The document discusses various aspects of leadership including definitions, theories, styles, and challenges. It defines leadership as motivating a group towards common goals and outlines differences between managers and leaders. Several leadership theories are described such as trait, behavior, and contingency theories. Leadership styles like autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire are also covered. Examples of successful and failed leaders are provided. Finally, challenges for modern leaders are discussed including emerging markets, disruptive technologies, an aging population, and increased geopolitical tensions.

1. LEADERSHIP
Theories and style
“Leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality.”

2. Who is a leader ?

3. What is leadership?
● Leadership is the act of motivating a group of people to act towards
achieving a common goal.
● The process of encouraging and helping others to work enthusiastically
towards objectives .
● Alan Keith stated that, "Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for
people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen.

4. A leader... ● Is different from a manager.
A manager uses authority inherent in
designated formal rank to obtain
compliance from organizational members.
He controls and commands.
A leader, on the other hand, innovates. He
uses the organisational environment to
introduce change.
● Is an effective leader when he is able to
handle situations with precision, while
managing employee concerns as well.

5. Manager Leader
● Administer Innovate
● Maintain Develop
● Control Inspire
● Short term View Long term view
● Ask How & When Ask What & Why
● Initiate Originate
● Accept the status quo Challenge the status quo
● Do things right Do right things

6. Leadership Theories

7. Trait Theory
● Leaders are born.
● Theories that consider personality,
social, physical, or intellectual traits to
differentiate leaders from nonleaders.
This claims that these attributes are
inherent in certain people and cannot
be taught or transferred.
Trait and Behaviour Theories of Leadership
Behaviour Theory
● Leaders can be made.
● Theories proposing that specific
behaviors differentiate leaders from
nonleaders. This claims that these
behaviours can be taught to anyone.

8. Contingency
Theory of
Leadership
● Leadership is about understanding the
situation.
● Fred. E. Fiedler: The Quality of the interaction
between a leader and his/her employees is the
most important determinant of the leader’s
influence and the organization’s success.
● Transformational and Charismatic Leadership:
○ Leaders are individuals who have an
exceptional impact on their organizations.
○ Leading organizations through
‘transformations’: programs of extensive
change in short periods of time.

9. Transactional Leaders
Leaders who guide or motivate
their followers in the direction of
established goals by clarifying
role and task requirements.
TransactionalandTransformational Leadership
Transformational Leaders
Leaders who provide
individualized consideration
and intellectual stimulation,
and who possess charisma.

10. Leadership Styles

11. LeadershipStyles

12. ● Autocratic - all decision-making powers
are centralized in the leader - quick
decision making - high coordination - low
employee motivation.
● Democratic - decentralisation of decision
making power, but leader still holds final
authority - slow decision making -
moderate coordination - high employee
motivation.
● Laissez-faire - decision making authority
is completely decentralised to the
employees - slow decision making - low
coordination - high employee motivation.
Leadership Style:
On the basis of
authority retained

13. Leadership Style: Employee v/s Task Oriented
A leader can be task-oriented or employee-oriented.
Generally, there must be a good balance in a person’s leadership focus for him to be an effective
leader.
A task oriented leader will be more concerned with the efficiency of work, while an employee
oriented leader will be more concerned with relationships at work.

14. Focus on different aspects of the organisation leads to different kinds of leadership
styles.

15. Leadership Style: Likert’s 4 Leadership Styles

16. Examples of Leadership Success
and Failures

17. Infosys and N. R.
Narayana Murthy
● Charismatic leader
● Anticipated changes in world
organisational environment
● Created a multinational
corporation, providing business
consulting, technology,
engineering, and outsourcing
services.

18. Mittal Steels and
Lakshmi Mittal
● Would buy sick plants around the
world and transform them into
profit-making segments.
● Employee-oriented leader, with deep
focus on creating long-term
relationships with the people he
worked with.
● Creaed one of world’s largest steel
producing firms.

19. Tata’s and Birla’s ● Legacy of great leaders.
● Both have an employee oriented
leadership style, focusing on
building long term relationships.
● Tata’s built Jamshedpur. Multiple
generations work in the same place.
More or less, run the town.
● Birla group also focuses on building
relationships. People very rarely
leave the corporation for another,
very low attrition rates. Pick
students from colleges and cultivate
them into perfect employees for the
group in one way or the other.

20. Volkswagen and
Martin Winterkorn
● Was responsible for the DieselGate
scandal.
● Was a micromanager and could not
align himself with the goals of the
organisation.
● Did not anticipate changes in the
industry and could not prepare his
company for the same.
● Overambitious, unrealistic.

21. Challenges to leadership in new era ?

22. Challenges to
leadership in
today’s time?
● The rise of emerging markets
● The power of disruptive technologies
● Integrated world – Beyond trade and
finance
● The aging of the global population
● The return of (geo)politics
Five forces which are changing the world
at an unprecedented pace and scale

23. Rise of emerging
markets
● Re-rise of Asia and rise of Africa
● Urbanization happening very Fast and
creating big emerging markets
● Stress on global resources ( Water,
energy and food)

24. Power of disruptive
technologies
● Mobile internet
● Automation of knowledge work
● Internet of things (IoT)
● Cloud technology
● Advance robotics
● Autonomous vehicles
● Next generation genomics
● Energy storage
● 3D printing
● Advance material
● Advance oil and gas exploration and
recovery
● Renewal energy
12 disruptive technologies those
will have enormous economic
impact by 2025

25. Integrated world –
Beyond trade and
finance
● Free movement of people and high
internet population
● High risk – problem or event at one
place will have global impact

26. Aging global
population
● By 2050
‒ People above the age of 80 = 40 Million
‒ People above age of 65 > under 14
‒ Italy, Japan and Spain – one in 3 will be
above the age of 65
‒ Africa will have one billion workers
● Very high health care cost and social
security cost
● Shortage of skilled labor
● No one will be able to retire

27. Return of geo
politics
● Tensions are on rise across the world
– Gulf, Ukrain, North Korea, South
China sea …..
● High volatility in global political
environment

28. Leader in new era – My view point
• Ability to influence people without having power(direct control)
• Resilient – Ability to deal with shocks
• Selfless – Keeping the purpose and team above self
• Agile, quick learner and high digital quotient
• Capable to handle and perform under uncertainty
• Equipped with soft and hard skills
• Flexible and act as per situational leadership

29. Thanks!
Randhir Singh
randhirsingh_v@yahoo.co.in