Leadership
theory &
styLes
June 27, 2012 1

LEADERSHI
P
THEORIES
LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP
STYLES
June 27, 2012 2

Leadership
Trait Theory:
theories
there is a set of characteristics that
determines a good leader:
• Personality
• intelligence
• Self confidence
• Sociability
• Will
• Dominance
June 27, 2012 3

Leadership theories
• Are such characteristics inherently
gender biased?
• Do such activities produce good
leaders?
• Is leadership more than just bringing
about change?
• Does this imply that leaders are born
not made
June 27, 2012 4

Leadership theories
Behavioral:
Imply that leaders can be trained –
focus on the way of doing things.
• Structure based behavioral theories
– focus on the leader instituting
structure-task oriented.
• Relationship based behavioral
theories- focus on the development
and maintenance of relationships-
process oriented.
June 27, 2012 5

Leadership theories
Four important behavioral
theories:
2.University of LOWA studies:
the studies conducted by KURT
LEWIN gave three leadership styles:
d.The Autocratic Style
e.The Democratic Style
f.Free-Rein or Laissez-Faire Style
June 27, 2012 6

Leadership theories
1. The Ohio State Studies:
b. Initiating structure:
refers to the extent to which a
leader structure and defines the
activities of the subordinates.
d. Consideration:
refers to the ability of the leader
to establish rapport, mutual
respect and two way
communication.
June 27, 2012 7

Leadership theories
• University of Michigan
studies:
The Michigan researches
identified two types of
leadership styles:
c. Employee oriented.
d. Production oriented.
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Leadership theories
4. Managerial Grid:
•Developed by Robert Blake & Jane Mouton.
•Focuses on task and employee orientation of
managers as well as combinations of concerns
between the two extremes.
June 27, 2012 9

Likert’s System of Leadership
• Exploitive -Autocratic
• Benevolent Autocratic
• Consultative
• Democratic
June 27, 2012 10

Leadership As A Continuum
• This theory implies that leadership
involves a variety of styles, raging from
one that is highly boss- centered to one
that is highly subordinate-centred
The continuous theory recognizes that
the appropriate style of leadership
depends on the leader, the followers and
situation
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This theory find three forces
3) Forces in managers.
4) Forces in subordinates.
5) Forces in situation.
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Continuum of manager-non manag
June 27, 2012 13

Leadership theories
Contingency Theories:
• Leadership as being more flexible –
• Different leadership styles being used at
different times depending upon the
circumstances.
• Suggest leadership is not a fixed series of
characteristics that can be transposed into
different contexts.
• May depend on:
vi. Type of staff
vii.History of business
viii.Culture of the business
ix.Quality of relationship
x.Nature of the change needed
June 27, 2012 14

Leadership theories
Types of contingency theories:
2. Fiedler Model:
• Fiedler developed LPC questionnaire.
• LPC measured whether leader was
task oriented or relationship
oriented.
• Based on this Fiedler gave three
contingency dimensions:
vi. Leader-Member relation
vii.Task-Structure
viii.Position-Power
June 27, 2012 15

Leadership theories
2. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational
Leadership:
•This theory focuses main attention on
follower readiness and situation behavior of
leader.
•It gives three variables.
1- Task behaviour
2- Relationship behaviour
3- Marturity of followers
June 27, 2012 16

Leadership theories
The four styles:
ii.Telling /
Directing (h t & l
r)
iii.Selling (ht &
hr)
iv.Participating (l
t& hr)
v.Delegating (l
t& l r)
June 27, 2012 17

Leadership theories
3. Path-Goal Theory:
Leader -
•Clarify the path so subordinates know which way to go.
•Remove roadblocks that are stopping them going there.
•Increasing the rewards along the route.
•According to House, there are four different types of
leadership styles depending on the situation:
1. Directive Leadership
2. Supportive Leadership
3. Participative Leadership
4. Achievement-oriented Leadership
June 27, 2012 18

Leadership theories
Transactional Leadership:
• The transactional leader works through
creating clear structures .
• Subordinates are considered to be fully
responsible for it, whether or not they have the
resources or capability to carry it out
June 27, 2012 19

Leadership theories
Transformational:
Widespread changes to a business or
organisation
Requires:
• Long term strategic planning
• Clear objectives
• Clear vision
• Leading by example – walk the walk
• Efficiency of systems and processes
June 27, 2012 20

LEADERSHIP
THEORIES
LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHI
P STYLES
June 27, 2012 21

types of Leadership styLe
Autocratic :
•Decision making power lies with Leader .He
makes decision without reference to
subordinate and wishes to dominate
• High degree of dependency on the leader .
• Can create de-motivation and alienation of
staff .
• Maybe valuable in some types of business
where decisions need to be made quickly and
decisively.
June 27, 2012 22

types of Leadership styLe
Democratic:
• The power of decision making is
decentralized.
• Consultative - process of consultation
before decisions are taken.
•It raises employee morale and job
satisfaction.
Draw back of this style
June 27, 2012 23

types of Leadership styLe
Laissez-Faire:
• ‘let it be’-the leadership responsibilities are
shared by all.
• Can be very useful in businesses where creative
ideas are important.
• Can be highly motivational, as people have
control over their working life.
Draw back
June 27, 2012 24

types of Leadership styLe
Paternalistic:
• Leader acts as a ‘father figure’.
• The leader aim to protect and guide
his followers.
Draw back
June 27, 2012 25

Leadership styLe
PERSONAL LEADERSHIP
It is exercised through the influence of
personality.
Directions and motivations are given
personally.
June 27, 2012 26

IMPERSONAL LEADERSHIP
Impersonal leadership is a term used to
designate leadership exercised through
subordinates of the leader or by non
personal medium such as written
instructions, orders, polices, etc.
June 27, 2012 27

FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP
• Functional leadership exits because an
individual possesses specialized skill and
renders expert advice. The group follows
him as it believes that his advice will help
and guide them in difficult and
complicated situation.
June 27, 2012 28

CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP
• This style of leadership emerges out of
magnetic qualities of a leaders.
June 27, 2012 29

Leadership styLe
Leadership styles given by LIKERT’S:
Exploitative autocratic:
• Low concern for employees
• Uses threat and fear based methods to
achieve excellence.
•Benevolent autocratic :
• Leader adds concern for employees –a
‘benevolent dictatorship’ is formed.
• Uses rewards to achieve excellence.
• Major decisions are centrally made.
June 27, 2012 30

Leadership styLe
Consultative:
• Set goals and issue orders after discussing
them with the subordinates.
• Leader makes genuine efforts to listen to the
subordinates.
• Major decisions are still largely centrally made.
Participative:
• Maximum use of participative methods.
• Supervision and control are group-oriented
• Employees across the organization are
psychologically more close.
June 27, 2012 31

Leadership styLe
Leadership styles given in path-goal
theory:
Directive Leadership:
Supportive Leadership:
Participative Leadership:
Achievement-oriented Leadership:
June 27, 2012 32

thank
you
June 27, 2012 33