").
Medical therapy of aplastic anemia often includes a short course of anti–thymocyte globulin (ATG) or anti–lymphocyte globulin (ALG) and several
months of treatment with ciclosporin to modulate the immune system. Mild chemotherapy with agents such as cyclophosphamide andvincristine may
also be effective. Antibody therapy, such as ATG, targets T
–cells, which are believed to attack the bone marrow. Steroids are generally ineffective,
though are often used to combat serum sickness caused by ATG use.
One prospective study involving cyclophosphamide was terminated early due to a high incidence of mortality, due to severe infections as a result of
prolonged neutropenia.[3]
In the past, before the above treatments became available, patients with low leukocyte counts were often confined to a sterile room or bubble (to
reduce risk of infections),

Genetic Mutation Of A Single Nucleotide Base
SCD is genetic mutation that is caused by a genetic point mutation where a single nucleotide base has been substituted by an incorrect base (also
termed transversion). The transversion caused by the SCD will alter the codon, at the 17th nucleotide of the beta chain of hemoglobin molecule it
would be incorrect; thus, when the mRNA carries the gene which codes for Hb molecule, at the 17th nucleotide the ribosome will start synthesizing a
different amino acid.
At the site of the Hb molecule its adenosine base would be replaced by a thymine base; thus, instead of synthesizing hemoglobin molecule with the
codon GAG at its 17th nucleotide it would exist as GTG, both of which code for different amino acids (glutamic acid and valine respectively). The
Transversion from the polar amino acid glutamic acid in normal Hb molecules to that of the non–polar valine will cause drastic changes to the
properties of the Hb molecule. Where in it would lose its solubility, crystalizing in the capillaries of the tissues, as well as becoming hydrophobic as
direct effect of glutamic acid substitution forcing the RBC to assume the shape sickle crescent shape. In addition, the mutated Hb molecule has had its
intermolecular interaction with other Hb molecules altered, drastically changing its susceptibility to interact with other inorganic molecules in the
blood, in such a way that it partially impairs the carrier's respiratory system, and eventually causes an irreversible damage to the patient[ ].

Essay On Bubble Boy Disease
"Bubble Boy Disease" When putting the "Bubble Boy Disease" in the past, gene therapy can be the time machine to send it back. Gene therapy can
help replace infected cells in a patient's body with healthy, new cells. SCID is a severe disease that can be greatly impacted by gene therapy. New
advancements are being made and a gene therapy method can be used to transfer bone marrow into the patient, instead of transferring the cells. The
future of gene therapy can help cure SCID.
Severe Combine Immunodeficiency(SCID) is a disease that infects infants within the first few months of life. Some of these infections can be life
threatening. The cause of SCID is usually a defect in the T– & B–lymphocyte systems. SCID is known as the "Bubble Boy Disease". According to the
article The SCID Homepage, "SCID became widely known during the 1970's and 80's, when the world learned of David Vetter, a boy with X
–linked
SCID, who lived for 12 years in a plastic, germ–free bubble." There are multiple versions of SCID, but the most common form is caused by the
X–chromosome. Because this disease only affects the X–chromosome, it can affect male infants.
Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco(UCSF), is working on a clinical study to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These healthy genes will hopefully restore the patient's health and prevent any further medical issues. If gene therapy can be used to cure SCID in
newborn males, it can most definitely cure more DNA and gene related immune disorders. If gene therapy can be advanced, the effects of the
treatment will last longer. When the effects last longer, the patient will no longer need medicine. This will allow the patient's body to recover from
SCID and be able to battle infections. They will not only battle them, they have a higher possibility of getting rid of it. SCID is an appalling disease,
but with the future of gene therapy, it can be put into the

Spinal Cord Injury In The Body
A spinal cord injury does not occur in a single moment. Instead damage will continue to ensue for days to weeks after the initial injury. The initial
impact and injury causes the immediate damage and death of oligodendrocytes and motor neurons. However, another wave of damage is caused by the
secondary processes that occur after the injury. The spinal cord is a bundle of nervous tissue and neurons protected by the vertebral column that
transmits electrical synapses, or messages, from the brain to the rest of the body. It is composed of three layers of membranes and is protected by the
bony vertebrae that make up our vertebral column. The spinal cord upon impact will swell and secrete chemicals which will cause an inflammatory
response and will kill neighboring cells increasing the amount of functioning lost throughout the body. The swelling can also cut off theblood flow to
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate and specialize themselves into specific cell types in the body. Different
cell types perform different functions in the body and because of this differentiation is important. Cells need to specialize in order to perform
distinct functions in the body. There are different types of stem cells that can be obtained from various sources. The stem cells can be allogenic or
autogenous. Allogenic stem cells are obtained from sources within the same species, but from a different individual. Autogenic means that the cells
are obtained from the own individual (Gabel et al., 2017). There are benefits and risks associated with each type of stem cell. Autogenous stem
cells, since they are from the own individuals body, are not put at risk to be rejected or attacked by the body by presenting itself as a foreign body.
Allogenic stem cells, since they are coming from a donor's body are at risk of rejection and Graft

A Brief Note On Coagulation Screening And Corrections...
BS0504 Haematology and Transfusion Science
Practical Proforma
Semester 1 2014
Student Number: 13006788 Haematology Practical 1
Haemostasis: Coagulation Screening & Corrections Practical
Using the data generated in the practical session you will write a report below consisting of an:
Introduction –(10 marks) Introduce the utility of coagulation, the theory behind the tests and the clinical relevance of the tests.
Results–(10 marks) Present your data appropriately with normal ranges stated for all tests and the rational for attempting corrections.
Discussion/Conclusion–(25 Marks) Discuss the results that you have collated giving a possible clinical scenario for each patient AND HOW YOU
ARRIVED AT THIS CONCLUSION (Including... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Significance – Meaning of high hba2
TF = 1.220
Absorbance of A2 elute = 0.137
5*1.220 = 6.1%
0.137/6.1 = 2.246 HbA2%
This result gives HbA2 of 2.246 suggesting the individual may not have the ОІ–thalassemia trait hence normal or they could be ОІ–thalassemia
homozygous. The range for ОІ–thalassemia homozygous is 2.8–3.5 and the range for normal individuals is 1.5–3.0. So this individual could be either
as their, to find out if the patient has ОІ–thalassemia or not, results from HbA2 must be taken in account with the patients history, total haemoglobin
values and other lab tests.
2.What therapies are appropriate for a sufferer of Beta–Thalassaemia? (10 marks)
Individuals can be given regular blood transfusions, this has extended the life expectancy of individuals with Beta–Thalassaemia. Treatment maintains
the patient's haemoglobin at 9/10 g/dL and also treats the anaemia and suppresses endogenous erythropoiesis. However there are many problems
associated with this treatment such as financial problems, also their quality of life changes, patients suffer from cardiac, endocrine and hepatic
complications. http://search.proquest.com/docview/759558923?pq–origsite=summon
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSC) can be received, treatment is curable in some individuals that have thalassemia major. HSC has a high
cure rate for both thalassemia patients that are class 1 and 2, but only works for those who are younger than 17 years of age, this treatment involves bone

Graft Vs Host Disease Essay
Many pathological conditions can be treated through the use of allogeneic transplants. An allogeneic transplant is when cells, tissues, or organs from
a donor are placed into a recipient that is genetically different. Because the donor and recipient are not identical, it is possible for the graft to reject,
which when there is an immune response against the graft. It is also possible for a more serious complication to occur, known as Graft–versus–host
disease. Graft–versus–host disease typically occurs in cases of bone marrow or stem cell transplants, but it can also occur in other cases as well. In this
condition, immune cells in the grafted tissue recognize the host body cells as foreign, and attack them. Normally, immune cells do not attack their own
body cells due to cell proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Every person has a different HLA pattern, which makes allogeneic transplants
more difficult. For a transplant to be successful, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acute Graft–versus–host disease is the form that occurs within 100 days of the allogeneic transplant, and is a major obstacle to be overcome for the
transplant to be a success and the patient to survive. Acute Graft–versus–host disease causes damage to the liver, skin, mucous membranes, and GI
tract. The bone marrow, thymus, and lungs can also be affected. Symptoms of the acute form are abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhea, dry eyes,
jaundice, and skin rashes. The second category of Graft–versus–host disease is the chronic form. Chronic Graft–versus–host disease begins more than
100 days after a transplant, and can affect a patient for their entire lifetime. The chronic form targets the same organs as the acute form; however,
damage to connective tissue and exocrine gland can also be seen. Symptoms of chronic Graft–versus–host disease can include dry eyes and mouth,
fatigue and chronic weakness and pain, skin rash, shortness of breath, and weight

The Berlin Patient : Timothy Ray Brown
The Berlin Patient
Timothy Ray Brown, gained his title as "The Berlin Patient" after being the first man successfully cured of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
in 2008, Berlin. Brown has been battling with HIV for 11 years with antiretroviral drugs since 1995 when he was diagnosed. Then in 2006, he was
being diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia, another disease that would put his life in danger. Acute myeloid leukemia is a type of cancer that
attacks the bone marrow and spread to blood.[9] To treat his new deadly disease, Brown has tried radiation and chemotherapy which both did not
seem to be successful in helping him. In 2007 and 2008 he made the decision of going for a bone marrow transplant. Brown's oncologist has chose a
bone marrow donor with a genetic mutation known as delta 32 which is found in 1 to 2 percent of the people in Northern Europe. For people with the
delta 32 mutation, they are very likely to be immune to Smallpox, the Bubonic Plague and resistant to HIV and AIDS. [10] Focusing on how HIV is
prevented by this mutation, HIV virus usually enters a cell through the cell's CCR5 receptor and fuse into the cell that will eventually divide itself and
spread throughout the patient's body, infecting the patient with cells that is infected with HIV viruses. With the delta 32 mutation, the entry of HIV is
blocked due to their misshapen CCR5 protein. Immunity to HIV is only present to homozygous carriers for the delta 32 mutation on both genes. [11]
[12]
The

Genetic Control Of Immune Response And Susceptibility Of...
Through studies of immunogenetics it has been demonstrated that our bodies respond obediently to infectious diseases by succumbing to their every
need. This creates a situation where our genes as well as the environment around us influence our body 's own immune system (Genetic Control of
Immune Response and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases, 2013).
The genetic variation within a number of many individuals causes natural selection to occur. With this natural selection we are susceptible to the
chance of risk that can ultimately cause our immune systems to alter antagonist genes, a structure that changes the way our body normally operates.
This variation as individuals evolve over time changes the way our immune system reacts and defends against diseases (Genetic Control of Immune
Response and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases, 2013).
Scientists have demonstrated that the variations of our immune systems are contributed to the many diverse white blood cells that are circulating
throughout our entire body. Not only do our genes play a key factor in our immune system, but the environment plays a vital role as well. Furthermore,
each day we are unprotected to the enviroment around us, the more we come face to face with new pathogens and vaccines (Conover, 2015).
Since there are dissimilarities and diversities among everyone 's immune system, each body reacts differently to the many vaccinations and to the
environment around them. This is due partly because of our

Chemotherapy Induced Diarrhea
In oncological patients, diarrhea can occur in several different situations. Possible etiologies could be chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, decreased
physical performance, graft vs. host disease and infections. "Of clinical importance is chemotherapy–induced diarrhea, which has been reported as a
grade 3–4 serious adverse event with a frequency of 5–47% in randomized clinical trials" (Andreyev, 2014). Diarrhea is divided into different grading
and these are Grade 1: increase to two to three bowel movements per day additional to number before treatment or mild increase in stoma output.
Grade 2: increase to four to six bowel movements per day additional to number before treatment, moderate increase in stoma output, as well as
moderate cramping ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to killing cancer cells, chemotherapy tends to kill other fast–growing cells, such as those in your intestinal lining. Not all chemotherapy
drugs cause diarrhea, most regimens used to treat gastrointestinal cancers, those used in patients with tumors at other sites such as breast cancer
treated with docetaxel, capecitabine or folinic acid antagonists (such as methotrexate) also raise the risk of chemotherapy induced diarrhea. Radiation
therapy that concentrates on the abdomen, pelvis or lower back can cause diarrhea. How serious the diarrhea will be depends on the radiation dose.
The diarrhea can persist for weeks or months after treatment. It is also possible for diarrhea to begin days, months, and even years after treatment. If
the surgeon must remove certain parts of the intestine in order to remove cancer, this might alter the intestine's ability to absorb nutrients and/or fat and
may result in diarrhea. Chemotherapy and total body radiation therapy given in effects of bone marrow stem cell transplant can cause diarrhea.
Diarrhea is also known to be a complication of graft–versus–host disease if received bone marrow stem cells are allogeneic. In graft–versus–host
disease, the transplanted bone marrow stem cells reject your

Hyperacute Graft-Vs-Host Disease Research Paper
The demand for an organ transplant continues to grow and when an organ becomes available there are multiple precautions to take to make sure the
body does not reject the organ. The certain anti–rejection (immunosuppressant) medication that needs to be taken before a transplant to decrease the
body's immune response from attacking a foreign object (the transplant organ). The medication also lowers the immune system. Therefore, the immune
system does not cause the body to reject the organ. Statists have shown, that up twenty percent of patients that get an organ transplant, experience one
out of the three organ rejections.
Hyperacute rejection usually occurs within minutes to hours once the organ has been transplant to the recipient. The hyperacute ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
What causes this disease is, after the transplant is complete the cells, of the transplanted bone marrow or stem cell, start attacking the recipient's
body. GVHD has a wide range of how dangerous it can be to the patient's life, it can range from mild, where it is easily treatable, to life threatening,
where there is no stopping the donor cells from attacking the recipient's body. A biopsy on an affected organ can determine diagnoses of GVHD
grade from I (mildest) to IV (most severe). To prevent GVHD, a couple of days before the transplant multiple drugs are prescribed to the patient:
cyclosporine and methotrexate, tacrolimus and methotrexate, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, or prograf and sirolimus. These drugs are to
lower the immune system from attacking the donor's cells. The outlooks of a patient after the transplant is determined on how severe GVHD is and
how closely match the bone marrow tissue or cell was. There have been some cases where GVHD caused damage to the liver, lungs, digestive tract and
other organs. However, if this does happen or the patient start developing symptoms of GVHD, there are treatments. But the treatments does not always
guarantee that the transplant will treat the original disease that was meant for the bone marrow tissue or cell transplant.
Xenotransplantation is something we don't hear everyday. Xenotransplantation is a process where animal organs, tissues and cells are transplanted into
humans for medical reasons. The most common animal to transplant organs into humans, with the most success, is a pig. It is a personal opinion
whether or not xenotransplantation can help or hurt you. Before deciding whether to do the operation or not you will have to look at the pros and cons
that are listed

Grafting of the Bone
Bone grafting is performed to restore bone that has been lost due to injury, trauma, or disease. Injury may cause haematoma and bleeding from
adjacent structures to occur. Haematoma is clotting of blood that occur in any specific region such as around the broken bone ends. This event is
localized. Two ends involved are proximal and distal bone end which is the medium for osteonal healing (ossification) to occur.
Ossification is the process of bone formation that is usually beginning at particular centers in each prospective bone and involving the activities of
species osteoblasts that segregate and deposit inorganic bone substance about themselves (Webster, 2013). To form fracture callus, hyaline cartilage
and woven bone has to be formed first. In order this to happen, chondroblasts and osteoblasts will arise from periosteum of each ends respectively.
After that, fracture callus will undergo the process of bone subtitution, followed with endochondral ossification, resulting in production of lamellar
bone. Final remodelling of the bone is completed by deposition of compact bone by osteoblasts in resorption pits prepared by the osteoclasts (Gaston
and Simpson, 2007). This natural osteonal healing would be done well if and only if these four prerequisites are active.
Firstly, cells with active osteogenic potential. Secondly, medium which has active osteoconductive matrix. Thirdly, medium with an active
osteoconductive stimulus. Lastly, a mechanically active and stable

HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus responsible for the acquisition of HIV infection which leads to the development of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV targets cells that are part of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic
cells which results in the levels of these cells falling dangerously low as they are exterminated via different mechanisms. Such mechanisms typically
involve the induction of signaling cascades that result in 'self–killing' protocols being executed by the cell, as well as becoming targets for direct killing
of other cytotoxic cells in the immune system. As HIV is a lentivirus it contains two single–stranded, positive sense, RNA molecules each coding nine
viral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why is this important and what is the relevance?
Currently, 36.7 million people are living with HIV, of which one–third are not yet aware. HIV is a virus that integrates its viral DNA into host cells, a
necessity for its survival. By taking advantage of the natural genetic mutation in CCR5–delta, that occurs in some individuals making them immune to
the disease, we hope to replicate this in the form of a potential treatment. In 2016, 1 million people died of the later form of the disease known as AIDS.
This is a huge public health issue, and with yet no cure for the disease, its discovery is in high demand. The importance of finding a cure also impacts
government costs, suggesting $23.9 billion would be needed in the case of an epidemic, money that just isn't available! With the addition of
ever–increasing travel all around the world, the spread of this disease, which was once targeted mainly in African countries, is spreading more to the
West. Additionally, 70% of the people infected with HIV are living in Africa which negatively affects the economic development causing a vicious
cycle of poverty. Consequently, it is crucial to find an effective treatment which could possibly be developed into a cure to improve socioeconomic
impacts of the debilitating disease and decrease mortality rates. How will it be done?
Conversion of adult human cells to reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides an opportunity to cure HIV–1 through genome
editing

Overview Of Embryonic Stem Cells
Stem cells play a fundamental role during all stages of development and have the potential to study and treat disease (Spitalieri et al., 2016).
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent cells that emerge from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can give rise to various cell types (Liang
and Zhang, 2013). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have similar characteristics but are derived from adult differentiated somatic tissue (Liang
and Zhang, 2013). This review will briefly compare ESC and iPSC in the context of cell therapy and disease modeling.
The human ESCs have long been considered the gold standard for modeling disease and have served as the basis for developing cell therapies
(Spitalieri et al., 2016). However, the use of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is, ESC line are often exposed to fetal bovine serum or other animal–based media for culturing purposes (Desai et al., 2015). This increases the
likelihood of activating the immune response and tissue rejection. It is, therefore, necessary for some receipts of ESC to take immunosuppressants and
mitigate the immune response (Odorico et al., 2001). In recent years, researchers have developed ESC parthenogenetic lines that could provide HLA
histocompatibility for the majority of a given population (Revazova et al., 2008). Moreover, ESC lines are currently being cultivated in systems that
are free of animal contamination (Fu et al., 2010). Such improvements could advance the clinical application of hESC for the treatment of disease.
Furthermore, iPSCs are in theory more ideal than ESCs for the modeling of disease due to two reasons. First, iPSC can capture the genotype of a
particular individual and reproduce the severity of a disease (Acab and Muotri, 2015) Second, iPSC can take into account variations within different
ethnic groups (Merkle and Eggan, 2013). This is not easily achieved in human ESC lines, which have thus far had limited success in modeling
complex disease. In contrast, iPSCs can more closely recapitulate the genetic hallmarks of a disease (Acab and Muotri, 2015). This may prove
beneficial for toxicity–testing and development of new drugs for the treatment of disease (Pappas and Yang, 2008).
Nonetheless, iPSCs suffer from

Stem Cell Informative Speech
The human body is made up of a million of cells. Each serving its own purpose, whether it be liver cells, skin cells, hair cells, etc. A stem cell is an
immature cell that has the potential to become specialized into forms of cells throughout the body. The term stem cell is used to refer to a type of cell
that not only has this function, but also has the ability to replicate itself. When a stem cell divides, it has the capability of becoming another stem cell
or become a more specialized type of cell that performs a specific function in the body. Stem cells in the treatment of cancer can be used to replace
those cells that have been destroyed by disease, chemotherapy, or radiation.
Types of Stem Cell Transplants: Typical treatments... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Found in the middle of your bones, bone marrow can be described as a spongy material. It contains a pretty good amount of stem cells. The process
of removing stem cells from bone marrow is to place the donor under general anesthesia and then a large needle is placed into the skin through the
back of the hip bone. The liquid marrow is received through the needle. The marrow is stored until it is to be used. When it is to be used, the
marrow is injected into the patient's vein like a typical blood transfusion. These stem cells will find the patient's bone marrow and begin to make
blood cells. Although rare, stem cell can be found in the blood. A catheter is placed in the donor's veins and they are hooked up to a machine
where the stem cells will be separated from the rest of the blood. This process might take several hours, and also might need to be repeated in order
to gain an adequate amount of stem cells. The cells are then stored until they can be used. Newborn babies have a lot of stem cells in their blood. For
that reason, umbilical cord blood can prove to be invaluable when needing stem cells. The blood is taken and stored until needed. All three of these
have their upsides and downsides to their use, but in the end can all serve to give the patient healthy blood

The Role Of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation And...
Discuss the role of haematopoietic stem cells in transplantation and curing disease
1.Hematopoietic stem cells
Till and McCulloch described the two hallmarks of Haematopoietic stem cells to be long term self–renewal and the ability to differentiate into all
various types of specialized blood cells, with one stem cell able to produce around a million mature blood cells after 20 divisions. The differentiation of
these stem cells result in committed hemopoitic progenitor cells which give rise to cells from both the myeloid (monocytes, macrophages,neutrophils,
basophils,eosinophils, erythrocytes, mega–karyocytes, platelets and dendritic cells) and lymphoid lineage (T–cells and NK–cells).
2.Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Tissue engineering is a type of regenerative medicine which aims to replace damaged tissue with new tissue able to resume function and repair
structure of normal tissue. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was the first type of tissue engineering using stem cells. Hematopoitictic stem cells
are infused into the host to treat many blood based disorders including cancers, blood diseases and immunodefiencies. There is a standard procedure
for the infusion of these cells, however variations in the relationship between donor and recipient and source of hematopoietic stem cells do cause some
variability in the process.
3.Donor/host relationship
There are three distinct forms of donor/host relationships involved in HSCT, autologous, allogenic and

Kir Essay
KIRs are encoded by a diverse family of 17 genes on chromosome 19q13.4 and segregate independently from HLA genes.11 The naming convention
for these receptors is based on the number of immunoglobulin–like domains in the molecule, and the length of the cytoplasmic tail, integrating both
structure and function. A short–tailed cytoplasmic tail (S) indicates an activating tail, whereas a long–tailed cytoplasmic tail (L) indicates an inhibitory
KIR. The Number prefaced before the letter "D" (ie "2D") references the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains11,13. For example,
KIR2DL1 signifies 2 immunoglobulin domains and a long cytoplasmic tail with inhibitory functionality 7. The last number of the name refers to the
number of that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By targeting these specific KIR regions, the usage of Lirilumab facilitates NK cell activation by blocking their inhibitory receptors and is being tested
against several tumor types in Phase I and II trials 15,16. Utilizing the antitumor effects of NK cells, several groups have explored the adoptive transfer
of NK cells to treat hematologic malignancies. The beneficial utilization ofof Interleukin 2 (IL2) activated lymphokine–activated killer (LAK) cells for
metastaticcancer was first reported in 1985 by the Rosenberg group 18. Building upon the early therapeutic successes in refractoy settings, 19,20. the
Miller group conducted a phase I study using low dose IL–2 after autologous transplant to evaluate cytolytic tumor activity byIL–2 activated
autologous NK cells. 21. While the study did demonstrate IL–2–mediated augmented in vivo NK cell activity, it did not lead to clinically significant
antitumor effect. This was hypothesized to be secondary to NK cell recognition of "self" MHC molecules of autologous cells thereby resulting in
suppressive NK functionality.20 To overcome suppression of autologous NK cells, many groups have evaluated adoptive immunotherapy utilizing
donor derived allogeneic NK cells. . The importance of NK cells in alloHSCT can be characterized by their role in mediating immune reconstitution,
GVHD, disease relapse, and infection control22. As such, the importance of NK cells is underscored by the fact that they are the first

Pros And Cons Of Stem Cells
I am going against stem cell because it say it cure injuries and diseases but why haven't have doctors usd this to cure diseases? There isn't any real
proof that says that they cure diseases. Anti–abortion groups also oppose research on stem cells derived from aborted fetuses. They reject the argument
that since abortion is already legal and women will have them, that stem cells should be used from aborted fetuses because they would otherwise go to
waste.Experience is already showing how a tragic coarsening of consciences accompanies the assault on innocent human life in the womb.
Because of this, you won't really be sure whether the treatment you obtain will work or not. And remember, if sounds too good to be true, it probably
is. If

My Work Within The Database, Rewarding, And Completing...
My work within the database was rewarding, and completing tasks at the hospital was also enjoyable. Getting to know the receptionists at the front
desk was nice, and they were able to help me locate and track down patients that I needed to see. Assertiveness was needed when dropping off
research kits, especially in the chemotherapy area, because the nurse of the patient needed to be located in order to find where the blood sample was
kept, times needed to be coordinated with multiple nurses, and patients needed to be found to receive their questionnaire. I was compassionate
towards patients when they were not feeling up to filling out the questionnaire by giving them a prepaid envelope to take home and mail back
whenever they got a chance to work on it. I also followed up with participants over the phone to make sure they remembered to fill out the
questionnaire and to see if they had any questions. Many times, the patients thought that I knew their doctor and would ask me medical questions. I
handled these situations well because I was able to find contact information for the doctor or nurse they needed to call. Additional skills were gained
through lab meetings. Everyone in the lab attended a two–hour meeting every Friday where we talked about the assigned articles from the week and
critically analyzed studies. Valuable critical thinking skills were gained after reading many scientific health psychology articles and hearing what
others took away from the articles. Articles

Why Do We Study Stem Cells?
In 1978 stem cells were discovered in human cord blood and in1997 stem cells were used to clone a lamb (Murnaghan,2016). Why do we want to
study stem cells? Why is it important to medicine? Stem cells are non–specialized cells that have the ability to transform into the different kinds of
specialized cells in the body. These stem cells can be either a muscle cell, blood cell, or brain cell. Stem cells ability to transform into any one of
these cells provides the body with a repair system in which the stem cell can replace a dead cell as long as the patient is still alive. According to the
National Marrow Donor Program, stem cell therapy in the form of a bone marrow transplant is used for patients suffering from multiple sclerosis,
leukemia, and lymphoma. Stem cells are important for patients who are suffering from diseases without a cure. The stem cell treatment allows the
cells that have died to be replaced which in terms prolongs the patient's life. Stem cell treatment is also used in knee injuries. However, there are many
complications with stem cell transplants. Although, there are many complications with stem cell transplants the good far outweighs the bad. The stem
cells unique abilities allow patients to live longer and more comfortably. Speaking about the stem cells, there are different types of stem cells. There
are embryonic stem cells which are grown in the lab and found in early embryos. There is also tissue stem cells (found in bone marrow) which are
found in

Essay On Stem Cell Transplants
Hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are used in a clinical setting to treat many disorders including, leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia, and
multiple myeloma. HSCT work by replacing damaged or infective bone marrow. The new stem cells travel to the bone marrow and can produce new,
healthy cells. This can mean a new beginning or a second chance at life for many people receiving HSCT. While there can be several benefits of
receiving a HSCT, there are serious complications to consider. Complications include thrombolytic events, infections, hepatic sinusoidal occlusive
syndrome (formerly known as veno–occlusive disease and will be abbreviated in this paper as VOD/SOS), renal failure, graft–verse–host–disease,
possible relapse and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although some of these factors cannot be modified, awareness of risk factors and careful assessments of these patients can help decreases severity of
VOD/SOS. Diagnosis Currently, there are three methods to diagnose VOD/SOS. The gold standard is through a histological liver biopsy (Sosa, 2014).
However, there are many risks for the procedure, most patients are immunocompromised and thrombocytopenic post–transplant, therefore a biopsy may
not be the safest method of treatment. According to Sosa (2014), criteria for diagnoses are usually based on the Seattle criteria, developed by
McDonald in 1984 and the Baltimore criteria, developed by Jones in 1987. These criteria have been used for clinical practice and research for over
three decades. McDonald et al. developed the Seattle criteria and diagnosed VOD/SOS based on the two or more of these conditions occurring within
20 days post–transplant: serum bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dL, enlarged liver or right upper quadrant pain and sudden weight gain of 2% or more
from baseline, jaundice or ascites. Jones et al. (1987), using the Baltimore method, characterized VOD/SOS as serum bilirubin > 2 mg/dL within 21
days post–transplant, 2 more of the following: hepatomegaly, ascites and 5% or greater weight gain. Sosa (2014), suggests that "an accurate diagnosis
can

The Use Of N95 Masks Versus Surgical Masks
At OHSU's Bone Marrow Transplant unit (BMT) and at the outpatient center for Hematologic Malignancies (CHM) clinic, BMT patients are not fitted
for N95 masks, yet they are being asked to wear them. Therefore, the current issue is whether or not the unfitted N95 masks are actually more
beneficial than surgical masks for the patients. This is because we are asking them to be worn while not fitting them. I selected this topic because I
noticed there were inconsistencies within the practice of each nurse regarding the use of N95 masks versus surgical masks. When I probed deeper, I
realized that some of the nurses didn't know OHSU policy and were using best practice from another institution, which stated to use surgical masks
when transporting patients off of the unit. This made me wonder why different institutions would have different policies and what the actual best
practice is according to evidence. The OHSU Policy #HC–NSG–BMT–205–POL Infection Control Policy for Adult and Pediatric Oncology
/Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Units states that patients shall wear an N–95 mask when outside the HEPA–filtered environment
(OHSU, 2016).
This is important to me from a leadership role development because as an informal nurse leader, it is my responsibility to own my own practice. In
order to do this appropriately, I must fully understand the policy of my place of employment and if that policy is not aligned with current best
evidence, it is my responsibility to

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy Chapter Summary
Gutkind stated that he made this book because he had a clear memory of the doctors and patients in his stores but not of the nurses. He wanted to try
and shine more light on nurses and the difficult work they do and show the reader the demands and challenges of nursing. I wasn't strong enough is a
collection of twenty–one essays from nurses, nurses in training or former nurses that tell their stories in the medical field. The nurses in this book talk
about their secret suffering and their joys. Some of the writers talk about their compassion and detachment. Laura DeVaney, an RN on a radical head
and neck unit in
Indianapolis, writes " there's a difference between empathy and sympathy, and a goodnurse solely empathizes. I haven't figured out ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author fears that the harsh realities of AIDS have been forgotten, and are the consequences of this for younger generations because today people
with HIV/AIDS also die from causes like old age and that was an incredible development Cristopher never thought and not just for HIV/AIDS. The
80's was a time where young people die from this disease. According to Christopher young people have no clue what HIV/AIDS can do to their bodies
or what the long–term effects of the drugs treatment can entail.
5. A clinical nurse describes a patient who received an allogeneic transplant who got
GVHD. In an allogeneic transplant, cancer's patients like Rose in the book, receive intravenous infusions of someone else's hematopoietic (blood
making) stem cells, which include the cells that had contributed to the donor's immune system. The donated cells are the graft, the patient, the host.
Unfortunately, the graft cells can attack the patient.
Graft–versus–host disease or GVHD happens when patients like rose's skin turned blue also mentioned in the book. The severity of the disease varies,
but at its most aggressive, it can kill as surely as cancer. The process of patient Rose's transplant took four

Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
Essay 101: Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a widespread disorder of hemoglobin synthesis, sometimes termed a hemoglobinopathy.
As with other hemoglobinopathies, SCA is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning a person must have two defective genes present for the full
blown disease to occur. People who carry a single sickle cell gene are said to have sickle cell trait. The children of two carriers have a 25% chance of
inheriting SCA.
Epidemiology
In the U.S., SCA occurs most often among African–Americans, approximately 10% of whom are carriers of the sickle cell gene. This prevalence
results in SCA in approximately 0.2% of live births in the African–American population, or about 1 in 500. In parts of Africa, over 30% ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One drug, hydroxyurea, appears to decrease expression of the mutant beta globin gene even as it increases the expression of fetal hemoglobin genes,
whose proteins can substitute for the hemoglobin beta chain. Beyond hydroxyurea, other treatments for SCA are still in the preliminary stage. One idea
is to remove stem cells from the patient's bone marrow, insert healthy beta globin genes, and then transplant these genetically engineered cells back into
the patient. Bone marrow transplants have met with occasional success; however, the procedure carries several major risks, especially graft versus host
disease (GVHD). Also, finding compatible bone marrow donors in the African–American community is often

Pulmonary Hypertension Case Study
Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a rare and potentially fatal complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). PH arises from increased
pulmonary vascular resistance leading to increased right ventricular pressure, right heart failure, and death. PH is often difficult to diagnose as
symptoms can be nonspecific, including shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, weakness, and hypoxemia, and may also result in death if left
untreated.1, 2
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in post–lung transplant and HSCT patients3. BO is a non–reversible
obstructive lung disease in which bronchioles are compressed and narrowed by fibrosis and/or inflammation. This compression leads to persistent
hypoxia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Four patients (1.4%) were diagnosed with BO (Table 1). The median patient age was
7.9 years (range, 0.6 to 17.4), and 2 of the patients (50%) diagnosed with BO were male. Three received bone marrow grafts (75%), and the other graft
was peripheral blood stem cells. BO was diagnosed in the four patients at a median of 196 days (range
131–305 days) after HSCT. Three of the four patients (75%) were diagnosed with PH after the diagnosis of BO at a median of 46 days (range 2–89
days). The three patients diagnosed with PH and BO were administered myeloablative conditioning regimens, while the one patient without PH was
administered a reduced intensity conditioning regimen. All four patients had a history of graft–versus–host disease (GVHD). (Table 1)
The diagnosis of BO was made in all 4 patients by high–resolution CT demonstrating air trapping. Two patients received pulmonary function tests
(PFT) showing decreased forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). PFTs were not completed in the

Different Types Of Cell Research
HSC Research Paper
From brain cells to skin cells, our body is made up of 200 different types of specialized cells. One of the most versatile types of cell is a stem cell.
Stem cells are cells that have not been specialized yet; in other words, they do not have a specific job. For example, nerve cells work to send signals
throughout your body, while stem cells do not have any specific functions. But they do possess the ability to develop into all of the other different
types of specialized cells in our body. With regenerative abilities, stem cells are capable of renewing themselves through cell division and when the
stem cell divides to create another cell, the new cell has the potential to either stay a stem cell or differentiate into a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For over 40 years, they have been used to successfully treat the cancers of blood, including lymphoma and leukemia. HSCs have showed a
widespread of potential clinical uses and today, researchers continue to advance their knowledge of stem cells and dig deeper with hopes of widening
the clinical uses of HSCs.
The first evidence of HSCs came from victims of the nuclear bombing in 1945. Research indicated that the victims, who died over a prolonged period,
had compromised hematopoietic systems; in other words, their bodies were unable to regenerate either white blood cells to protect against infections or
platelets to clot their blood. To further their understanding, an experiment was conducted on mice, in which they were exposed to radiation, identical to
the citizens of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. The mice, which were given the minimal lethal dose, died of hematopoietic failure during the two weeks
following after the radiation exposure, similar to the citizens. Scientists later discovered that they could rescue the mice from hematopoietic failure by
injecting cells from blood–forming organs of healthy mice. This discovery uncovered the importance of the hematopoietic system and its functions,
such as the bone marrow's role in the regeneration of blood and immune cells.
Early research of HSCs primarily focused on characterizing HSCs from other cells. Identifying and differentiating HSCs from other cells proved to be
easier said than done,

NK Cells Case Study
The role of NK cells in haploidentical transplants was pioneered by the Perugia group as discussed earlier in this chapter 31–33. A follow up study
published in 2007 included the 57 patients with AML whose outcomes were reported in the seminal 2002 study, in addition to 52 patients who received
a transplant after the original publication. 33 All patients evaluated received a myeloablative T cell depleted haploidentical transplant 33. Alloreactions
in the graft versus host direction were identified in 51 patients 33. In contrast to the initial study, transplantation from alloreactive NK cells did not
significantly reduce graft rejection or incidence of GVHD. Despite no increased protection from GVHD, there was a marked improvement in... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The association of NK cells in GVHD was first reported in 1979 by investigators at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. This group documented
the association between pre–transplant levels of NK cell activity and the development of GVHD in a pilot cohort of thirteen patients undergoing
myeloablative alloHSCT 61. This seminal report opened the field for further evaluation of the relationship between NK cells and pathogenesis of
GVHD. Early studies focused on the presence of NK cells in GVHD target organs such as the skin both murine and human models 62–64. To confirm
the donor origins of the NK cells in patients manifesting with cutaneous acute GVHD, Horn and Haskel studied 35 skin biopsies of women
transplanted with bone marrow grafts from male donors65. They noted that patients with grade 1 cutaneous GVHD had minimal infiltration of Y
chromosome containing cells were identified in the dermis. However, for those specimens with features of grade 2 GVHD, the majority of
lymphocytes were donor–derived Y chromosome containing cells with increased relative infiltration of NK cells confirming the presence of donor NK
cells during evidence of acute GVHD in target organs 65.
Several murine models were developed to evaluate the relationship between NK cells and the

Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Case Study
Part I:
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a hereditary immunodeficiency disease characterized by failure of phagocytic cells (neutrophils and
monocytes) to effectively destroy invading bacteria and fungi. Due to a defect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reactive oxygen species
production and lack of bacterial killing, affected individuals are susceptible to serious, potentially life–threatening, bacterial and fungal infections but
have normal immunity to viruses. They also experience symptoms associated with chronic inflammation, often granulomatous in nature. The
mechanism for granuloma formation remains unclear, but the neutrophilic response persists for an abnormally long period at sources of inflammation
and results ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main controversial concerns pertain mostly to the treatments the patients may incur. The most controversial treatment for this disease is
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, which has been found to be the only curative treatment for the disease. The reason it is so controversial, is
because though if performed correctly it can cure the disease, few doctors recommend this because of the heightened risk of infection. Though the
physicians know that this could cure the disease, they also know that the risk of infection is heightened greatly during the transplantation and grafting
process (Wolfe, 2012). After patients have undergone this treatment they are required to stay in sealed rooms and are forced to follow high hygiene
standards so that infection does not occur. In addition they are also given several antibacterial shots, antifungal shots, prophylactics, and vaccines to
maintain their good health throughout the healing process (Perumbeti, 2014). Overall, not only is this treatment risky but it is also extensive. Allowing
proper time for recovery and for the immune system to function properly is pivotal. Though most that have undergone this procedure have survived
there is still a large chance of fatality, thus making this a controversial treatment for CGD (Wolfe,

A Research Study On Umbilical Cord Blood
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) contains a substantial number of stem cells that have the potential to be used in various transplants to treat a variety of
immunodeficiency, oncologic, hematologic and/or genetic disorders. UCB is found most commonly in the blood of newborn babies. Once the baby
is born, the blood that remains (that was previously thrown away as 'medical waste') in the umbilical cord and placenta can be taken and stored, to be
used later for transplantation or research (Pandey, Kaur & Kamath, 2016). Recent studies in the last decade have shown that UCB is a great source of
stem cells, which makes it a valuable resource in the field of stem cell therapy. Stem cells have amazing potential for therapeutic use in tissue repair and
regeneration.
In October 1988, the first umbilical cord blood transplant was done on a young five–year old boy named Matthew Farrow in France, who was
diagnosed with severe aplastic anemia due to Fanconi anemia. The umbilical cord blood was collected at birth from Matthew's newborn sister who,
through prenatal testing, had been found to be unaffected by Fanconi anemia and was HLA–identical to Matthew. The UCB was cryopreserved and
taken from Indiana to France, where it was then thawed and injected into Matthew. There was no evidence of graft–versus–host disease, and according
to Ballen, Gluckman and Broxmeyer, as of 2013, Matthew is "healthy with complete long–term hematological and immunological donor reconstitution
25 years after

Terminally Ill Patients Should Choose When They Die
Terminally ill patients should have the right to choose when they die.
For six months you are forced to watch your once energetic and full of life father become completely bedridden as the massive doses of chemotherapy
used during his bone marrow transplant destroy his liver and kidneys. The bone marrow transplant has technically been successful, but the
graft–versus–host disease has set in, and his intestines are bleeding. The only way to combat the graft–versus–host disease is to give him major doses
of steroids. The large doses of steroids have caused all his major mussels to waste away, and the once active man who was the backbone of the
family becomes completely bedridden and hollow shell of the man he once was. Months of this treatment go by with no change in his condition and
doctors finally tell him that he will die no matter what treatments they provide. The hospital staff remove his IV medications, oxygen, and start
comfort care. He has weeks to live, and nothing can be done to spare the family of the further grief and torture of watching him slowly waste away.
The father takes matters into his own hands and stops eating and drinking, within days he passes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Others argue that is a patient could simply commit suicide. However, in some situations, patients become so weak or debilitated they literally are
unable to kill themselves. Those that are still strong enough to follow through on that act could be put off by the messy, undignified, or painful act.
Failure to overdose property could leave a person in a vegetative state and jumping off a bridge could cause considerable trauma to others. With the
assistance of a caring, competent doctor, people can arrange to die at a chosen time, in privacy and with

Pros And Cons Of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
All blood cells and components have vital roles making it necessary that they are replenished continuously; this is achieved by haematopoiesis, where
there is a differentiation of a population of pluripotent cells, known as haematopoietic stem cells. HSCs are unspecialised cells that can be
differentiated into multiple lineages (figure 1) of mature blood cells (Park et al., 2015). Not only do these cells possess the potential for multipotency
they also have the ability of self–renewal, making them a suitable curative to be used in transplantation. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
(HSCT) is an evolving technique which involves the intravenous infusion of HSCs designed to restore effective haematopoiesis, bone marrow and
immune system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further disadvantages include post extraction hip pain and an increased need in blood cell transfusion (Passweg et al., 2012). The initial attempts of
peripheral blood stem cell transplantation had negative results due to the low number of progenitor cells in the circulation. This problem has been
solved by treating the donor with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G–CSF) prior to the transplantation which mobilises the cells to the blood and
are then collected by apheresis and transfused into the recipient. Studies have reported: PBS lowered morbidity and mortality (Prezepiorka, 1996),
rapid haematopoietic reconstitution, shorter interval to neutrophil and platelet recovery (Champlin et al., 2000). According to Korbling and Freireich
(2012), PB replaced BM in 100% of autologous transplants and 75% of allogeneic transplants. Higher doses of SCs can be collected in comparison to
BM and the time to engraftment is also shorter. Additionally, PB as a source means surgical procedures are avoided. However, the PB consists to
10–100 times more T lymphocytes than BM which accounts for higher incidence of chronic GvHD (Storek et al., 1997) (Urbano et al.,

Different Types Of Cell Research
From brain cells to skin cells, our body is made up of 200 different types of specialized cells. One of the most versatile types of cell is a stem cell.
Stem cells are cells that have not been specialized yet; in other words, they do not have a specific job. For example, nerve cells work to send signals
throughout your body, while stem cells do not have any specific functions. But they do possess the ability to develop into all of the other different
types of specialized cells in our body. With regenerative abilities, stem cells are capable of renewing themselves through cell division and when the
stem cell divides to create another cell, the new cell has the potential to either stay a stem cell or differentiate into a specialized cell, such as a nerve
cell, a muscle cell, or a brain cell. This leaves the potential of stem cell research wide–open.
For over 50 years, scientists have been focusing their studies on a specific type of stem cell, hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells, also
known as HSCs, are stem cells that can form immune and blood cells. Above all, they are responsible for the constant renewal of blood through the
production of billions of blood cells. Through much of the past half century, they have led to a deeper understanding of other stem cell systems and
pioneered a way for stem cell research. Scientists continue to focus their research on HSCs with the hopes of discovering their potential to treating
numerous diseases, conditions, and

Stem Cells : The Origin Of An Organism 's Life Essay
Stem Cells
"In the beginning, there is the stem cell; it is the origin of an organism 's life. It is a single cell that can give rise to progeny that differentiate into
any of the specialized cells of embryonic or adult tissues." This is a very simple explanation of stem cells by Dr. Stewart Sell, a cancer researcher.
Stem cells are more or less blank cells. They are identical cells that can adapt to specialized cell types. There are two types of stem cells according to
the U.S. Department of Health & Human Service "embryonic stem cells and non–embryonic "somatic" or "adult" stem cells." In this paper, I will touch
on roughly every aspect of stem cells.
Stem cells can come from several places. Embryonic stem cells come from embryos; they are fertilized in labs. It is important to note that the eggs
are not fertilized in a woman 's body. At the time of removal, the embryos are at least three days old. The U.S Department of Health & Human
Service defines an adult cell as "an undifferentiated cell, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ." Before removal, the role of the adult
stem cell is to preserve and mend the tissue of its host.
There are multiple ways to harvest stem cells. The Canadian Cancer Society list several ways that stem cells are removed. Stem cells can be taken from
bone marrow, blood, and umbilical cords. The Canadian Cancer Society describes the process of donating stem cells through blood. "A catheter (thin
tube) is placed in a large vein in

Stem Cells And Its Effect On The Human Body
Introduction
Stem cells are unspecialized cells of a multicellular organism and it has capability changing into any type cell. When stem cells divides, the new
cell has the potential of choosing whether to stay a stem cell or turn into any type of specialized such as: skin cells, neurons, muscle cells and many
more. Stem cells have no specific function but are special in their own way. In the early stage of the development, stem cells have the extraordinary
potential to develop into any type of cell in the human body. Unlike Specialized cells that have a specific function and cannot change into any other
type of cells, stem cells have no specific function but are special in their own way. The specialized cells divide the new cells and do not have the
choice of changing. They have to stay the same.
Important characteristics of Stem Cells:
–Unspecialized stem cells renew themselves through their capability of cell division
–They can be induced to become tissue or organ–specific cells with special function.
–They regularly divide to repair and replace worn–out or damaged tissues.
The unique regenerative abilities of stem cells provide potential for treating diseases and many injuries, blood disorder, certain cancers such as
Leukemia, and diseases such as diabetes and also heart diseases.
Stem cells and their types
Helpful stem cells
Embryonic Stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are the helpful type of stem cells in our body that can be used in many ways. One of

Cancer Vs Immmunotherapy For Cancer

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Cancer Vs Immmunotherapy For Cancer

Similar to Cancer Vs Immmunotherapy For Cancer (6)

More from Renee Countryman

More from Renee Countryman (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Cancer Vs Immmunotherapy For Cancer