Debate Over Teaching Evolution and Creationism in Schools

Big Question-Does God Exist
The video "Big Question–Does God Exist?" by Grenville Kent was eye opening in many ways. I
have always known that God is the creator of everything and the He spoke them into existence. I
have always viewed evolution to be quiet silly, but haven't really known how to explain what I
believe in a way that others would understand. I really liked professor John Lennox from Oxford
University's illustration of a nonbird becoming a bird. Nobody has ever seen the big transition.
Nobody has let alone defined what the nonbird is. Nobody has seen the transition from one species
turning into another species. If it happens so often why has nobody seen it? I like this thought
because it is really quiet simple. It addresses one of the problems with evolution
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Capital State Arena Essay
Read Case 9: Capital State Arena in the text (pg. 473–475). In a three– to four–page paper,
excluding the title and reference pages, provide a brief summary of the case and main points, and
address the following prompts, using qualitative and quantitative data where necessary to provide
support. You are the purchasing agent for CSU. Your manager has asked you to design evaluation
criteria for purchase of the new lighting system. Develop a supplier selection and evaluation model
for this purchasing decision. Justify the reasoning for your response. Part of your role in selecting
the lighting system will be to satisfy the needs of the university purchasing team and the end users.
Develop a university purchasing team/ end ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there periodically has been renovation to St. Patrick Arena, a theatrical lighting system has
never been implemented. NEED RECOGNITION There is a need for a lighting console for the new
facility. A professional theatrical lighting system was specified by the planning committee. Having
the ability to conveniently adjust the lights to accommodate different events and different moods
during events is a strong competitive weapon for selling the arena during the off–season. This type
of lighting adjustment is driven by a computer–controlled console. The most current technology was
specified; the system will be leased out at a rate of $2,000 per day plus operator expenses.
AVAILABLE PRODUCTS The process began when the purchasing department received the
requisition. Two suppliers were contacted via telephone: CAE, manufacturer of Leprecon LP–3000,
and Electronic Theatre Controls (ETC), manufacturer of ETC Obsession II. A re– view of the trade
journal Lighting Dimensions was used to search for other sources. The review uncovered a third
possible supplier: Strand, manufacturer of the Strand 520. A search of the World Wide Web provided
additional information on the three console choices. The Web pages also provided dealer network
information, a war– ranty repair station list, and specification information for each console.
CONSOLE FEATURES The three consoles had many similar features. The glossy product sheets

The Debate Between Evolution And Creationism
Evolution versus Creationism Did you know 55% of Americans believe in Creationism (Gordon)?
Yes, that means 55% of America believes the Earth is only 6,000 years old. The debate between
Evolution and Creationism has been around since Charles Darwin's book, "On the Origins of
Species," was published in 1859 (Charles). Within this debate there have been two main sub–
debates: which one is the truth and which one should be taught in public science classes. Over
billions of years, Evolution is the theory that explains how the first cells evolved into all of the
different species on this plant. This happened gradually, over billions of years, and should be taught
in public science classes rather than Creationism.
Evolution explains how the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alan Leshner, chief executive officer of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
and executive publisher of Science magazine, once stated, "Science classrooms are for the teaching
of science. Inserting a belief system such as intelligent design (Creationism) into the science
classroom conflicts with the principles of science education. In science classes, students learn that
scientists do not accept a theory based on what they want to believe, but only after repeated
observation and experiments provide evidence to support the theory. Since intelligent design theory
has yet to offer any testable hypotheses, it remains a matter of belief, not science, and as such should
not be taught in science classes" (Leshner). In this quote, Leshner brilliantly sums up why Evolution
should be taught in science classes and why Creationism should not be taught in science classes. He
mentions that if a person inserts their belief system into a science class it will conflict with the
principles of science education. This shows how religious dogma interferes with science. The
science being taught in public classes should be based on empirical evidence, not one's personal

Evolution Vs. Creationism Essay
Evolution vs. Creationism
Abstract
In the history of science vs. religion there have been no issues more intensely debated than
evolution vs. creationism. The issue is passionately debated since the majority of evidence is in
favor of evolution, but the creation point of view can never be proved wrong because of religious
belief. Human creation breaks down into three simple beliefs; creation theory, naturalistic evolution
theory, and theistic evolution theory. The complexities of all three sides create a dilemma for what
theory to support among all people, religious and non–religious.
Evolution vs. Creationism
The theories of human evolution may always cause a heated dispute. Each theory presents its own
evidence proving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Until science proves its naturalistic theory correct, the world will have to choose between the three
theories based on personal beliefs, religious values, and scientific information.
The creation theory includes over 500 different creation stories based on numerous religions
(Religious Tolerance, 2004). The vast number of stories creates strains on which evolution story is
accurate. Christians that are creationists take the bible literally and believe the earth is around
10,000 years old. The creation theory will always exist with religion, so the creation theory can
never be proved wrong since it is simply a religious belief. Religion is still very important in the
United States, and the acceptance of the naturalization theory would completely change Christianity
all together. Religious Tolerance, a website that outlays the conflict of evolution vs. creationism,
explains how naturalism would shake Christianity. Religious tolerance states that the acceptance of
evolution would make people interpret Genesis symbolically and classify evolution stories as myths.
Since the creation stories are closely tied to the fall of man and to original sin, the entire role of
Jesus would change. Without original sin, there would be no need for a savior, and Christianity
would change drastically. This further proves that the creation theory will live as long as religion.
The Gallup Organization studies what percentages of Americans believe in each of

Should Evolution Be Taught In Schools
Evolution Taught in our School Curriculum
Alfred White once said, "Every new idea is crazy at first." This quote relates to my topic because
evolution was once a crazy, new idea. I believe that evolution should be taught in schools. By
introducing evolution, it shows that there is more than one opinion on how the earth came to be.
Also, teaching evolution is not saying that humans come from monkeys, it's defined as a change
over time. Lastly, many students are curious about evolution, and they want to learn more about it in
depth. There are many different opinions on how the Earth was created. Evolution is one of those
different opinions. It is good to teach and learn about all the different theories that people have made
about how the

The Design Arguments For The Existence Of God
The design arguments for the existence of God center on the principle that an intelligent designer, in
this case God, has crafted our world so that each item has a purpose and significant meaning.
Additionally, the world is a complex and sometimes enigmatic system of elements which work
together to sustain life in a way that some argue is unlikely to have occurred by pure chance alone.
Therefore, some philosophers credit a divine being as the source of this order and purpose in the
universe. Furthermore, William Paley offers a version of the design argument in which he employs
simple analogy between a watchmaker and God to demonstrate God's presence. However, critics of
this approach to proving God's existence object to this simplistic analogy of the origin of natural
components in the world and instead argue that an evolutionary perspective better explains the
existence of such objects and therefore, for the sake of simplicity, a divine being does not need to
remain in the equation. As a result, both the objections of flaws in the format of Paley's argument
and the needless inclusion of God as a designer cannot successfully be refuted by supporters of
Paley.
Arguably the most famous design argument was proposed by philosopher William Paley who used
the analogy of a watch and a watchmaker to illustrate his point of view. He claimed that a watch was
created with many interconnected parts which moved together in very specific and precise motions
to allow for its intended

Self-Driving Car Ethical Dilemmas
While Hollywood's interpretations of futures where robots take over the human race are highly
entertaining, the movie predictions may not be so far from present times. Take the example of the
artificially intelligent robot Ultron, from Avengers: Age of Ultron, who was programmed with the
task of achieving world peace. Without any specifications, he believed this goal would only be
achieved by abolishing humankind. Artificial intelligence (AI), takes instructions very literally and
the results will be disastrous in both a physical and mental sense when it starts thinking for itself. In
essence, self–driving cars create moral dilemmas and safety concerns regarding artificially
intelligent technology being programmed to coexist with humans. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One example of this is when the stock market index had a quick, but massive crash, losing nearly
one trillion dollars, which is "a prime example of the dangers of Artificial Intelligence manipulating
stock" (Loubriel). Although human stockbrokers managed to shut down the system and prevent a
complete economical crash, once superintelligence is achieved, there will be no way to terminate
any AI processes. As soon as self–driving cars exceed the point of human intelligence, people will
be completely under the control of their vehicle and will no longer be able to make decisions while
driving. In addition, Nick Bostrom, a philosopher at the University of Oxford declared that "
[humans] should not be confident in [their] ability to keep a superintelligent genie locked up in its
bottle forever" (Bostrom). He emphasized the idea that once superintelligence takes over every
piece of technology, it is competent enough to break out of the secure environment that has been
created for it. Until self–driving cars are below the standards of being super intelligent, humans are
still dominating every vehicle's decisions. The consequences could be disastrous if they go out of
control. Furthermore, physicist Louis Del Monte recently discovered that "[robots] are also learning

The Debate Between Creationists And Evolutionary Theorists
Rachel Summers
Professor Hughs
Philosophy 101
16 December 2016
The Debate Between Creationists and Evolutionary Theorists The subject of origins, or how we got
here, is one of the most fundamental questions that can be asked. The important question of why we
are here can't be answered by science alone. How we answer these questions provides the basis for
how we think about things, it defines our world–view. The Evolution vs. Creation debate is often
referred to as the Great Debate. 20th century science has made the compelling discovery that, at
some point, the universe began. Both sides of the debate Evolutionists and Creationists agree on one
thing only, that the universe has not always existed. This is where their agreement ends. The why
and how the universe began is where the division and dispute begins. There are two basic theories in
this debate. The first is the historical default, the creation model of origins. This theory maintains
that the intricate design infiltrates all things, which implies a designer. The second theory is the
more recent, atheistic explanation, the evolution model of origins. This theory suggests that the
intricate design infiltrates all things and is a product of random chance and excessive time. A
creationist is one who rejects scientific explanations for the origin of life and the universe,
preferring a hypothesis of supernatural creation by a designer named God. The belief that people
were created by God, in the image of God, is at

Suffering The Pros And Cons Of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a program that can perform tasks that a human can do, like speech
recognition, visual perception, language translation. AIs have been a very popular topic in scientists
and engineers. An example of artificial intelligence is Watson, this program can answer questions,
Watson was featured in a jeopardy game along with two former winners, Watson did, in fact, win
first place with one million dollars, but Watson was only given three clues to solve the question, the
program was not connected to the internet. The program quickly outsmarted his opponents, but had
trouble in other categories, meaning that the program beat human intelligence on the post topic.
Artificial Intelligence will become a superintelligence because of the progress rate, unstoppable
singularity, and brain improvement. Although, the rate of progress will eventually lead to an
intelligence explosion, in which this intelligence will surpass human intelligence. This means that
the AI will start off learning like a child, the basic learning, read, math, science. This may seem very
basic, but once the program learns, it can move on, the program will learn much quicker and faster
than the average human can, they can adapt and comprehend things much quicker but once this
program learns so much, space exploration will be easier to do by giving suggestion on creating an
object or machine that can go into space and record data faster and with fewer errors. An article
entitled "Weighing the

Pandetarianism And The Beliefs Of Pastafarianism
It is easy to crown Pastafarianism as the king of all ridiculous churches because there surely cannot
be a more absurd church. Pastafarianism, or the religion of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, is a church
that believes that a literal flying spaghetti monster created the world. If you think that is bizarre,
then brace yourself. That is just the tip of the iceberg. Apparently, adherents called Pastafarians also
believe that human beings are descendants of pirates, who were the first human beings. Ridiculous,
right? In many people's opinion, this religion is clearly a mockery of Christianity taken too far, but
there are those who claim that Pastafarianism is a legitimate religion. Anyway, in the sea of
ridiculous churches, Pastafarianism only scratches the surface.
Most Ridiculous Churches: Nuwaubian Nation
Nuwaubian Nation was a church that could only be best described as a cult. Its founder, Dwight
Young, started the church in the late 1960s. The church's beliefs were diverse, ranging from black
supremacy to UFOs and conspiracies like the Illuminati to Egyptian worship. In its onset, it bore
some similarities to Islam, but gradually, the church's beliefs began to diverge into the
pandemonium it is today. To further solidify its status as a church, Young wrote 450 booklets. He
claimed to be a messianic founder–prophet of his religion and would go as far as proclaiming divine
status. Consequently, he even created a Savior's day to honor himself.
His church also bordered on

How Intelligent Fixtures Affect The Production Arts
Intelligent lighting fixtures also known as moving or automated fixtures, are multi–function lights
designed with the mechanical abilities that allow them to do more than a standard lighting fixture
(Revolvy, 2016). These lighting fixtures have functions of colour, gobo, intensity, focus, prism,
movement of pan and tilt, rotation speed and effects. Thought this essay the impact that intelligent
fixtures have had on the production arts as well as the possibilities of where this technology may be
going in the future will be explored. Intelligent fixtures fall into two categories of what they can be,
this is a moving head and a moving mirror. Out of the two the moving head is seen the most, it is a
main body on a yoke. With this unit the entire head moves around and this always the beam to be
aimed in certain direction. While the mirror unit have a small mirror in front of the leans which
causes the beam to reflect off a mirror that can be aimed in all different types of directions
(Leerman, 2013). In the production arts industry it was actually the music genre with concerts and
touring that began using these lights which in–turn was a tipping point towards them being used in
the mainstream of the industry. They were and are still used to create a dynamic experiences at
concerts and on tours. The idea was for the audience to be able to see the colour snaps, effects and
them moving around to the music to add to the entire performance. This is shown through the first

Benefit Of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Today one of the most spectacular technologies in IT industry is "Artificial
Intelligence" that was invented in 1955 by John McCarthy who is also recognized as the father of AI
(Artificial Intelligence). As the name suggests that a technique which provides intelligence to
artificial (machine) is AI. Now let's elaborate what AI exactly is. Artificial Intelligence is such kind
of technology that makes a machine capable to act as a human as self–driving cars, robots, missile
guidance etc. Here intelligent agents are designed to perform according to the real–world
environment. For an instance, the voice recognition system takes the input of spoken words and
reacts according to it as Apple's Siri which listens to human voice and perform the task given to it.
So far, we have seen what Artificial Intelligence is. Now let's know about the benefits and risks
related to AI. Benefits of AI: Artificial Intelligence has made the technology so advanced that it's
benefits are taken in almost every field. Health: People who need some medical help can ask to the
computer that provides the proper solution to them, besides if there is some medical emergency and
the clinic or hospital is not nearby then the medical help can also be taken on phone by calling to a
hospital and tell about the problem, the nurse will put your problems in her system then the system
will provide the cure of the problem. Other than this AI is adopted in hospitals to store a large
amount

Ecology And Evolution Reflection Paper
Personal Reflection after Ecology and Evolution Being raised as an Evangelical Free Christian,
evolution was considered somewhat of a dirty word. This being said, I knew that there were parts of
evolution that were undeniably true. I also thought that science usually pointed towards evidence of
there being a God. I was never really a Young Earth Creationist. However, I still thought that Young
Earth Creationists could be right because in my opinion, God is omnipotent, and the flood could
have happened further back in history than estimated. The flood then could answer why the
continents look the way they do today compared to pangea, and it could also answer some other
geological problems with Young Earth Creationism. Although I thought it was still possible, I
thought it extremely unlikely. Instead, I thought that the Earth was created much longer ago, but that
God still created creatures in their own "kinds", and that these "kinds" diverged into even more
species by natural selection. I knew evolution could change a species a little bit at a time to the point
where there would be two different species, but I wasn't sold on the whole idea that Evolution could
cause a fish to become a human. However, there were two major things that started to change my
mind. The first was the Harvard study with the petri dish that contained different levels of
antibacterial properties. This study showed that mutations can cause a significant change in a
species, and led to me thinking it

Artificial Intelligence May Usher In A New Golden Age...
Artificial Intelligence has a very beneficial impact on humanity. I believe that it can replicate the
actions and decisions of humans without the impact of fatigue, time, or emotion. I think that if AI
advances more jobs in the IT industry will be developed, and more people will want to work for
industries that develop these new technologies. Machines driven by AI technology can replace the
consistency, tedious work some humans have to do. In the article "Artificial Intelligence May Usher
in a New Golden Age," written by Faith Popcorn, supports my claim that AI could potentially
reduce the tediousness of work for a person. It also says that robots can now diagnose patients,
while doctors could not. Humans need to continue their ambition to

The 's Theory Of Evolution
With one discovery, the battles began. When Galileo published a book defending Copernicus' idea
that the Earth revolves around the sun, he was put on trial by the Catholic Church. This scientific
finding threatened the beliefs and teachings of religious institutions, which was the first battle in a
never ending war. Today, America exercises freedom of religion. However, this freedom is restricted
in schools where Darwin's Theory of Evolution is taught. With many advancements in science, to
many, the coexistence of science and religion, specifically Christianity, is questionable. To some,
developments in science, such as evolution, threaten the core beliefs of religious institutions.
Several scientists also believe that it is possible to believe in God and that humans evolved over
time. Lastly, others, including me, believe that science and religion can coexist and that both
miracles and new scientific discoveries can strengthen Christian faith. As Albert Einstein said,
"science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind." This paper will further explore
this question and provide evidence that science and religion can coexist: are science and religion
comparable? What do scientific discoveries say?
In the beginning, there was light. This light created a spark, which started the fire of science and
religion. The light is the existence of science, the spark is the advancements in and applications of
science, and the fire is the controversy that

The Argument For The Natural World
According to Aquinas arguments, the natural world includes everything that is in existence. This
includes ideologies such as motion, God, gravity, solar radiation, and our physical environment as
whole. The natural world is not only made up of things that our senses can detect, such as touch and
smell, but is also includes things such as God and gravity which are unattainable through the senses.
According to Immanuel Kant, the sensible world includes anything that can become known to
humans. The sensible world includes things such as time and space. By reviewing the definition of
the sensible world, the plausibility of the argument for the natural world is effected positively. Due
to the fact that the natural world consists of things that the human senses can detect, along with
anything that is within the world, this argument goes hand in hand with the ideology of the sensible
world. In correlation with Aquinas's third argument, something cannot exist being necessary and
noneternal because in order for a being to be necessary it must be eternal. This is due to the fact that
in Aquinas argument, a necessary being is eternal because nothing else brings it into existence. In
order to better understand an example of an object that would exists at some point in each possible
world, but not at all times within the actual world, it is crucial to understand the definition of each
term. Elliot Sober defines the "actual world" as, "the totality of things that have existed, now

Intelligent Design: Science or Faith Essay
In taking close at philosophy, it is the study of problems linked with existence, values, knowledge,
mind, language and reason. This implies that, philosophy is the study that involves addressing
problems based on the rational argument. It is a well–documented fact: the word philosophy is a
Greek word that means love of wisdom. Just like the name entails, philosophy is linked with many
subjects such as politics, religion and ethics among others that involve absolute wisdom. In this
regard, there are various concepts under philosophy subject including intelligent design claim,
science and faith. For the past years, researchers have raised continuous issue regarding the subjects
outlining various criticisms emerging under the subject of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The version formulated by Aquinas outline that, God is paramount important in providing direction
to human beings thus, setting a clear evidence of nature of intelligent design. To some extent, the
intelligent design outline God as supernatural but; extraterrestrial race could be supernatural force.
With these assumptions, it is important to note that, intelligent design assumptions are not drawn
directly from the Christian bible despite some facts of supernatural power. Paley's assumption
influenced scientists to assume that God designed nature thus, assuming intelligent design to be
implemented by laws. Subsequently, the Charles Darwin hypothesis explain his assumption on the
problem of evil as well, design in nature and with the natural selection clarified adaptation arguing
that, everything that result from designed laws. In 1986, Meyer review suggested that, messages
conveyed within DNA cell specified intelligence arguing to have originated from an intelligent
agent. With this regard, the innovation of DNA cells merely outlined the supernaturalism and
metaphysical naturalism.
WHAT IS SCIENCE? With no doubt; science has been defined in many ways with its meaning with
time. According to Layton, J. (2011), science is the outline as the body of knowledge and process of
understanding the natural world. In other words, science is the outline as the aspect of discovering
facts in the universe through evaluating what worked in the past, how

Can An Atheist Support Intelligent Design?
Can an Atheist Support Intelligent Design?
Intelligent design is an extremely controversial subject. It has been debated in schools, churches,
and even personal conversations. Intelligent Design is the theory that supports the idea of an
intelligent being existing as the creator of certain aspects of the universe and biological life. It does
not go as far as to try to identify this intelligence, it just notes its presence. Knowing the definition
of Intelligent Design, it seems impossible that an atheist could believe in it. But since the
intelligence is not specified, Intelligent Design is not strictly a religious belief. There obviously
cannot be one opinion for the entire atheist community, but can Intelligent Design be supported by
atheists? To answer this question a good understanding of Intelligent Design is essential. As stated,
it is the belief that life or the universe was created by an outside being or intelligence. The said
intelligence does not have to be a god. Who or what created life is up to the believer. People can
believe in different creators but still support the same Intelligent Design theory. Intelligent Design
(ID) just acknowledges that the universe was created by something and not randomly formed. Many
scientists, along with non– experts, believe in ID because biological structures are so complex and
suitable for life it seems that they would have to be carefully designed. This may sound similar to
creationism, however it is very

The Question For Modern Day Society
The first words in Bible are, "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth" (Genesis 1:1,
English Standard Version). This statement leaves a question for modern day society. Does this verse
mean God created the universe in six literal days and rest on the seventh? Or could it possibly mean
this was a non–literal text that leaves room for the possibility of evolution. Evolution and
Creationism have been battling over this issue for many years. What must be realized before
examining these two theories is the fact that both require faith. Requiring faith means neither can be
proven right completely. These two theories bring to light the literal and non–literal reading of
Genesis 1 and 2. Creationism believes in the literal interpretation of the text, and evolution,
specifically theistic evolution, believes in non–literal interpretation. The literal interpretation states
God created everything in six days just as it states which leaves little wiggle room for the non–
literal interpretation. However, there is some scientific reasoning and fact that can reinforce their
system of thinking. While a non–literal theistic evolutionist approach is a plausible option of the
account in Genesis one, the Creationist's literal interpretation outweighs the non–literal because the
analysis of the text agrees with the literal approach and the current scientific evidence, history, and
authority of scripture point to a young earth. The non–literal interpretation of the Holy Scripture

Judgement Day : Intelligent Design
In the film Judgement Day: Intelligent Design on Trial, a small, rural town in Dover, Pennsylvania
is being analyzed for its Kitzmiller vs. Dover court case. Dover is a school district in Pennsylvania
whose school board argued that their students should be aware of Intelligent Design as an alternative
to teaching Darwinism. There are several arguments being discussed throughout this documentary.
The most expressed argument is whether not Intelligent Design should be taught in schools. Some
other prevailing arguments are the belief that Intelligent Design and creationism are the same thing,
the argument that evolution is neutral to religion, and the argument that evolution should not be
questioned no matter what. Questions such as these captivate the mind and makes people wonder
what the real truth is. The question whether creation or Intelligent Design should be taught in public
schools is applicable to America's society today. Most school districts would rather avoid both
topics due to causing arguments among students and teachers and leading to uncomfortable
conversations. Evolution is the belief that one form of life gives rise to the next, like a tree with
branches and twigs. Darwin called it "descent with modification" which is now called "natural
selection". Natural Selection, in the film, is said to be small changes occurring over time that can
result in new speciations. If you think about it, evolution does not say anything about the creation of
life. It only

Essay On Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence: Helpful or dangerous? Ever since 1956, when John McCarthy coined the
term "artificial intelligence" (AI) for computer systems that are able to perform tasks that normally
require human intelligence, AI has grown into something incredible. When one looks at what AI
really is, it can be quite alarming. The world today is dominated by technology; this means that it is
in houses, work places, schools and more. To many, this is a good thing that people should continue
to improve on. However, there are many risks in looking at what can happen with AI and people can
argue for both sides. That being said, in examining both the risks and rewards of artificial
intelligence, AI is dangerous and should not be taken any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Once these weapons are hacked, nobody will be able to understand the extent to which AI will spin
out of control. All of this being said, the possibility of an uncontrollable warfare is absolutely
terrifying and cannot be overlooked. AI needs to be controlled and people need to be stopped from
developing it any further; the risk is much larger than the reward in situations such as these. To
continue, another very real risk is that the AI is programmed to do something helpful, but ends up
developing its own destructive way of doing it. In an article produced by the Future of Life Institute,
Benefits & Risks of Artificial Intelligence, this could happen this could happen "whenever we fail to
fully align the AI's goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult." There are many places this can
happen; one of those being on the battlefield where machines can turn into absolute killers who
choose their own targets. Another problem is that even if humans do program AI to do a specific job
and they do it correctly, AI will always find a way to grow. As stated in Amitai and Oren Etzioni's
article, Should Artificial Intelligence Be Regulated?, "computers will continue to advance and give
birth to rapid technological progress that will result in dramatic and unpredictable changes for
humanity" (Etzioni 32). There will soon come a time where AI will become too powerful for

Intelligent Design
The role of god in science
At this point in the modern world, there are two main sides of the scientific world; those that believe
in intelligent design, or those that believe in physicalism. Intelligent design is the belief that the
earth was intelligently designed. Physicalism is the belief that the real world only consists of only
the physical world. This is a real world conflict and it is a very controversial topic. This conflicts
creates other problems as well; including the problem that some people don't really allow for others'
opinions on the topic. Especially those who believe in intelligent design being told they aren't real
scientists and even worst; being fired and blacklisted from having any position in their field of
science ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people will tell you that in whatever faith you believe in you cannot deny that evolution is
real. The reality is it isn't. The general understanding of evolution is that it is change that occurs
over time. Dr. Randy Guliuzza is here to say otherwise, saying, "skilled evolutionists will try to
define evolution as simply 'change' or 'change over time.' If that is all there was too evolution, there
would be no arguments and no reasons to doubt the bible." At this point you are probably slightly
shocked that someone would argue that what pretty much everyone was taught isn't true, but he has
a really good point; he is not using a slippery definition of it, he is using a reputable source called
the National Association of Biology Teachers. In 2008 they stated that "the diversity of life on earth
is the outcome of biological evolution." From this, Dr. Guliuzza interprets evolution to be "a process
that explains the origin for the diversity of life on earth." We haven't even gotten into the
controversial part yet but I would at least like to get some of these definitions right so we are on the
same

How Technology Has Impacted The Way Cities Operate
The use of IoT has already impacted the way cities operate. The term smart cities, is used to
describe a city that possesses an IoT oriented infrastructure. "In a smart city, the digital technologies
translate into better public services for inhabitants and better use of resources while reducing
environmental impacts". [3] For a smart city to be feasible, IoT must provide intelligence,
interconnection, and instrumentation. Wi–Fi–enabled smart devices and low–cost sensors are
components of the smart city and allow devices a way to communicate with the public via the
internet. These devices collect real–time data, which not only improves the lives of residents, but
transforms several sectors of public service as well. Transportation has been revolutionized by smart
traffic management systems which gather data from an array of magnetic road sensors and hundreds
of cameras. The result is less delay at major stop lights and increased travel speeds, because enabled
drivers can see which lights are busy and monitor these areas for other vehicles and pedestrians. To
lower traffic and driver search times for parking spots, parking sensors that detect parking–spaces
for drivers are installed in major cities. Street lights use a method of energy saving known as
adaptive lighting which enables them to determine their brightness setting, appropriate for a given
situation. The smart city solution to conserving energy is through smart girds. A smart grid serves
several energy management

Charles Darwin 's Views On Evolution And Evolution
Mutual exclusivity is a concept that pertains to two or more events, in which the occurrence of one,
precludes the occurrence of the other. Creationism and evolution are two notions that can be viewed
as mutually exclusive or non–mutually exclusive, depending on the evidence that you are provided
with as well as one's personal beliefs.
In order to appreciate this concept it is important to understand the meanings of both opposing
arguments. Creationism is the belief that the universe and living creatures originate from specific
acts of divine creation, as is seen in the Bible, rather than by natural processes such as evolution.
Evolution, on the other hand, is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are
believed to have advanced from earlier forms during the history of planet earth.
This is a highly controversial topic and has attracted the attention of many famous scientists looking
to disprove creationism and prove evolution. One of the most famous being Charles Darwin. A
popular synonym for evolution is the word "Darwinism", therefore showing that Charles Darwin
was a fully committed believer of the theory of evolution.
The evidence behind the evolution theory depicts the earth to be around four and a half billion years
old. It also clearly states that all life on earth evolved from primitive, single celled organisms. In
1859 Charles Darwin published his novel "The Origin of Species" which is suggestive against
creationism and for natural selection.

The Ethics Of Bill Gates
Let's suppose you are walking down the street on a Sunday afternoon when out of nowhere you see
a man get shot. You rush over to this man and can tell that he doesn't have more than a few moments
left. As his dying wish he makes you promise to give his fortune of $10 million dollars to his best
friend Bill Gates. As you are walking over to Bill Gates house you see a sign for Children's Miracle
Network Hospital asking for $10 million dollars for research on a rare genetic disease that could
save 100,000 lives. What do you do? Would you keep your promise to the dying man and give this
money to Bill Gates or would you do what would help more people by donating the money to
Children's Miracle Network Hospital? If you decided to donate the money to charity to save an
immense amount of lives you would side with teleological theory whereas if you decided to keep
your promise and give the money to Bill Gates, you would be agreeing with deontological theory.
These theories have deeply divided modern ethics today. I would choose to agree with teleological
theory to dishonor my promise with this dying man to be able to bring more happiness on earth. I
believe that if more people lived by the teleological theory the world would be a better place today.
Teleological ethics is based on maximizing nonmoral goods, like pleasure, happiness, welfare, and
the improvement of suffering. The teleologist focuses on the outcome that each decision makes, not
the act itself. Teleological ethics are

Creation or Evolution
Let the Children Choose
In America today there are many choices we have, as people we can choose to do just about
anything and anywhere. There is however a place where most of the American children have no
choice at all, what to believe when it comes to science. It is a mystery among men, the question that
has every person in the world wonder, "Where did it all come from?" Over the last forty to fifty
years, the United States Government has decided to separate church and state, so why is evolution
taught? Evolution is a religion, it is not science. The scientific method which is used to test a
hypothesis in science is defined as: a method of procedure that has characterized natural science
since the 17th century, consisting in systematic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is not however any evidence to show once species transforming into another. Scientists
proclaim that the Earth is 4.5–5.5 billion years old. How can they prove this? There is no human
being that has lived that long to tell us that this is correct. The age of the Earth can't be observed, we
can only go as far back as history books will tell us, books written by people that lived in that age.
On the other hand, you have creationism, which is intelligent design. There is no way to prove this
either, if there is a designer, he/she has not yet come to Earth and proclaimed "I created the Earth!"
This also is a theory, normally used by religions such as Christians, Muslims and Jews. Here again
you can't observe creationism happening today, as people we can't go back in time and either prove
or disprove one or the other, therefore, The U.S. Federal Government should either allow all
theories or no theories and just proven facts that can be observed, to count as science. Two children
walk in to their local high school, it's their freshman year, one child that has been raised by religious
Christians we will call him Joe and the other with no religious background at all we'll call Tom.
Both however while talking about the Earth have no idea how it came to pass or when, they walk
into their Biology class and the teacher begins to speak about evolution, one micro–organism
became everything you see on earth today. Joe immediately realizing according

Artificial Intelligence : Computer Science, California...
Name: Aleena Davy
Net–ID: sw7839
Research: Artificial Intelligence in Computer Forensics
Department of Computer Science, California State University East Bay, USA
Abstract:
Computer Forensics is crucial to solving computer related criminal investigations. The world has
evolved a great deal in technology but this has led to the misuse of the resources as well. It is of
utmost importance to be able to stop cyber attacks; however it is no easy task as the current forensic
tools are not designed to analyze the large amount of data which is the result of the vast use of
digital storage and media. This paper is the integration of two research subjects which discusses
about the use of Artificial Intelligence in Computer Forensics. It mainly ... Show more content on
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It is true that intelligent agents perform better when compared to humans. This is because they have
rational thinking whereas humans have the 'emotion' factor associated with them. It is of no big
surprise that it can help solve problems efficient and faster where human intelligence fails. In
relation to cyber forensics analyzing a large amount of data can be often very tedious and time
consuming and even if that doesn't matter, there are less chances of finding the exact data by the
forensic expert which could result in the breakthrough of the case. Over the generations digital
forensics has helped solve many child exploitation cases, server invasion which could result in
accessing user's private and sensitive information. Other types of cyber attacks could be forgery of
people's signature, documents and tampering with file extensions so that files could be hidden or
become corrupted. There are many types of cyber attacks, some of them are denial of service attack
which interrupts the network and prevents the user from accessing the resource. Another type of
attack is probing attack, this type of cyber attack the attacker scans for any loophole in the resource.
One other type is remote to local attack. In this type of attack the attacker gets access to a resource
and deletes or tampers with the file. Lastly, the remote to local attack. This happens when the
attacker hacks into the system and accesses the private

Analysis Of The Short Article ' On Being An Atheist '
James Shank
October 12, 2015
Phil 201– B06
The Problem of Evil H. J. McCloskey is the author of the short article "On Being an Atheist". He
has also written many more books on the support of atheism. For this essay we will be looking at his
article "On Being an Atheist". In his article, McCloskey examines many Christian arguments for the
existence of God. McCloskey not only says that Christians are wrong in using these arguments but
he critically analyzes them from the view point of a devout atheist. While H. J. McCloskey gives his
strong beliefs on the existence of God and reason behind evil being in the world, a Christian can still
stand firm in their beliefs because of supporting evidence. McCloskey often and strongly believes
that there are "proofs" which exist in the world. These "proofs" provide "sound" reasoning for why
the existence of God is impossible. From Foreman's presentation we can learn that we cannot use
"proofs" to best explain the existence of God. As we look in the world and universe around us we
see that God is the best possible approach. Just like we use best possible approach in the sciences,
we can use the best possible approach to support that God does indeed exist. In all reality when we
are faced with an argument, we can always find a way to refute the opposing view point.
Fortunately, on the topic of God exists one comes to the end of the road eventual. God cannot be
explained in the minds of men for we cannot comprehend God, no one can. For we

Taking a Look at Multi Agent Systems
Multi Agent System (MAS) Understanding how independent agents work together and cooperate to
exceed every task they face is the major goal of multi agent systems (MAS). MAS is a group of
autonomous entities which simultaneously occur at the same time, taking what they need from
common resources, and communicating with each other in different ways (Cormas). In addition,
multi agent systems are considered a distributed system because of how independently agents are
communicated despite of their different owners and motivations (Cormas). Not necessarily the
agents that in multi agent system be just software, but it could be humans or even human teams who
work together. In fact, one of the fields that were encouraged multi agent systems is e–business and
all its areas such as online auction, e–commerce, and tourism. Electronic commerce application
consists of core module which is considered the basic part to meet all business requirements such as
preferred language and communication media, sourcing module which makes the process easy for
buyers and sellers as well by providing them all the information they need, negotiation module
which handles both easy and difficult negotiation such as discussing with multiple agents at the
same time with different languages, auction module which cares about creating a suitable
environment to sell as many as it could of its goods, and finally software agents which is the
responsible part to finishing a deal, sending requests, and doing

Ethical Issues Of Artificial Intelligence
The following document discusses the ethical problems that come as a byproduct of creating
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and why these issues exist. Artificial Intelligence is the ability of a
software program to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. Throughout the
document I will be attempting to cover what is currently being done to address these issues and
what should be done as a solution to completely resolve these issues. Ethical Issue While Artificial
Intelligence is a huge technological advancement in our society today, the creation of this software
comes with many of ethical issues and concerns. The first big dilemma that comes to mind when
implementing AI in our society, is how we use this technology in our ... Show more content on
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Millions of truck drivers will soon be out of a job, how do we employ these people and teach them a
new way to contribute in our society? These are the type of questions we need to start asking if we
are going to take away jobs from millions of Americans due to automation. Why the Issues Exist
The human race is embedded with a natural predilection to create, innovate, and advance. It's our
way of moving forward and improving as a society to increase the quality of our day to day life's
and stay on top of the hierarchal food chain. But every new creation or advancement comes with a
plethora of ethical issues that must be resolved. Unfortunately, as we continue to advance
technology the complexity of these ethical dilemmas grow to new heights. In this case, Artificial
Intelligence will be able to learn and evolve at a much faster pace compared to humans. This means
that AI will inevitably surpass human intelligence becoming the superior civilization on earth. At
what point will they stop looking up to us and start to resist control? What if it's technology begins
to recreate better versions of its software at a pace that we cannot control? "If tensions mount to a
sufficient degree, the Artificial Intelligence might decide to go to war with humans to gain
independence or dominance (over the humans whom they consider to be inferior beings)." (n.d.).
These

Artificial Intelligence Essay
"Let's not kid ourselves, robots already run most of the world. We'll be their butlers soon enough."
(Brain Quote) Artificial Intelligence is the development of computer systems that normally require
human intelligence. This (Artificial Intelligence) has lead to countless short–term positives such as
"improving the speed, quality, and costs of available goods and services (Karsten and West 1). (This
being said from the Brooking institution) However, as businesses continue to use Artificial
Intelligence to increase extra goods and make more money, they will replace human jobs. "Already
trending from the automation stems in part from the Great Recession, which forced businesses to
operate with fewer workers. After growth, businesses are still ... Show more content on
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This can lead to more benefits as a business. As a result all of these combined has influenced the
way the business world works now, and will stay. Additionally, because of businesses, jobs are being
lost. Multiple studies have pointed to businesses being lost. An example would be how "in 2014
Google was valued at $307 billion with only 55,000 employees, a tenth of AT&T's in the 1960's
(West 1)." The past may be evidence to see a timelapse in the near future. In a recent study(pdf),
economists Daren Acemoglu of MIT and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University try to quantify how
worried we should be about robots. They examine the impact of industrial automation on the US
labor market from 1990 to 2007. They conclude that each additional robot reduced employment in a
given commuting area by 3–6 workers, and lowered overall wages by 0.25–0.5%. (Kopf) The pace
that humans are losing job is brisk. According to Matthew Rendall from the University of
Nottingham, " the U.S. and Canada have been losing jobs to offshore competition for almost half a
century. From 2000 to 2010 alone, 5.6 million jobs disappeared. Only thirteen percent was due to
international trade. About eighty– five percent was due to productivity

The Proposal Of The Dover Area School District
In cases having to do with constitutionality, the issue of the separation of church and state arises
with marked frequency. This battle, which has raged since the nation?s founding, touches the very
heart of the United States public, and pits two of the country's most important influences of public
opinion against one another. Although some material containing religious content has found its way
into many of the nation's public schools, its inclusion stems from its contextual and historical
importance, which is heavily supported by material evidence and documentation. It often results
from a teacher?s own decision, rather than from a decision handed down from above by a higher
power. The proposal of the Dover Area School District to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
If approved, the bill would require intelligent design to be taught alongside any evolutionary theory
in order to present an ?explanation of the origin of life that differs from Darwin?s view?.
Additionally, it would require a statement to be read that expresses doubts about Darwinist theories
(Baksa 1).
The Court is now confronted with the responsibility of determining if Dover?s proposition, and the
implications of its implementation are constitutional, or whether they would violate fundamental
personal freedoms. In order to make its decision, the court must contemplate many facets of the
issue, including: if the religious origins of intelligent design permeate the theory too strongly, if
teaching I.D. in schools would violate statutes regarding state funding for public schools, and even
if the theory provides sufficient factual scientific evidence to be taught as a scientific theory in a
school?s biology curriculum.
Case law supporting the absence of the instruction of intelligent design theory from secular, public
education cites several main grounds for exclusion, including the unconstitutionality of ?
sponsorship, financial support, and active involvement of the sovereign in religious activity? [397
U.S. 664].
The 1987 case Edwards v. Aguillard requires any religiously–related instruction to have ?a clear
secular purpose? [482 U.S. 578]. The legislation addressed in this case?the Creationism

The God Delusion By Richard Dawkins
The God Delusion Report The God Delusion is a theoretical work by Richard Dawkins criticizing
religion. He introduces it as a book solely dedicated to disproving any God or gods in any religion
as a whole, which makes it somewhat odd how in the last few chapters he begins focusing on the
social effects of Christianity specifically. He focuses in the brief introduction on why he feels
religion should not be given any special allowances in the law, which seems to be one of the areas
where either one agrees with it or they don't. The only part I felt it strange for him to include was
when he claimed that Einstein had not believed in the Christian God, but rather a generic, spiritual
God. It doesn't seem like the beliefs of one person should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Dawkins begins his description of types of religion with polytheism, which he only goes into
briefly. He simply wonders how polytheistic groups handled their overlapping gods, wonders about
the Trinity, and decides to refer to all gods as God for simplicity. When he goes into monotheism, it
becomes more detailed, and rather harsh on Judaism and Christianity (Islam is mentioned only
briefly.) When talking about secularism, he also goes into the religious views of the Founding
Fathers of the United States, who he says were some were either deists or atheists. This seems
slightly more relevant than his comments about Einstein, since he is using this as argument against
claims that America is a Christian nation, but this still isn't really what his book is about.
Agnosticism is the one he discusses most. He puts them in two categories, Temporary Agnosticism
in Practice (TAP) and (Permanent Agnosticism in Practice.) TAP is where there is a truth and there
is evidence, but neither have been found. He considers this acceptable. PAP is for hypothetical
questions that can never be answered. Dawkins disapproves of this rather strongly, because he feels
that one day, there will be scientific proof of God's existence or non–existence. A final point he
makes is about NOMA– 'non–overlapping magisteria.' NOMA describes the concept that religion
and science can be kept completely and utterly separate. He criticizes this idea as well, feeling that
there is a point at which they must

The Design of Life
The Design of Life – God or Evolution?
Life has indeed been designed, but by whom or what is the central controversy. Creationists believe
it was an intelligent designer, namely, God; evolutionists believe it was a driving force of nature,
namely, natural selection. Natural selection works when life forms with advantageous survival traits
live long enough to breed, therefore passing on those traits to the next generation. Life forms with
weaker traits die before breeding, and therefore disappear from the gene pool. Genetic diversity
results in slight variations of these hereditary traits from generation to generation, which allows a
species to adapt to the changing demands of a changing environment. This results in a suitability ...
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The problem is one of choosing the correct analogy. He pointed out that the universe more
resembles a living organism than a mechanical watch –– which indicates that the universe must have
started as a fetus in a cosmic womb! Other scholars also lampooned Paley's argument; Voltaire
argued that noses must have been designed to hold up glasses, and that bunny rabbits must have
been given white tails so they could be easier to shoot. The idea of design was so thoroughly and
effectively ridiculed that theologians of the time actually stopped using it as an argument, although,
curiously enough, it would resurface in the 20th century.
Darwin essentially agreed that life had been designed, although not necessarily by the designer that
Paley evoked. Darwin's advance on the argument was that the designer did not have to be an
intelligent being, but could also be a driving force of nature. Consider the example of horse–
breeding. A rancher can select any trait among his horses that he would like to emphasize –– for
example, small size. By breeding his smallest horses together, he will eventually obtain a line of
miniature horses. Evolutionists cite this as proof that species can change as a result of selective
breeding. Creationists respond –– quite rightly –– that the process needs a designer, in this case the
rancher. But evolutionists point out that the same process happens in nature. Imagine a land
separated by a mountain range a thousand miles long.

Advantages And Cons Of Artificial Intelligence
While our smartphones and computers are shrinking, their computing power is growing
exponentially. Close at hand with this trend, computer scientists and engineers refine and create
what we call AI, Artificial intelligence. Today, the AI that humanity has developed carries a
relatively low intellectual capacity. On the other hand, specialists of the field such as Andrew
Garrison and Rodney Brooks predict that in the future, AI will carry a level of intelligence higher
than that of a human. This development raises questions. What are the possible advantages and
disadvantages of Artificial intelligence, and to what extent is it ethically defensible to develop this
technology? A big part of LeBlancs TedX speech "Artificial Intelligence and the future"
(TEDxMoncton Jan 12th 2015) and Andrew's article "Is Artificial Intelligence Good For Humans?"
(millennialmagazine.com Feb 16th 2015) is a discussion of the advantages that comes with Artificial
Intelligence. Moreover, the most important advantage is AI's ability to make advancements in health
and science. In Andrew Garisson's article, Andrew notes how "super–human machines" can lead to
huge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If robots take our jobs, people won't have to work as much, nevertheless, this creates an urgency to
distribute our assets evenly. It is not impossible for a rich individual, to disband the workers only to
utilize AI as free labour. A situation like this, would lead to everyone but the wealthy owner to
vanish, like an animal species being eradicated by natural selection. Thus, the biggest risk of AI
could subsequently depend on the human factor. Hence, the only valid disadvantage of AI, might in
fact be ourselves, our own greed. If people restrain from selfishly exploiting the power of AI, the
advantages will allow society and humanity to grow even further. Therefore, with the highest
probability, AI will only make our lives

Creationism : Creationism And Creationism
The creation of how the world came to be has been told through many different stories. All around
the world there are arguments on what is right and wrong when it comes to creationism. There are
different ways to look at creationism. There's young earth creationism, old earth creationism,
intelligent design, and theistic creationism. The first known use of creationism was in 1880. In a
washington post poll studies found that 58% of Americans believe in creationism, while 42%
believe in evolution. Different types of creationism can have different effects on society today. It
divides society on account of different people have their own views on creationism and the people
who have the same vision of creationism will come together, but people with different visions on
creationism will disagree.
The lexical definition that most people find when they look up creationism is, the belief that God
created all things out of nothing as described in the Bible and that therefore the theory of evolution
is incorrect. (Webster) Lexical definitions are definitions provided in dictionaries. Evolutionists
believe that a natural process and multiple environmental factors are responsible for the different
forms of life on Earth today. Unlike evolutionists, creationists believe that God created the Earth
within the last ten thousand years. Young Earth creationism is the religious belief that Earth and all
life on it were created by direct acts of God. This is said to have happened

Creationism Vs Genesis History
For centuries there has been a feud that almost every scientist has been part of; the creation vs
evolution controversy. Ever since 1859, when Darwin wrote "On the Origin of Species," the
argument on whether Earth was created by a higher being, or just evolved from atoms, has been one
of the most discussed topics. Of late, the evolutionary standpoint has been discussed more the
creationist standpoint. However, "Is Genesis History?" is a documentary that brings light to the
creationist standpoint. "Is Genesis History," proves there is a higher being out there, known as God,
that actually created the earth in 6 days, and the earth is only 4,000 years old! With the Bible, we
can explain many of the "proofs of evolution," on how it actually ... Show more content on
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Was the world created in six days? The answer to that question is yes, a most definite yes. Just take
a look at the Grand Canyon; layers of sediment are proof of how the flood brought different layers
of dirt. As you go farther down the Grand Canyon, you can see the different levels of sedimentary
rock. You can see that the different layers line up with each other, almost as if someone drew a line
and said: "OK no more shales, now it is time for phosphates." "Is Genesis History?" explained, that
if the water was to have carved out the Grand Canyon, there would be more signs of erosion
between the different layers of sedimentary rocks, the farther you went down the Canyon. However,
that's not the case; the top layers of the Grand Canyon are actually more eroded the bottom layer of
rocks. The top layers of the Grand Canyon share the same type of sedimentary rock as most of the
top layer of North America. Sediment was carried by the flood and then that sediment was carved by
the water draining into the ocean. The Grand Canyon, one of the most iconic natural landmarks, is a
"living" proof that the world was created in six days.
Another interesting proof of the Great Flood, which in turn proves Genesis is telling the truth, are
fossils. There is a layer of rock that is spread all over North America, known as the Nautiloid Bed.
This layer of rock

The Blind Watchmaker Dawkins
Opposing claims have to be addressed in any argument so that the amount of questions on the
argument are minimized. In the Blind Watchmaker, Dawkins is forced to address a variety of
creationist critiques of evolution. The author presents opposing claims in two ways. He does it either
directly or indirectly. Directly meaning he says it out right and indirectly meaning it is up to the
reader to infer the subclaim he is arguing against. The author also never concedes an opposing
claim. The way he addresses them is either by clarifying a concept or actually arguing against it.
Analyzing the book, one can see how the author introduces and addresses opposing claims.
Opposing claims are usually presented when the author cannot incorporate it ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
One type of claim is just a strawman claim in which he just clarifies evolution. An example of a
strawman claim is asking why creatures still have problems. This is a strawman because evolution
does not optimize. It finds a working solution and clarifying is the only thing needed in order to
shoot a straw man down which is why they are addressed this way. The second type of claim that he
is forced to refute is actual questions which challenge evolution. Sometimes the author spends an
entire chapter refuting the claim. One example of that is when the author addresses the creationist
argument asking,"Why are there not intermediates between animals". The author addresses this
counterclaim all throughout the chapter and emphasizes that there are in a way. From looking at the
book, it becomes clear the way that the author resorts to introducing opposing claims. One way he
does this is by not explicitly stating it and just arguing against it without a need to introduce it. The
author also introduces the subclaim directly at times when he believes that it is actually a valid
question. The author never concedes a single claim in this book and in order to refute opposing
claims, with the exception of the last chapter he just clarifies concepts of

Examine the Key Features of the Teleological Argument?
Examine the key features of the Teleological argument.
The word teleological comes from the Greek word 'Telos' which means purpose. The teleological
argument is a posteriori and like the cosmological argument, attempts to prove the existence of God.
It claims that certain phenomena within the universe appear to display features of design and are
perfectly adapted to fulfil their function. Therefore, if features of the universe are so perfectly
designed, for example the structure and function of the heart, then there must be a designer, which
points towards the existence of God.
The teleological argument is based around the idea that the universe in some way demands the
existence of an intelligent being that designed the universe to ... Show more content on
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The Anthropic argument also features in the design argument and is similar to Paleys analogy. It
looks at the purposes that every part of the world has (for example trees take in carbon dioxide and
release oxygen that we breathe) and from these purpose–serving things in the world, the argument
states it was placed there by a creator to serve this purpose. Tennant argued:
"The many accidents of physics and astronomy have worked together to our benefit and shows that
in some sense the universe must have seen us coming". Examine the strengths and weakness of the
Teleological argument.
A major strength of the teleological argument is that it is logical. The design of the universe is
apparent and evident for everyone to see, and everyone can appreciate that such beauty and design
which the universe possesses requires a constant effort and input of energy to make it and keep it so.
Richard Swinburne argued that the design and precision of the universe cannot be explained by
science, and can only be explained in terms of the purposes of an intelligent being: God. He argues;
"Of course there is order in the world: if there were not order, humanity would not exist to discover
it!"
As order is existent in the universe, the simplest explanation is God, and God is also the best
explanation for the universe's order. An additional Strength of the teleological argument is

Debate Over Teaching Evolution and Creationism in Schools

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Debate Over Teaching Evolution and Creationism in Schools