1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, symbiotic and heterotrophic. Many of the taxa lack mitochondria, and, therefore, seemed to conform to the requirements of an archaic premitochondrial ancestor of all eukaryotes. This theory, called the Archezoa Hypothesis, was created by Cavalier-Smith (1983). The former archezoa began to find homes in interesting and unexpected places. Patterson (1999) and Simpson and Patterson (2001) defined a striking structural similarity that many of the former archezoan taxa possessed, a feeding groove called an excavate. The excavate was a groove that ran longitudinally on the cell surface and was associated with at least one recurrent flagellum, which set up currents in the groove that served to concentrate suspended particles and move them to a cytostome. Simpson (2003) identified seven such groups that had such an excavate apparatus: the Core Jakobids, Malawimonas, Trimastix, Carpediemonas, Retortomonads, Diplomonads, and the Heterolobosids (amoeboflagellates). Many of the excavate taxa were mitochondriate and had clear affinities with taxa that did not bear an excavate. So, by 2003 (Simpson 2003 and Cavalier-Smith 2003b) at least 10 groups (we interpret it as 11 groups) had been identified as excavate taxa (see Table 1). Burki et al. (2008) and Hampl et al. (2009) confirmed the monophyly of the excavates by phylogenomic analyses relative to members of the other supergroups. Furthermore, the excavates appear to be a very deep-rooting group, equivalent to the unikonts (Opisthokonta), and the bikonts (Chromalveolata + Rhizaria + Archaeplastida). 2.It is very difficult to discover drug against TB sice the bacteria which is mycobacterium is thermostabile and made up of mycolic acid . An increasing evidence of multidrug resistance in TB is the major problem in developing drug against TB. The mycobacterium is able to accumulate drug and become resistant to these drug. This bacteria develop allernative mechanism to become resistant to the drug. Malaria some antimalarials can only be used in certain areas of the world because parasites are resistant to some drugs. For example, chloroquine can only be used to prevent Plasmodium falciparum in regions of South America because Plasmodium falciparum is completely resistant to chloroquine in Africa and Asia. E. ameoba histoilica Solution 1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, symbiotic and heterotrophic. Many of the taxa lack mitochondria, and, therefore, seemed to conform to the requirements of an archaic premitochondrial ancestor of all eukaryotes. This theory, called the Archezoa Hypothesis, was created by Cavalier-Smith (1983). The former archezoa began to find homes in interesting and unexpected places. Patterson (1999) and Simpson and Patterson (2001) defined a striking structural similarity that many of the former archezoan taxa possessed, a feeding groove called an excavate. The excavate was a groove that ran longit.

1. 1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, symbiotic and heterotrophic.
Many of the taxa lack mitochondria, and, therefore, seemed to conform to the requirements of an
archaic premitochondrial ancestor of all eukaryotes. This theory, called the Archezoa
Hypothesis, was created by Cavalier-Smith (1983). The former archezoa began to find homes in
interesting and unexpected places. Patterson (1999) and Simpson and Patterson (2001) defined a
striking structural similarity that many of the former archezoan taxa possessed, a feeding groove
called an excavate. The excavate was a groove that ran longitudinally on the cell surface and was
associated with at least one recurrent flagellum, which set up currents in the groove that served
to concentrate suspended particles and move them to a cytostome. Simpson (2003) identified
seven such groups that had such an excavate apparatus: the Core Jakobids, Malawimonas,
Trimastix, Carpediemonas, Retortomonads, Diplomonads, and the Heterolobosids
(amoeboflagellates). Many of the excavate taxa were mitochondriate and had clear affinities
with taxa that did not bear an excavate. So, by 2003 (Simpson 2003 and Cavalier-Smith 2003b)
at least 10 groups (we interpret it as 11 groups) had been identified as excavate taxa (see Table
1). Burki et al. (2008) and Hampl et al. (2009) confirmed the monophyly of the excavates by
phylogenomic analyses relative to members of the other supergroups. Furthermore, the excavates
appear to be a very deep-rooting group, equivalent to the unikonts (Opisthokonta), and the
bikonts (Chromalveolata + Rhizaria + Archaeplastida).
2.It is very difficult to discover drug against TB sice the bacteria which is mycobacterium is
thermostabile and made up of mycolic acid . An increasing evidence of multidrug resistance in
TB is the major problem in developing drug against TB. The mycobacterium is able to
accumulate drug and become resistant to these drug. This bacteria develop allernative
mechanism to become resistant to the drug.
Malaria
some antimalarials can only be used in certain areas of the world because parasites are resistant
to some drugs. For example, chloroquine can only be used to prevent Plasmodium falciparum in
regions of South America because Plasmodium falciparum is completely resistant to chloroquine
in Africa and Asia.
E. ameoba histoilica
Solution
1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, symbiotic and heterotrophic.
Many of the taxa lack mitochondria, and, therefore, seemed to conform to the requirements of an
archaic premitochondrial ancestor of all eukaryotes. This theory, called the Archezoa

2. Hypothesis, was created by Cavalier-Smith (1983). The former archezoa began to find homes in
interesting and unexpected places. Patterson (1999) and Simpson and Patterson (2001) defined a
striking structural similarity that many of the former archezoan taxa possessed, a feeding groove
called an excavate. The excavate was a groove that ran longitudinally on the cell surface and was
associated with at least one recurrent flagellum, which set up currents in the groove that served
to concentrate suspended particles and move them to a cytostome. Simpson (2003) identified
seven such groups that had such an excavate apparatus: the Core Jakobids, Malawimonas,
Trimastix, Carpediemonas, Retortomonads, Diplomonads, and the Heterolobosids
(amoeboflagellates). Many of the excavate taxa were mitochondriate and had clear affinities
with taxa that did not bear an excavate. So, by 2003 (Simpson 2003 and Cavalier-Smith 2003b)
at least 10 groups (we interpret it as 11 groups) had been identified as excavate taxa (see Table
1). Burki et al. (2008) and Hampl et al. (2009) confirmed the monophyly of the excavates by
phylogenomic analyses relative to members of the other supergroups. Furthermore, the excavates
appear to be a very deep-rooting group, equivalent to the unikonts (Opisthokonta), and the
bikonts (Chromalveolata + Rhizaria + Archaeplastida).
2.It is very difficult to discover drug against TB sice the bacteria which is mycobacterium is
thermostabile and made up of mycolic acid . An increasing evidence of multidrug resistance in
TB is the major problem in developing drug against TB. The mycobacterium is able to
accumulate drug and become resistant to these drug. This bacteria develop allernative
mechanism to become resistant to the drug.
Malaria
some antimalarials can only be used in certain areas of the world because parasites are resistant
to some drugs. For example, chloroquine can only be used to prevent Plasmodium falciparum in
regions of South America because Plasmodium falciparum is completely resistant to chloroquine
in Africa and Asia.
E. ameoba histoilica