Child labour practice on stone quarry and rubber plantation in Nias Island, an Ethnography approach.

1. Child Labour Practice on Stone Quarry and
Rubber Plantation in Nias Island
Rikawati Thamrin
School of Architecture, Planning and Policy
Institut Teknologi Bandung

2. History of Nias

3. Community Structure

4. Child Labour Activity

5. Domestic
chores School Age
Rubber
latex,
paddy
field
Work to help
family
Not
Attending
School
Stone
splitter, sand
potter
LOST ACCESS
TO FORMAL
EDUCATION
RUBBER
PLANTATION
CHILD
INTERACTION
WAGES
STONE
QUARRY CHILDREN
WORKING
HABIT
SCHOOL
DROP OUT
Problems

6. “How is the practice that has the potential to cause
child exploitation is stopped by taking approaches
that involve parental participation by considering
cultural and environmental values”
Problem Statement

7. “Obtaining an overview
of child labour in Nias isl
and, how can it arise,
and what factors has
influence it"
Objectives

8. What are the factors behind the
existence of child labor in Nias?
What is the suitability of child labor
with the moral ethics prevailing in
Indonesia?
1
2
3
Who are the groups / actors involved in
the network of child labor in Nias, how
are the relationships & the shape of
relationships that occur within the
network?
Research Question

9. CHILD
Human who is growing and developing reaches
maturity until he is 18 years old, including a child in
the womb
TYPE Apprenticeship, Waged Labor, Bonded Labor
CHILD
LABOUR
Children who do work that can prevent from going to
school and the work of the child should do in
conditions that endanger their health, physical and
mental.
Definition

10. 0-1
1-3
3-5
6-11
12-20
21-30
31-65
+65
0-1 : Infancy –
Trust vs Mistrust
6-11 : School Age -- Industry vs Inferiority 31-65
:
Adulthood -- Generativity vs
Stagnation
1-3 : Early Childhood --
Autonomy vs Shame, Doubt
12-20
:
Adolescence -- Identity vs Identity
Confusion
+65 : Senescence -- Ego Integrity vs
Despair
3-5 : Preschool Age –
Industry vs
21-30
:
Young Adulthood -- Intimacy vs
Isolation
*) Angka dalam tahun
*) Erik Erikson,
Human Development Phase

11. UU No. 1 th 1951
1
3
2 Permenaker No. Per-01/Men/87
National Standard for Children Rights
Kepres No. 36 th 1990
5
4 UU No. 20/1999 - UU No. 1/ 2000
UU No. 13 th 2003

12. ILO Convention No. 138
year 19731
3
2 ILO Convention No. 182
year 1999
Children Rights Convention by
UN year 1990
International Standard for Children Rights

13. CHILD WORKING
• Light works
• Respect children rights
• Working not obligation
• Legal and open
CHILD LABOUR
• Heavy work, danger
environment, exploits
• No children rights (education
& health)
• Long period of working time,
mandatory
• Closed & Ilegal

14. Related Actor

15. Child Positioning

16. Social Transformation

17. -ETHICS-
UN
CONVENTION
OF CHILDREN
RIGHTS
UNIVERSAL
ETHICAL
CONCERN
NEW ETHICAL
PROBLEMS
PLURISME
MORAL
INFLUENCE
OF IT
Linkage

18. 1. Traditional societies have a system or a separate way of educating children
by providing learning through their traditional social environment. Such
learning embraces and emphasizes the values of a traditional society in
which its social environment exhibits relatively strong attributes of
kinship. Learning that children get is also not only fixated on formal
educational institutions but also obtained through organizations or non-
formal institutions contained in the surrounding environment.
2. The people of Nias have cultural roots that encourage a child to interact with
the surrounding environment from an early age. The interaction and
experience that children get outside their home environment makes a
learning that supports the child in carrying out his daily activities.
3. With the inclusion of outside actors who have different cultural roots from
local cultures have had an impact on the social fabric of the traditional
communities of Nias. With the new system, the interaction that took place
for a long time gave rise to social changes that occurred in Nias society, and
supported by the adjustment of local culture of Nias society in seeing and
treating the children, it supports the emergence of the context of child labor
in Nias.
Conclusion

19. With the social changes that occur in traditional societies where the
change is influenced by external factors that interact and
internalize with local culture so as to produce shifts in values within
a group of traditional communities, it is good to do preservation of
cultural roots and local wisdom where for the sustainability traits
characteristic and the values contained within it can be the learning
and knowledge needed in a community group.
The sustainability mechanisms of local cultural wisdom can be
maintained by involving the roles and awareness of parents and
traditional community groups to be able to return to traditional
cultural roots before cultural integration with outsiders occurs.
Forward Thoughts

20. 1. Knowledge and learning gained through the traditional system of
society should be raised into the concept of education in formal
institutions in accordance with the social environment in order to
remain awake and become a character of the community.
2. Outsiders from outside who bring in influences into traditional
community groups and meld with local cultures need to take into
consideration and consider the social systems and structures that
apply to traditional societies in order that the methods of human
intercourse can thrive.
3. The role of parents as the main actors shaping the character of
children should have more awareness and thoughts that prioritize
health, education for their future good.
4. There is a need for dialogue and dissemination of information in the
context of children and their social environment facilitated by the
local government by involving parents, adat stakeholders, and
business actors in finding the best solution to the problem of Nias
child labor so that the practice of exploitation can be avoided.
Recommendation

21. 5. For both central and local governments can follow-up by enacting
legislation on child protection with a social cultural approach and
establishing it as part of adat rules in order to make efforts to better
protect children from economic exploitation.
6. Rights of the child in the body of flowers such as getting education and
play needs to be considered in order to actualize themselves with efforts
to build facilities and infrastructure such as public libraries, play facilities
and the increase of formal education programs for the drop out of school.
7. Communities can encourage skills-enhancing programs and
entrepreneurship skills to encourage economic growth and create new
jobs.
8. The local government encourages real potential measures that Nias has
from the tourism sector to attract both local and foreign tourists so that it
can increase local revenue that can be used for development of Nias.
Recommendation [2]

22. Thank you