4. What is pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection in
one or both lungs.
It can be caused by bacteria,
viruses, or fungi.
Bacterial pneumonia is the most
common type in adults.
5. What is pneumonia?
Pneumonia causes
inflammation in the air sacs
in lungs, which are called
ALVEOLI.
The alveoli fill with fluid
or pus, making it difficult
to breathe.
10. ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
Lobar pneumonia is an infection
that only involves a single lobe, or
section, of a lung.
Bronchopneumonia affects the
lungs in patches around bronchi
Interstitial pneumonia involves
the areas in between the alveoli
11. CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION
Community Acquired - Typical/Atypical/Aspiration
Pneumonia in Elderly
Nosocomial- HAP,VAP,HCAP
Pneumonia in Immunocompromised
12. Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
An infection of the pulmonary parenchyma
Associated with symptoms of infection
Presence of infiltrates on CXR or auscultatory
findings consistent with Pneumonia
13. Hospital Acquired pneumonia - HAP
HAP is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48
hours or more after admission, which was not
incubating at the time of admission.
14. Ventilator Associated Pneumonia- VAP
VAP refers to pneumonia that arises more
than 48–72 hours after endotracheal
intubation .
15. Health Care Associated Pneumonia HCAP
HCAP includes any patient
i. Who was hospitalized in an acute care hospital for 2 or
more days within 90 days of the infection
ii. Resided in a nursing home or long-term care facility
iii. Received recent i.v antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy,
or wound care within the past 30 days of the current
infection
iv. Attended a hospital or hemodialysis clinic
20. GENERAL SYMPTOMS
High grade fever
Cough-productive
Pleuritic chest pain
Breathlessness
21. Additional symptoms
Sharp or stabbing chest pain
Headache
Excessive sweating and clammy skin
Loss of appetite and fatigue
Confusion, especially in older people
22.
23. General Signs
Febrile
Tachypnoea (increase respiratory rate)
Tachycardia(increase heart rate)
Cyanosis-central
Hypotension
Use of accessory muscles of respiration
Confusion- advanced cases
31. CURB 65
C onfusion – Altered mental status
U remia – Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level greater than 20 mg/dL
R espiratory rate –30 breaths or more per minute
B lood pressure – Systolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg or diastolic
pressure less than 60 mm Hg
Age older than 65 years
Current guidelines suggest that patients may be treated in an
outpatient setting or may require hospitalization according to their
CURB-65 score, as follows:
o Score of 0-1 – Outpatient treatment
o Score of 2 – Admission to hospital(No ICU)
o Score of 3 or higher – Admission to intensive care unit (ICU)
32. Outpatients Treatment(empirical)
Previously healthy and no antibiotics in past 3 months:
o A macrolide (clarithromycin or azithromycin or
Doxycycline )
Comorbidities or antibiotics in past 3 months:
o Respiratory fluoroquinolone [moxifloxacin ,levofloxacin
] or β-lactam ( high-dose amoxicillin or
amoxicillin/clavulanate)
33. Inpatients, non-ICU
A respiratory fluoroquinolone [moxifloxacin
,levofloxacin ]
β -lactam [cefotaxime ,ceftriaxone ,ampicillin]
PLUS a macrolide [oral clarithromycin or
azithromycin)
35. Pseudomonas
An antipneumococcal, antipseudomonal β-lactam
[piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime , imipenem ,
meropenem] PLUS Flouroquinolons
Above β-lactams PLUS an aminoglycoside and
azithromycin
Above β-lactams PLUS an Aminoglycoside
PLUS an antipneumococcal Fluoroquinolone
37. Pneumonia complications
SLAP HER (please don’t)
S - Septicaemia
L - Lung abcess
A - ARDS
P - Para-pneumonic effusions
H - Hypotension
E - Empyema
R - Respiratory failure /renal failure
38. Course
Most healthy people recover from pneumonia in one to
three weeks, but pneumonia can be life-threatening.
The mortality rate associated with community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP) is very low in most ambulatory
patients and higher in patients requiring hospitalization,
being as high as 37 percent in patients admitted to the
intensive care unit (ICU)
40. Conclusion
The presence of an infiltrate on plain chest radiograph is
considered the "gold standard" for diagnosing pneumonia
when clinical and microbiologic features are supportive
Most initial treatment regimens for hospitalized patients with
community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are empiric
The mortality rate associated with community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP) is very low in most ambulatory patients
and higher in patients requiring hospitalization