Strategic Intervention Materials about Cellular Respiration

2. Good day!
Just take it easy; let us talk about
your dream.
I am Jorge from Tandag City and I will to
give you an idea about cellular respiration..

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In this SIM you will:
A. Cite examples of life processes that
acquire the use of energy;
B. Explain how respiration allows organisms
to obtain energy from food;
C. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration
and fermentation; and
D. Asses the importance of oxygen in the
improvement of the efficiency of
respiration in harnessing energy from
food.
Before you proceed just imaginehow
beautifulyouare.jokera!!!!Hehe..
Enjoy exploring to the
world of cellular respiration!

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Hi.!!!Good
morning Professor
Jorge, can you
explain to me what
is really cellular
respiration?
Oh good day! Randy ,,come
and I will discuss to you the cellular
respiration..
Just take it easy. 
Before we proceedtothe processlet’stalkfirstthe
Respiration: obtaining energy from food
Animals and other heterotrophic
organisms depend, directly, on plants and
other photosynthetic organismfor food.
. Organisms use food as a source of energy. They also need food as a
source of raw materials to build and repair our body parts.
All organisms need energy to perform essential life processes. They need
energy to move, grow, repair themselves and reproduce.
Why do our
organism need food?
Now let s talk about the Life energy from ATP!
Where do organisms obtain the energy they need?
The energy sourceof living things is a complex molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Theprocess
by which energy food is converted into chemical energy of ATP is called cellular respiration.

4. In ATP, A stands for adenosine (combined adenine and ribose
sugar) and TP for triphosphate (three phosphate groups). The bond
between the phosphate groups is a high-energy bond (represented in
the diagram by a wavy line). When this bond is broken, a phosphate
group is liberated, ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate or ADP,
and a large amount of energy is released.
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ATP is chemically made up of nitrogen base (adenine), a 5-carbon sugar
(ribose) and three phosphate groups;
A P PP
ATP -> ADP+ lowenergy(P) +energyreleased
The energy released may be used for the synthesis of new parts, movement, bioluminescence and other energy-
requiring activities of the cell.
Molecules of ATP are continually being used up in every cell that makes up our bodies. The cell must,
therefore, find a way of replenishing the ATP supply. Hence, ADP and the low energy phosphate group can
recombine to form ATP.
ATP + low energy (P) + energy input ->ATP
Where can the cell obtain the energy needed to form the high-energy phosphate bond of ATP.

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Now, what is
glucose?
Now let’s talk the ; Glucoseas
a Major Source of ENERGY
Although other simple organic molecules like glycerol,
fatty acid may provide the needed energy in the production of
ATP, glucose remains to be a major source of energy in living
cells. Glucose is the organic product of photosynthesis. Hence,
all living things still depend directly or indirectly on plants for
food and, consequently, for energy. Since ATP is the only usable
energy source, the energy of the chemical bonds of glucose
must be transferred to and concentrated in ATP, if energy is to
be made readily available to the cell.
Now, let’s go to Cellular respiration,,, Do you asked yourself of waht is cellular
respiration?
Before you proceed try to write your perception about cellular
respiration in one sentence;
Write here:

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GUIDE CARD CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and
water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of
the cell. The process occurs in two phases: glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.
What are types of cellular respiration?
There are two types of
cellular respiration ;
Cellular respiration may be classified into two types depending on the
need for oxygen.
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen (oxygen-dependent),
whereas anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen (oxygen-
independent).

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Whether oxygen-dependent or oxygen-independent, respiration may be divided into
three phases, namely:
A. Breakdown of food ( i.e., glucose);
B. Hydrogen transport; and
C. Energy transfer from food to ATP transfer.
The chemical reaction involves the following:
A. Use ATP to provide the energy needed to start the breakdown of food, and
B. Dehydrogenation or the removal of hydrogen from the food molecules.
Now let’s go with Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration
-is the release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the
presence of Oxygen. Strictly speaking aerobic means in air, but it is the
Oxygen in the air which is necessary for aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is in the absence of air.

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The general equation of aerobic respiration using glucose is as follows:
C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2->6C2->12H20 + (38-40)* ATP + 2ADP + 2p
*gross of 38 for eukaryotic and 40 for prokaryotic cells
This chemical reaction is only a summary
equation. The process of aerobic respiration
actually consists of numerous chemical reactions
that concentrate the chemical energy of food into
the chemical energy of ATP.
Breakdown of Food
This is the step-by-step breakdown of glucose into simpler forms. The
process is shown in a flow of diagram.
Try to see next page

9. Breakdown of glucose during aerobic respiration produces six molecules of carbon dioxide.
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Glycolysis
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic
acid
Pyruvic
acid
Acetyl coenzyme A
Carbon dioxide
Acetyl coenzyme A
Carbon dioxide
PYRUVIC OXIDATION
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Breakdown of Food
The breakdown of food (i.e, glucose) consists of three steps, namely:
A. Glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm,
B. Preparation of pyruvic acid for krebs Cycle and
C. Krebs Cycle (also known as Citric Acid Cycle and tricarboxylic Acid Cycle).The last two steps occur in the
mitochondrion.
Figure 1

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Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose (with six carbon atoms)
into two molecules of pyruvic acid (each with 3 carbon atoms). But it is not
direct; the process consists of a series of chemical changes diagrammatically
illustrated below: (in the diagram, (C) stands for a carbon atom and (P) for
phosphate group.
C
C
C
C
C
C
P
C
C
c
Glucose
(2 molecules)
ATP ADP
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
I
p
Glucose phosphate
C
C
C
C
C
C
I
p
Fructose phosphate
ATP ADP
O
P
I
C
C
C
C
C
C
I
p
Fructose
diphosphate
P
I
C
C
C
C
C
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I
p
Phosphoglyceraldehye
PGAL (2 molecules)
2NAD+ 2NADH
2P
p
I
C
C
C
I
p
Diphosphologlyceric
acid PGA
(2 molecules)
2ADP 2ATP
C
C
c
P
phosphologlyceric
acid PGA
(2 molecules)
C
C-P
c
phosphologlyceric
acid PGA
(2 molecules)
C
C
c
(2 molecules)
2H2OC
C-P
c
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
PGA (2 molecules)
2ADP 2ATP
Pyruvic acid PGA
(2 molecules)Figure 2

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What happens
next to pyruvic
acid?
After glycolysis,
the pyruvic acid
produced diffuses from
the cytoplasm into the
mitochondrion.
The illustration below shows what happens to pyruvic acid.
CCC
Pyruvic acid
(2molecules)
C
CO2
(2molecules)
2NAD+ 2NADH
2 coenzyme A
C C- CoA
Acetylcoenzyme A
(2molecules)
Preparing pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle
A. One carbon atom ( as O2 ) is removed from pyruvic acid, leaving a 2-
carbon fragment behind; and
B. The 2-carbon fragment joins a compound, coenzyme A (abbreviate as
CoA), forming acetyl coenzyme A, or acetyl CoA.
Figure 3

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Acetyl CoA is a reactive molecule that enters the series of chemical
changes in cellularrespiration called Krebs cycle. Refer to figure 4.
C C C C C C
citric acid
C
CO2
NAD+
NADH
KREBS CYCLE
NADH
ATP
ADP C C C C C C 2 Alpha-
ketoglutaric acid
C
CO2
C C C C
Succinicacid
FAD
FADH2
NAD+
C C C C
Malic acid
NADH
NAD+
C C C C
Oxaloacetic acid
C C- CoA
acetyl CoA CoA
figure 4

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A. Acetyl CoA combines with a-4 molecule called oxaloacetic acid, forming a 6-c molecule;
B. The 6-C molecule gives up one CO2, becoming a-5 molecule;
C. This in turn gives up one CO2, becoming a 4-c molecule;
D. This 4-C molecule undergoes changes until it becomes oxaloacetic acid again, which
can combine with another acetyl CoA.
To summarize, the breakdown of food in cellular respiration involves in three
steps:
Glycolysis – which breakdown a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic
acid.
Preparation of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle – which produces one molecule
each of carbon dioxide and acetyl coenzyme A
Krebs cycle- which converts acetyl coenzyme A into two molecules of carbon
dioxide.
Note that glucose is a 6-carbon sugar. Therefore, the final products of the breakdown of
glucose in aerobic respiration are molecules in carbon dioxide.

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Did you know?
While some enzymes are pure protein, i.e., made up only amino acids, others need the
presence of certain non-protein molecule called cofactors in order to function properly.
Cofactors may be inorganic, such as metallic ions, or organic, in which case they are more
specially called coenzymes. Coenzymes are derived from vitamins. Since humans cannot
synthesize vitamins, it is important that vitamins be included in the diet. Examples of
coenzymes compounds are the B complex vitamins.
Hi ????? where are you ?? let us now talk about the
Hydrogen Proton and Electron) Transport
Oh really what is that all
about?

15. NADH+ +2H NADH + H+
2H and 2e-
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The formula of glucose is C6H12O6, but the
preceding discussion accounts for carbon
and oxygen only.
What happened to the
hydrogen in glucose?
Obviously, glucose was not only broken
down into six molecules of carbon
dioxide but it also underwent loss of
hydrogen, or dehydrogenation.
Where does cellular
respiration takes place?
It takes place mostly in mitochondrion
of eukaryotic cells. The main parts of the
mitochondrion involved in cellular
respiration..
What is NAD+?
It is stand for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a
coenzyme that can remove electrons from food molecules in the
presence of the enzyme dehydrogenase, as illustrated below.
dehydrogenase
The two hydrogen
ions, written above as 2H+
are actually two protons.
NADH+ attracts two
electrons (2e-) and one
proton (h+) becoming NADH,
an energy-rich molecule. The
other H+ is left in the
surrounding solution.

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What happens to NADH?
NADH NAD+ + H+
2e-
It drives a series of reactions by passing on
two electrons to electron acceptor molecules, as
illustrated below.
The two electrons pass through a series of acceptor molecules, each one attracting electrons
more strongly than the preceding acceptor molecule.
Oxygen (O2) serves as the final elector in the electron transport chain. Thus, in aerobic
respiration, each of the atoms in O2 combines with two electrons from the electron transport
chain and the two H+ from the surrounding solution, forming water.
2 (2H+ + 2e-) + O2  2H2 O
The groups of electron acceptor molecules are called electron transport chains. Such
molecules are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
As electron jump from one acceptor molecule to another, they gradually release (or lose)
energy. The uses, some of this energy to generate ATP.

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What happens to the
next hydrogen protons?
Remember osmosis and osmotic pressure? When two aqueous solutions of different concentration are
separated by a differentially permeable membrane, water molecules have a tendency to diffuse through the
membrane from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. We say, there is a
concentration gradient of water on the two sides of the membrane. Such concentration gradient stores energy
because of the tendency of the molecules to diffuse through the membrane from where they are more concentrated
to where they are less concentrated.
British biochemist Peter Mitchell proposed a similar theory to
explain how cells generate most of their ATP supply. As mentioned earlier;
energy is released as electron jump along an electron transport chain.
Some proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion use this energy
to actively transport protons (H+) from the inner compartment (or
mitochondrion matrix) to the outer compartment (or inter membrane
space); this results in a situation where there are more H+ on the outer
side membrane than on the inner side. There is, therefore, a concentration
gradient across the membrane. Certain groups of protein molecules (called
ATP synthases) in the membrane use the energy of H+ gradient (actually
proton gradients) to synthesize or produce ATP.
ADP + (P) ATP
ATP synthesis
(using H+ gradient energy)
This production of ATP using the
energy of proton gradients, or H+
gradient, is called chemiosmosis. This is
how cells manufacture most of their ATP
supply.
Incidentally, the addition of a
phosphate group (e.i., phosphorylation)
through chemiosmosis is known as
chemiosmotic phosphorylation or
oxidative phosphorylation.

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Aside fromchemiosmosis, how else is ATP
produce?
Another way of ATP production does not involved a
membrane. An enzyme simply transfers a phosphate group from an
organic molecule (represented by [CHO] to ADP.
[CHO]- (P) ATP+[CHO]
New
compound
It is said that organic molecule is any of the
intermediate products formed during breakdown of a food
molecule; it is the substance being acted upon by an
enzyme, or the substrate. Hence, this type of
phosphorylation is called substrate-level phosphorylation.
Ops? Let us go now with “ENERGY TRANSFER”

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From the earlier discussion in this section, it is clearthat the goal of cellularrespiration is to
transform the chemical energy of food into the chemical energy of ATP, the energy currency of the
cell. It seems that the main role of the breakdown of food (from glycolysis to Krebs cycle) is to supply
electrons to the electrons transport chain. The energy released by electrons as they travel along the
chain is utilized to generate ATP by chemiosmosis; in the words, the energy of the electrons in the
chain is transferred to ATP.
NADH plays a principal role in this energy transfer, since it passes on the high-energy electrons (captured by
NADH+ from a food molecule) to the electron transport chain. Each NADH that enters the chain is estimated to generate
three ATPs from the mitochondrion’s H+ gradient. This is true for NADH produced in Krebs cycle as well as in the
preparation of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle, since both of this occurs in the mitochondrion. But for NADH produced
during glycolysis, 3 ATPs in eukaryotic cells. This is because in eukaryotic cells, part of the energy is used to transport the
NADH from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrion.
Under optimum conditions, aerobic respiration produces 36 ATPs per glucose molecule in eukaryotic cells and 38
ATPs in prokaryotic cells

20. Steps in
Cellular
Respiration
ATP Produced
by Substrate-
level
Phosphorylation
Energy-rich
Coenzyms*
ATP produced
by
Chemiosmotic
Phosphorylytion
Subtotal
Glycolysis
4ATP(minus 2 ATP
for initial
Phosphorylation
of
substrate)=2ATP
2NADH 4-6ATP 6-8 ATP
Preparation
for KIrebs
cycle
2NADH 6ATP 6 ATP
Krebs cycle 2ATP 6NADH
2FADH
18ATP
4ATP 20
4
Total
4ATP 32-34
36-38ATP
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Is there any other
way to make it easy
to understand?
Yeah!The maximum ATP yield per glucose
molecule during aerobic respiration is summarized in
table.
Note: ATP is 2-3 per NADH and 2 per FADH
24ATP

21. 1. Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration using
electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen
is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process
still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it
is respiration without oxygen.
Very closely to the term anaerobic respiration is the term fermentation, which is probably
no longer new to you. It is defined as the breakdown of glucose and other sugars by bacteria or
yeasts in the absence of oxygen.
To explain fermentation, let us compare the events that happen when
(a) Aerobic respiration
(b) Yeast and
(c) Chess-and yogurt-making bacteria break down glucose
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Let us talk now about the “ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION”
Refer to figure 5,6 &7

22. GLYCOLYSIS
2ADP
2ATP
2NADH
2NAD+
2NADH
2NAD+
2CO2
Ethyl alcohol
(2 molecule)
KREBS CYCLE
2ADP
2ATP
6NADH
2FADH26NAD+
2FAD
Carbon dioxide
(4 molecule)
2CO2
Figure 5
GLYCOLYSIS
2ADP
2ATP
2NADH
2NAD+
2NADH
2NAD+
2CO2
2NADH
2NAD+
GLYCOLYSIS
Figure 6
2NADH
2NAD+
Figure 7
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C
C
C
C
C
C
Glucose
C
C
C
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecule)
C
C
Summary of food breakdown during aerobic respiration
C
C
C
C
C
C
Glucose
C
C
C
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecule)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Glucose
Summary of food breakdown during
alcoholfermentation
C
C
C
C
C
C
lactic acid
(2 molecule)
Summary of food breakdown during lactic acid fermentation
(anaerobic)

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In said summary equations, notice that:
1. All three process start with glycolysis, that is,
that splitting of the glucose molecule into two
pyruvic acid molecules.
2. In both aerobic respiration and alcoholic
fermentation, pyruvic acid (a 3-carbon
molecules) gives up CO2 and becomes a 2-
carbon molecule. But aerobic respiration, the 2-
carbon molecule (acetyl CoA) is further
degraded into two molecules of CO2. In alcohol
fermentation, the 2-carbon molecule (ethyl
alcohol) is the final product of the reaction.
3. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvic acid does
not release any CO2 molecule. It is simply
converted to another 3-carbon molecule, lactic
acid.
4. all three involve the removal of hydrogen from the food or
substrate molecule. In aerobic respiration, the final acceptor
of hydrogen is oxygen, resulting in the fermentation of
water. In alcoholic fermentation, the final acceptor of
hydrogen is the 2-carbon molecule called acetaldehyde
(from pyruvic acid) which becomes alcohol as a result. In
lactic acid fermentation, the final acceptor of hydrogen is
pyruvic acid itself, becoming lactic acid as a result.
5. Glycolysis in all the three process yields 4 ATPs per
glucose molecule that is broken down. But 2ATPs are used
for the initial phosphorylation of the substrate food
molecule. Hence, the net gain of glycolysis is only 2ATPs
per glucose molecule.
6. Glycolysis in all the three process yields two energy-rich
NADH molecules. But in fermentation, NADH is used to
drive the final stage of the process. In aerobic respiration,
however NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport
chain, resulting in the production of more ATPs by
chemiosmosis.

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It is clear that aerobic respiration is more efficient
than fermentation in the transfer of energy from glucose
to ATP.
In contrast to unicellular organism, large organisms have to produce ATP at a
much faster rate-by aerobic respiration. But when only a little oxygen is available, such as
during strenuous exercise, human muscles cells resort to lactic acid fermentation.
Accumulation of lactic in muscle cells brings about muscle fatigue and pain. After a while,
however, blood brings the lactic acid to the liver, where it is transformed back to pyruvic
acid.
Did you know?
Yeast cells and many bacteria can thrive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. They normally
process food by aerobic respiration but, in the absence of oxygen, they do so by fermentation. They are
described as facultative anaerobes. The term ‘facultative’ means not obligatory. The organisms involved
are characterized by the ability to adjust to particular circumstances.
To produce wine, yeasts are grown under anaerobic conditions. This means that air is not allowed
to enter the fermentation vat.
In contrast, bacteria that live in septic tanks, stagnant ponds and deep in the soil are strict
anaerobes. They die when exposed to oxygen.

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ACTIVITY CARD
Direction: write your name if the statement is
false and write your last name if the statement is
true.
________1. Glucose is the organic product of
photosynthesis, a process that is powered by light
energy.
________2. The ultimate source of energy in the
biosphere is the sun.
________3. Cellular respiration is the process of
oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon
dioxide and air.
________4. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the
presence of oxygen (oxygen-dependent), whereas
Aerobic respiration occurs in the absence of
oxygen (oxygen-independent).
________5. Glycolysis does not use oxygen, it is
anaerobic.
_______6. An end product of glycolysis is
pyruvate.
_______7. The initial molecule in the citric acid
cycle is acetyl-CoA
_______8. Glycolysis – which breakdown a glucose
molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
_______9. Krebs cycle– which produces one molecule
each of carbon dioxide and acetyl coenzyme A
_______10. Preparation of pyruvic acid for the Krebs
cycle - which converts acetyl coenzyme A into two
molecules of carbon dioxide.

26. Direction: choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. In aerobic respiration carbohydrates are
ultimately broken down into:
A. acetyl-CoA
B. CO2
C. O2
D. H2O
E. Heat
2. Most ATP in eukaryotic cells is produced in the:
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoplasm
D. rough endoplasmic reticulum
E. peroxisome
3. Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration occurs
in the process of:
A. Glycolysis
B. the formation of acetyl-CoA
C. the Krebs cycle
D. chemiosmosis
E. substrate-level phosphorylation
4. In aerobic respiration, the energy in 1 mole of
glucose is capable of producing how many ATP
molecules:
A. 2 molecules of ATP
B. 38 molecules of ATP
C. 2 x (6.02 x 1023) molecules of ATP
D. 38 x (6.02 x 1023) molecules of ATP
5. Products of glycolysis include:
A. Pyruvate
B. ATP
C. NADH
D. two of the above
E. all of the above
6. . In glycolysis the most reduced compound
formed is:
A. Pyruvate
B. NAD+
C. Lactate
D. O2
E. H2O
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ASSESMENT CARD

27. 10. Products of the Krebs cycle include
A. carbon dioxide
B. NADH
C. FADH2
D. two of the above
E. all of the above
11. The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is
A. Pyruvate
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Oxygen
D. Water
E. NAD+
12. In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize ATP via
the process of glycolysis. Many cells also can
metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present, via the
process of
A. Fermentation
B. aerobic respiration
C. oxidative phosphorylation
D. electron transport
E. photophosphorylation
7. Products of the Krebs cycle include
A. carbon dioxide
B. NADH
C. FADH2
D. two of the above
E. all of the above
8. The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is
A. Pyruvate
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Oxygen
D. Water
E. NAD+
9. In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize ATP via the
process of glycolysis. Many cells also can metabolize pyruvate
if oxygen is not present, via the process of
A. Fermentation
B. aerobic respiration
C. oxidative phosphorylation
D. electron transport
E. photophosphorylation
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28. 13. The net result of the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and
fermentation is the production of
A. 38 ATP
B. 36 ATP
C. 2ATP
D. NADH
E. NADH, FADH2, and ATP
14. Which stage of aerobic respiration requires ATP?
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. electron transport chain
D. fermentation
E. none of the above
15. Which stage of aerobic respiration requires CO2?
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. electron transport chain
D. fermentation
E. none of the above
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Tarunga ug
answer!!!

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ANSWER KEY
11.C
12.A
13.E
14.B
15.C
1.B
2.A
3.D
4.D
5.E
6.A
7.C
8.E
9.C
10.A

30. 1. What is cellular respiration?
2. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
3. What are the three steps involving in breaking down of food in cellular respiration?
4. What is the term that related to anaerobic respiration?
5. Create a flow diagram to show how the energy your body gets from the food you eat in one meal can be traced from the sun.
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Answer the following question below.

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REFERENCE CARD
Function Biology Modular Type
Crescencia C. Joaquin, Ph.D
Catherine Genevieve B. Lagunzad, Ph.D
www.nclark.net/PhotoRespiration
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration
www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/intro.html
biology.about.com›...› Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Processes
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