IREC part 02

Smart grids: integration of renewable energy sources and
electric mobility into power system
Granada, April 28th 2016
www.irec.cat
Manel Sanmartçi
Electrical Engineering Research Group

2
1. Advanced energy management tools for power systems
2. Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Smart Grid Projects
CONTENTS

3
CONTENTS

IREMS
4
CA
PART I
Advanced Microgrids Management System
PART II
Commercial Aggregator

5
5 key questions to be answered
What is
IREMS?
How does
IREMS
work?
How can
users interact
with IREMS?
What
advantages
does IREMS
offer?
What is our
experience?
IREMS

6
What is IREMS?
IREMS is an Energy Management System developed by IREC.
IREMS is able to optimally manage several kind of generators, loads and
storage units under a common goal: to make more cost-effective and
efficient your Microgrid.
IREMS is a gateway between a Microgrid and an external agent such as
Commercial Aggregator.

7
How does IREMS work?
Internet
Weather Server Energy Price Server
Demand Forecaster
IREMS
Energy
Planning
Energy
Balance
• Optimization Module
Considering demand and weather
forecast, and energy price
Energy Planning
Energy Balance
Demand Forecaster
• Real Time Module
Energy balance at real time
• Machine Learning module
To improve demand and mobility
forecast
IREMS features
• Data logging and event logging
• Notifications management
• Provide communication
channels
COMMERCIAL
AGGREGATOR

The objective
is to calculate the optimal energy
planning of power consumed or
generated by every unit in the microgrid
within a 24-hour scope.
Energy management relies on two steps
1
The strategy
is to minimize the daily cost by making
use of the difference among electricity
prices and the flexibility of the microgrid
elements.
Data
To perform this operation, the following
information is used:
•Microgrid configuration and current status.
•Real time measurements.
•Weather forecasts (wind speed, solar irradiance,
temperature).
•Demand forecasts.
•EV mobility forecasting.
•Energy price.
Energy Planning (Optimization Module)
Execution
The Optimization Module runs every 15 minutes.

Energy management relies on two steps
2Energy Balance (Real Time Module)
The objective
is to ensure the power balance for all
elements in the microgrid and to send the
set-point to each controllable component.
The strategy
If there is any deviation, this module
carries out adjustments over the
preliminary set-points calculated by the
Optimization Module until to achieve the
energy equilibrium.
Data
To perform this operation, the following
information is used:
•Microgrid configuration.
•Optimization Module results.
•Real time measurements and status.
Execution
The Real Time Module runs every 3 seconds.

External interfaces
• Responsible for the proper operation of IREMS
• Control the access of other actor to IREMS.
• Have total information access.
• Remotely interact with IREMS through a thin client with a
Graphical User Interface (GUI).
• Owns one power unit or more in the microgrid.
• Able to access to some information of the element that (s)he owns.
• Able to modify some parameters.
• Remotely interact with IREMS through a thin client with a GUI.
• Requests measurements and forecasts of the microgrid
• Limit total power consumed/generated by the microgrid.
• Remotely interact with IREMS through a thin client with a GUI.
How can users interact with IREMS?
e-PEMS
Administrator
I-1
ADMINISTRATOR
CLIENT
e-PEMS
Client
I-2
e - P E M S
External Agent
I-3
EXTERNAL
AGENT
IREMS
IREMS
IREMS

11
What advantages does IREMS offer?
Possibility of operation using the IREMS
user interface fully integrated into the
client system.
IREMS is able to automatically manage
energy supply, demand and storage at real
time.
• It is able to manage the monitored data
from grid-connected systems.
• It is able to decide the optimal behaviour
of the systems at real time based on
advanced optimization algorithms.
• The final user can choose among different
modes of operation:
 cost minimization
 environmental footprint
 peak shaving, among others.
Different types of users with different
levels of permissions and access
Competitive advantages over other products on the
market
Machine Learning

12
What advantages does IREMS offer?
Advantages for the different agents/clients
In case they incorporate the
product to their building
management company, they
will receive a large share of the
benefits.
Energy
companies Power
System
Society
Residential and
tertiary buildings
IREMS
Management of local demand
and supply will enable
renewable sources penetration
as well as the decrease of peaks
in the demand curves.
That will defer investments
required for grid reinforcements
and consequent grid losses.
Societal and environmental
benefits from energy efficiency
are well-known including GHG
emission abatement.
They will be able to
incorporate this tool to their
existing solutions and
equipment to add the real time
control and optimization layer.

13
What is our experience?
Theoretical and
experimental
development
Registration of
the intellectual
property
Implementation
and validation in
IREC SmartEnergy
Lab
Adaptation and
deployment for two
real demo sites in
client facilities
IREMS

IREMS
14
INDEX
PART I
Advanced Microgrids Management System
PART II
CA

15
The needed of a new
agent
Commercial
Aggregator
Functionalities
Advantages
State of
development
5 key questions to be answered
CA

Significant change of energy systems
16
The needed of a new Agent

17
Commercial Aggregator Concept
Main role of the Commercial Aggregator (CA) is
to gather flexibility products from its
prosumers portfolio, who do not have the size
to trade directly into wholesale markets, and to
optimize its trading in electricity markets
aiming to maximize its profits.
This new agent would provide direct revenue to the businesses and
homeowners, besides ensuring higher stability and efficiency in the grid
Commercial Aggregator is the key mediator between the consumers
and the markets and the other electricity system participans
Key enabler of “FLEXIBILITY”

18
Commercial Aggregator Concept
Key enabler of “FLEXIBILITY”
BUY/SELL
ELECTRICITY
BUY/SELL
ELECTRICITY
CONTRACTS
Network
access
contract€
SELL
ELECTRICITY
BUYS
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
CONTRACTS
(BUYS)
FLEXIBILITY
SERVICES
FLEXIBILITY
SERVICES

• To simulate the behaviour of the
average consumers under different
price and volume signals.
• To obtain the aggregated response for
the whole clusters.
19
Functionalities
Prosumers portfolio
2 Consumer Segmentation
(Clustering)
1 Consumption Forecasting
Clusters
4 Market forecasting
• To forecast the market price of
sold and purchased electricity.
These methodologies rely on
statistical and financial analyses of
the markets where CAs participate.
Clients CA Forecasters Markets
3 Flexibility
Forecast Tool
Outputs
5 The Commercial
Optimal Planning
Tool
To calculate the optimal
incentive and bidding
policy in order to maximize
the profits of the
Commercial Aggregator.
RESULTS

20
Responsibility
CA are totally responsible for their own
imbalances, so they will have to deal with their
own energy paybacks when participating in
wholesale markets
Commercial Aggregation is considered as a key innovation on the power system to
face future challenges posed by growing demand and RES integration
Procurement of flexibility products
The DSO can access and procure flexibility
products offered by commercial aggregators to
use them for a number of purposes (e.g.
distribution network reinforcement deferral,
congestion management, etc.).
Applications and advantages of the CA
Easier to
forecast
consumption
and
flexibility
Consumers
deal with
only 1 agent
instead of 2
Less
contracts
and less
connections
Contracts
easier to
handle.
Billing is
easier
More
efficient
solutions
Validation of flexibility Products
To validate flexibility products prior to its
activation, when used by other agents different to
the DSO itself.

21
State of development
IREMSTheoretical and
experimental
development
Registration of the
intellectual
property
Implementation and
validation in IREC
SmartEnergy Lab
Adaptation and
deployment for two
real demo sites in
client facilities
Theoretical and
experimental development
Implementation and validation in
IREC SmartEnergy Lab

22
CONTENTS

Security of supply:
• Use of DG as a back-up resource
• DG applications for service restoration
Sustainability:
• RES integration
• Emission reduction
• Power smoothing
Economy:
• Gen. costs reduction
• Ancillary services
• Investment deferral
New investments
on smart grid
technology
Cost-benefit
assessment
required!
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Objectives of the Smart Grid

BENEFITS COSTS
Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid (USA Case Study)
TOTAL AMOUNT OF COSTS: 338.000 – 476.000 M$
benefit-to-cost ratio range between 2.8 and 6.0
34% 16% 50%
20%
70%
10%

Europe - Investment in Smart Grid projects 2013

 The recent EC Communication on
Smart Grid “Smart Grids: From
Innovation to Deployment” states that
the EC intends to come up with
guidelines the Cost Benefit Analysis
(CBA) to be used by Member States for
Smart Metering projects and Smart Grid
projects.
 The Joint Research Center (JRC)
has recently published the “Guidelines
for conducting a cost-benefit analysis
for Smart Grid projects”
(http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu).

Characterize the project:
 Step 1: Review and describe the technologies,
elements and goals of the project
 Step 2: Map assets onto functionalities
Estimate benefits:
 Step 3: Map functionalities onto benefits
 Step 4: Establish the baseline
 Step 5: Monetise the benefits and identify the
beneficiaries.
Compare costs and benefits:
 Step 6: Identify and quantify the costs
 Step 7: Compare costs and benefits
1
2
3
Source: http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu, 2012.

Main objective: The REVE project (Wind
Regulation through Electric Vehicles)
aimed to perform a study thoroughly
assessing the key technical challenges
and the most relevant economic aspects
in order to create a network
infrastructure so that electric cars may
act as energy storing facilities in the
electric network while they are not
circulating, thus contributing to an
improvement of the load factor of the
electric system as a whole.
CASE STUDY: THE REVE PROJECT 2009-2010

Daily electricity demand profile
Hores
MW Rest of
renewable
resources and
convenctional
power plants
Necessary for
maintaining
the control of
the system
During off-peak
periods the risk
of wind energy
disconnection is
hight
Rest of generation
Electric
Vehicle
Wind Energy
Minimum technical requirement
SHORT TERM EXAMPLE “REVE PROJECT”

Offer bids
Purchase bids
Nuclear Power
Plants
Wind Power
Plants
Rest of
conventional
generation
Market
Price
In some cases, when demand is low and there is a high wind
generation, spot prices can fall to zero. For the Spanish case, in
such moments, wind generation has to be disconnected.
Amount of
disconnected
wind
generation

Amount of
disconnected
wind generation:
~ 2.000 MW

… BUT, IF PRICE IS
ZERO,
WHY CONSUMERS
DON’T CONSUME?
BECAUSE
THEY CAN’T
SEE THE
REAL COST
OF ENERGY
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
The modification of consumer demand for energy through various
methods such as financial incentives and education. Usually, the
goal of demand side management is to encourage the consumer to
use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time of
energy use to off-peak times such as nighttime and weekends.

By using demand side management tools, electric vehicle energy consumption
would be concentrated during off-peak periods, increasing demand around 5.000
MW in 2020.
2020 PROSPECTIVE WITHOUT EVs 2020 PROSPECTIVE WITH EVs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
GW
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
GW

Characterization of REVE project:
 Step 1: The project was focused on analyzing the effect on the power
system of plug-in electric vehicles charged by means of smart chargers and
energy management systems.
 Step 2: The usage of the electric vehicles reduces fossil fuel consumption
and emissions. Smart chargers and energy management systems allow EV
users to respond to price signals.
Characterize the project:
 Step 1: Review and describe the technologies,
elements and goals of the project
 Step 2: Map assets onto functionalities
1
http://www.evwind.es/

Estimate benefits:
 Step 3: Map functionalities onto benefits
 Step 4: Establish the baseline
 Step 5: Monetise the benefits and identify the beneficiaries.
2
Estimate benefits of REVE project:
 Step 3: Fossil fuel savings improves Spanish trade balance and need for
CO2 bonuses. Demand response shifts EV load to off-peak periods and
increase power system capacity for wind power.
 Step 4: Estimation of energy sector evolution without EVs.
 Step 5: Comparison of the 2020 10% EV penetration scenario with the
baseline.

Estimate benefits (1/2): Wind energy curtailment2
Wind energy
curtailment 2020
(*)
Daily period Night time
Lost production Economic
losses
Lost production Economic
losses
Without EVs
0.95 %
57
M€/year
1.60 %
96
M€/year
With EVs
0.28 %
17
M€/year
0.55 %
34
M€/year
Savings 40
M€/year
62
M€/year
TOTAL SAVINGS
PER YEAR 102 M€ / year 2020
(*) Conventional generation minimum output: 12.000 MW

Estimate benefits (2/2): Fossil fuels imports and emissions2
Emissions (MtCO2)* 2012 2016 2020
Average emissions from
conventional vehicles
(grCO2/km)
170 160 150
Emissions avoided by
transport
1,5 3,5 9,9
Emissions increased
from power generation
0,4 0,9 2,7
Emissions avoided
(MtCO2)
1,1 2,6 7,2
Energy cost (M€) 2012 2016 2020
Reduced raw material
imports from transport
(M€)
0 1.263,46 4.255,77
Increased imports of
raw materials for
power generation (M€)
0 193,85 538,11
Oil price (€/barrel) 120 150 180
Savings in raw material
imports (M€)
0 1.069 3.717
*Average daily driving distance 60 km/day

Compare costs and benefits of REVE project:
 Step 6: Perform a cost estimation for the electric vehicle surplus
cost vs. conventional ICE vehicles, for the smart charger and for the
energy management system.
 Step 7: Compare costs and benefits in a yearly basis.
Compare costs and benefits:
 Step 6: Identify and quantify the costs
 Step 7: Compare costs and benefits
3

Compare costs and benefits:3
-1,800
-1,600
-1,400
-1,200
-1,000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
M€
EMS
Smart chargers
EV cost surplus

Compare costs and benefits:3
-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
M€
Fossil fuel savings
Wind energy curtailment
CO2 emmissions
EMS
Smart chargers
EV cost surplus
Present value
Net Present Value:
NPV = 365 M€

Real examples: Smart meters roll out CBA (Electricity and Gas)

1. Given the economic potential of the Smart Grid and the substantial
investment required, there is a need for a methodological approach
to estimate the costs and benefits.
2. Previous results for the United States identify the main benefits at the
environmental, economical and security of supply domains. Most
of the investment will have to be done at distribution network level.
3. The JRC has published the “Guidelines for conducting a cost-benefit
analysis for Smart Grid projects” that could be the first step for a
European harmonization in CBA estimation for Smart Grid projects.

44
CONTENTS

45
LCA - CONTENT
· Introduction to the Life Cycle Thinking
· What LCA stands for?
· Background LCA references
· Case study

46
LCA - CONTENT
· Case study

INTRODUCTION TO THE LCT
47
Target:
Achieving
Sustainable
Development
Methodologies:
• Life Cycle Assessement (LCA)
• Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
• Social Life Cycle Assessement
(SLCA)
LIFE CYCLE THINKING

48
Definitions of Sustainable Development
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESINTRODUCTION TO THE LCT

Objectives for environmental protection based on the concept of
sustainable development.
Topics to be addressed: - Prioritize between these objectives
- Quantification of the social
49
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
Ecology
• Respect the
natural
environment
itself
• Biodiversity
• Preservation of
resources
• Protection of
ecosystems
Social aspects
• Health
• Security
• Equal
opportunities
• Work
• Preserving
resources for
future
generations
Economy
• Increasing
competition
between
companies
• Macro-economic
stability
• Economic
welfare of the
population.

Life Cycle Thinking
Responds to the
problem avoiding
creating a new
problem
Source: PE International

51
LCA - CONTENT
· Case study

52
LCA: Life Cycle Assessment
The Integrated Product Policy (COM (2003)302) identified Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) as the “best framework for assessing the potential
environmental impacts of products”. It can also be applied to any process or
service.
WHAT LCA STANDS FOR?

According to ISO 14040, LCA is:
"Compilation and evaluation of inputs, outputs and potential environmental
impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle."
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
Interpretation
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
Interpretation
53
INTRODUCTION TO LCAWHAT LCA STANDS FOR?

Integrated assessment of environmental problems
- Global warming
- Acidification
- Ozone layer depletion
- Smog
- Eutrophication
- Toxicity
- Others…
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
3. PARTS AND
COMPONENTS
MANUFACTURIN
G
9. COLLECTION AND
WASTE MANAGEMENT
LANDFILL
INCINERATION
5. DISTRIBUTION
4. INSTALLATION
AND ASSEMBLY
7. MAINTENANCE /
REPAIR
2. TRANSPORT AND
RAW MATERIALS
PROCESSING
1. RAW MATERIAL
EXTRACTION
RECYCLING
8. REUSING
6. USE

55
What would happen if ... I do not consider the whole life cycle?
Example 1: For the design of a vehicle,
I choose materials (option B) with a low
environmental impact in their production
compared to option A materials.
However, they are less durable and
need to be replaced more often (use),
generating more waste (end of life).
Which is the best option?
Example 2: In the design of a car, it
uses a large amount of aluminum. This
material requires much energy to
produce, but to be lighter car uses less
energy during use.
INTRODUCTION TO LCAWHAT LCA STANDS FOR?

56
What would happen if ... I do not consider different environmental impacts?
Example 1: In the design steel or aluminum can be chosen. Which material is
better from an environmental point of view?
INTRODUCTION TO LCA
Global Warming Potential vs Acidification Potential

57
LCA - CONTENT
· Case study

 ISO 14.040: 2006 Environmental management -- Life cycle
assessment -- Principles and framework
 ISO 14.044:2006 Environmental management -- Life cycle
assessment -- Requirements and guidelines
Relevant organizations
 LIFE CYCLE UNEP – SETAC INITIATIVE
http://lcinitiative.unep.fr/
 EUROPEAN PLATFORM ON LCA
http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Standards
58
BACKGROUND LCA REFERENCES

Most relevant LCA related scientific journals
 International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
www.scientificjournals.com
 Journal of Cleaner Production
www.sciencedirect.com
 Environmental Science and Technology
http://pubs.acs.org/journals/esthag
International LCA meetings
 SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) www.setac.org
 LCM (Life Cycle Management) www.lcm2013.org/
 RED ESPAÑOLA ACV (CIEMAT) http://www.energy.imdea.org/events/2013/i-
simposio-de-red-espanola-de-analisis-de-ciclo-de-vida-acv-bioenergia
59

60
Software
1. GaBi 6 (PE International)
2. SIMAPRO (Pre Consultants)
3. UMBERTO (ifu Hamburg)
4. TEAM (Ecobilan – PricewaterhouseCoopers)
5. WISARD (Ecobilan- PricewaterhouseCoopers)
6.  Others:
http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/toolList.vm

61
Most relevant databases
1. GaBi 6 Professional (PE International) (www.pe-international.com)
2. Ecoivent 3.0 (www.ecoinvent.org)
3. ELCD (http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ELCD3/)
4. Plastics Europe
5. Other: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ResourceDirectory/databaseList.vm

62
LCA - CONTENT
· Case study

Goal and scope definition
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Provide policy and decision makers with
“FACTS” for decisions on EV related issues
Objectives
Improve “END OF LIFE
MANAGEMENT” by promotion of
best available
technologies&practices
Improve “DESIGN” for optimal
recyclability and minimal
resource consumption
1

Goal and scope definition
1
Environmentaleffects
e.g.GHG-emissions
Time
Operation
Production
Dismantling
Vehicle B
B
Vehicle C
C
Vehicle A
A
clip

The study’s main objective is to carry out a Life Cycle Assessment from cradle
to grave of the following products with the aim of comparing the different
environmental impacts:
 Ion-lithium battery electric vehicle
 Diesel vehicle
 Petrol vehicle
All the analysed vehicles belong to the Spanish Segment C (length from 4.20 to
4.50 m)
Goal and scope definition1

2 Inventory analysis
Electricity
supply
Petrol / Diesel
supply
Raw materials
and production
In-Use Disposal
Electric
vehicles
Diesel/Gas
vehicles

Functional Unit = Ion-lithium battery life = 100.000 km
Li-ion Battery
(312 kg)
Electric motor
(52 kg)
Bodywork
Golf A4Internal combustion engine
(62,2 % EURO 3 / 37,8 % EURO 4)
+

ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+DLCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
10,58 %
1,00 %
20,80 %
8,57 %
0,07 %
25,71 %
15,84 %
2,70 % 14,73 %
Hydro-electric power Pumped hydro-electric power
Nuclear power Coal
Gas/Fuel Combined cycle
Wind energy Solar energy
Other renewable energies
55,54
%21,31
%
18,15
%
0,11 %
0,13 % 1,93 % 2,83 %
64,72 %
30,10 %
0,09 %
3,37 % 1,73 %
Data source: REE, 2010.

Energy consumption:
 Total energy consumption (MJ-Eq / km)
 Renewable energy consumption (MJ-Eq / km)
Emissions:
 PM particulates (g of PM / km)
 Nitrogen oxides (g of NOx / km)
 Carbon dioxide (g of CO2 / km)
 HC emissions (g of HC / km)
Impact assessment3

ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Impact assessment3

0.00 €
500.00 €
1,000.00 €
1,500.00 €
2,000.00 €
2,500.00 €
3,000.00 €
3,500.00 €
Mainland EV Balearic EV Canarian EV Diesel Petrol
CO2 NOX Particulate matter NMHC
Interpretation (environmental)4
86%

0.00 €
2,000.00 €
4,000.00 €
6,000.00 €
8,000.00 €
10,000.00 €
12,000.00 €
14,000.00 €
16,000.00 €
18,000.00 €
Mainland EV Balearic EV Canarian EV Diesel Petrol
Energy Imports CO2 NOX Particulate matter NMHC
Interpretation (energy & environment)4
61%
59%

 Results confirm that energy and environmental impacts of the EV are highly
dependent on the electricity generation mix
 Presumably the growth of renewable energies in the different generation
mixes will play in favour of the EV and widen the distance with the combustion
engine technologies
 The EV shows a reduction in the global energy consumption for the total life
cycle. However, embedded energy from production will increase, due to the
addition of components such as advanced battery packs, electric motors and
power electronics.
 The EV almost eliminates the problem of local pollutants (NOx, PM10, HCs)
in urban areas
 The Mainland EV shows a relative reduction of energy and environmental
externalities of 59% compared to the diesel vehicle and of 61% compared to
the petrol one
Conclusions and recommendations5

Ongoing projects
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF THE LCA METHODOLOGY
Project Acronym: SAPIENS (SOFC Auxiliary Power In Emissions/Noise Solutions)
Project reference: 303415 Contract type: Collaborative Project
Start date: 01 November 2012 End date: 31 October 2015
Duration: 36 months Project status: ongoing
Project cost: € 2.37 milion (2,370,257.20 euro)
Project funding: € 1.59 milion (1,592,341.40
euro)
Programme Acronym: FP7-FCH-JU
Programme type: Seventh Framework
Programme

Ongoing projects
Project Acronym: LED4ART (High quality and energy efficient LED illumination for art)
Start date: 01 January 2012 End date: 31 December 2014
Project cost: € 1.91 milion (1,907,110.00 euro) Project funding: 867,000.00 euro
Programme Acronym: CIP-ICT-PSP-2011-5
Programme type: Competitiveness and
innovation framework programme

Ongoing projects
Project Acronym: HELIS (High energy lithium sulphur cells and batteries)
Start date: 01 June 2015 End date: 31 May 2019
Project cost: € 7.97 milion (7,975,152.00 euro) Project funding: 7,975,152.00 euro
Programme Acronym: NMP-17-2014
Programme type: research adn Innovation
action

Other applications…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWncrFwhaiE

IREC part 02

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