4. INTRODUCTION
• Individualized instruction method
• It is a systematic step by step self instructional
method
• Learning content is broken up into small units
and presented in a series of interactive frame
5. DEFINITIONS
• “Programmed instruction is a step by step self
instructional programme aimed to ensure the
learning of stated behaviour”
–Edgar Dale
• “A programmed instruction is a method of self
instruction that enlists machines or specially
prepared books to teach information”
-Chris Jordan
6. CHRACTERISTICS
• Content is broken up into small steps called
frames
• Frames are arranged sequentially
• Frequent response is elicited from the student
• Immediate confirmation
• Learner is active and motivated to learn and
respond
• Self pacing to the learner
• Continous evaluation
7. PRINCIPLES
• Principle of small steps
Subject matter is analyzed and divided into small
units.
• Principle of active learning
The learner may remain active if he respond
actively to every frame presented to him.
• Principle of immediate confirmation
There is immediate confirmation of right answer
and correction of wrong given out by the student.
• Principle of self pacing
The student progress at his own pace.
• Principle of student evaluation
The teacher or programmer can periodically access
the progress.
9. LINEAR PROGRAMMING
• B.F.Skinner and his associates develop this
model.
• Linear programming is also called straight line
programme.
• The student proceeds from one frame to the
next until he completes the programme.
• Every learner follow the same path.
FRAME 1 FRAME 2 FRAME 3
10. CHRACTERISTICS OF LINEAR
PROGRAMMING
• It is also known as straight line programme
• Logical sequence of small steps
• A small bit of information is presented in each
frame
• Each learner has to follow same path
• The sequence of steps remain unchange
• Learner respond actively
• Move at his own pace
• Immediate confirmation
11. BRANCHED PROGRAMMING
• It was developed by Norman A. Crowder
• It is also known as intrinsic programming
• Each frame is relatively bigger in size and contain
two or three ideas of related sequence
• Learner move forward if correct and if wrong he
is taken to a Remedial Frame(RF)
RF RF
Main frame 1 Main frame 2 Main frame 3
RF RF
RF
RF RF RF RF
12. CHRACTERISTICS OF BRANCHED PROGRAMMIG
• A frame contain 2 or 3 related ideas
• Each frame is of bigger size
• Learner moves forward if correct and divert if
wrong
• Multiple choice
• All learners do nit follow the same path
• It helpful the hetrogenius group
13. TECHNIQUES OF BRANCHED
PROGRAMMING
• Backward Branching
The learner goes from the first frame of the
main stream to the second only if he makes
correct response.
• Forward Branching
The learner gives a correct or wrong response,
he goes to the next frame.
14. ADVANTAGES OF PROGRAMMED
INSTRUCTION
• Pupil remain active throughout the
programme
• Immediate reinforcement
• This programme can be used at any time
• Each pupils moves forward with his own pace
• Pupil gets motivation
15. LIMITATIONS OF PROGRAMMED
LEARNING
• Time consuming
• Contact between teacher and learner gets
totally eliminated
• Lack of motivation
• No freedom of choice