2. INTRODUCTION
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of your lungs.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the parenchyma of the
lung.
Characterized primarily by inflammation of the alveoli in the
lungs .
3. Most cases of pneuomina are caused by
microorganism.
non infectious causes
Include aspiration of food
Gastric acid foreign bodies
hydrocarbons and lipid substances
hypersensitivity reaction.
Drug or radiation induced pneumonitis.
7. Bronchial pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia)
:-
It affects patches throughout both lungs.
8. COMMUNITY –ACQUIRED
PNEUMONIA
Community-acquired pneumonia develops in
people with limited or no contact with medical
institution. The most commonly identified
pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae, atypical bacteria and
viruses.
Symptoms and signs are fever, cough, sputum
production, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea,
tachypnea, and tachycardia.
Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and
chest x-ray. Treatment is with empirically chosen
antibiotics
10. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
High fever, Shaking Chills
Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)
Increased breathing rate
Chest pain when you breathe deeply or cough
Dusky or purplish skin color (cyanosis) from poorly
oxygenated blood
Fatigue and muscle aches
Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.
Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum
11. ETIOLOGY
BACTERIAL INFECTION
streptococcus pneumoniae
Group B streptococci
Group A streptococci
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
chlamydia pneumoniae
chlamydia trachomatis
Mixed anaerobes
Gram-negative enteric.
14. DIAGNOSIS
Chest x-ray
Blood test
Pulse oximetry
Bronchoscopy
Sputum test
through sputum test we analyze in following
ways :-
15. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Rust-colored sputum
Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, and pneumococcal
species: May produce green sputum
Klebsiella species pneumonia: Red currant-jelly sputum
Anaerobic infections: Often produce foul-smelling or
bad-tasting sputum
Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the
infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and cough,
appear restless or tired and without energy, or have
difficulty breathing and eating
Older people who have pneumonia sometimes have
sudden changes in mental awareness.
16. COMPLICATIONS
Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia)
Lung abscess.
Build up of fluid in the space between the lung
and chest wall (pleural effusion).
Difficulty breathing.
Shock and respiratory failure
Septic arthritis
Endocarditis
17. TREATMENT
Most people can be treated at home.
If pneumonia becomes so severe that treatment is
in the hospital, you may receive fluids and
antibiotics in your veins, oxygen therapy, and
possibly breathing treatments.
18. GOALS OF THERAPY
Eradication of the offending organism.
Selection of an appropriate antibiotic.
To minimize associated morbidity.
19. GENERAL APPROACH TO
TREATMENT
Adequacy of respiratory function
Humidified oxygen for hypoxemia
Bronchodilators (albuterol)
Chest physiotherapy with postural drainage
Adequate hydration if necessary
Expectorants such as guaifenesin
Chest pain- analgesics
20. BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Selection of an antimicrobial agent
Empirical use of relatively broad spectrum antibiotic
Narrow spectrum antibiotics to cover specific
pathogen
Potential pathogens involved
Age
Previous ¤t medication history
Underlying disease
Present clinical status
21.
22. ANTIOBIOTICS
Penicillin: common penicillin used to treat pneumonia-
Amoxicillin (AMOXIL)
amoxicillin clavulanate (Augmentin)
Ampicillin (Rimacillin)
Benzylpenicillin (Crystapen)
Piperacillin-tazobactam (Tazocin)
Ticarcillin-clavulnate (Timentin).
There is a risk of a type of jaundice if you take
amoxicillin clavulanate (affects liver function)
23. Macrolides:
Often prescribed. Interference with other medicines.
Stomach cramps and can damage liver if taken for long time.
Common macrolides used are-
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
Clarithromycin (Klaricid)
Erythromycin (Erymax, Erythrocin).
3. Ceftaroline, a cephalosporin, is newly approved for the
treatment against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.)
aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus
pneumonia.
24. Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
Levofloxacin (levo)
Gemifloxacin
Side effects include-
Nervous system, mental, and heart problems
Sensitivity to light
Pregnant women should not take these
medications.
25. VIRAL PNEUMONIA
Viral pneumonias – when viruses are etiological
agents
Viral pneumonia Mild and self-limited illness to a
Life-threatening disease
Four Most commom viruses encountered
Influenza virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza virus
28. MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMONIA
Don't smoke.
Practice good hygiene.
Stay rested and fit.
Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also
prevent illness.
Appropriately treating underlying illnesses
(such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and
malnutrition) can decrease the risk of
pneumonia.
Get a Pneumonia Vaccination.
29. VACCINATION
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
(Prevnar):
For children less than 2 years of age
or between two and four years with certain
medical conditions.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
(Pneumovax) :
Adults who are at increased
risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia,
such as the elderly, diabetics, those with
chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease,
alcoholics, smokers, and those without a
spleen.
