1. ”The captain of the death of
the men”
-William Osler

2. What is PNEUMONIA?
PNEUMONIA is an
infection of the lungs that is
caused by bacteria, viruses,
fungi, or parasites. It is
characterized primarily
by inflammation of the alveoli in
the lungs or by alveoli that are
filled with fluid (alveoli are
microscopic sacs in the lungs that

3. Inflammation of
alveolar wall
Fluid and pus filled
air space contains
bacteria

4. What causes pneumonia?
There are over 30 different
causes of pneumonia, but the
most common causes are
bacteria (including mycoplasma)
and viruses. Corresponding to
these causes are the most
common types of pneumonia -
bacterial pneumonia,viral
pneumonia and mycoplasmal

5. 3 Common Types of Pneumonia
A. BACTERIAL pneumonia
- present in many throats
4 CAUSATIVE AGENTS:
 streptococcus pneumoniae
-resulting in lobar pneumonia

6. 4 CAUSATIVE AGENTS:
 hemophilus influenzae
-resulting in bronchopneumonia
 legionella pneumophilia
-resulting in Legionnaires’ disease
 staphylococcus aureus
- is a type of bacteria that about 30%
of people carry in their noses

7. B. VIRAL pneumonia
- Half of all pneumonias are believed to be
caused by viruses, such as:
 influenza (flu)
 adenovirus
 coxsackievirus
 chickenpox
 measles
 cytomegalovirus
 respiratory syncytial virus

8. C. MYCOPLASMAL pneumonia
a.k.a.
"walking pneumonia"
 the mycoplasmas multiply and spread,
causing infection

9. WHO ARE AT RISK?
•65 years of age or older •People with AIDS or
•Male HIV
•Children under the age •Organ transplant
of two recipients
•People with colds or •People
other respiratory infectio receiving chemotherapy
ns •People who smoke
•People with reduced •Alcoholics
immunity •People with chronic
•People with other lung health problems, such
diseases, such as lung disease, heart
as asthma cystic fibrosis disease, kidney
and lung cancer disorders or diabetes

10. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
VIRAL
BACTERIAL •fever
•shaking •dry cough
•chills •headache
•chattering teeth •muscle pain
•severe chest pain and weakness
•cough that produces -----------------------------------
rust •increasing
•colored or greenish breathlessness
mucus •dry cough becomes
•very high fever worse and produces a
•sweating small amount of mucus
•rapid breathing •higher fever
•rapid pulse rate •bluish color to the lips

11. MYCOPLASMAL Regardless of the type
•violent coughing of pneumonia
attacks •a loss in appetite
•chills •feeling ill
•fever •clammy skin
•nausea & vomiting •nasal flaring
•slow heartbeat •fatigue
•breathlessness •mental confusion
•bluish color to lips and •joint and muscle stiffness
nailbeds •anxiety
•diarrhea •stress
•rash •tension
•muscle aches •abdominal pain

12. Treatment of BACTERIAL
pneumoniapneumonia bacteria
streptococcus
-penicillin
-ampicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin®)
-erythromycin (Eryc ®)
hemophilus influenza bacteria
-antibiotics: cefuroxime (Ceftin®)
ampicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin®)
ofloxacin (Floxin®)
trimethoprim-sulfanethoxazole
(Bactrim ® and Septra ®).

13. legionella pneumophilia and staphylococcus
aureus bacteria
- antibiotics: erythromycin

14. Treatment of VIRAL
pneumonia to antibiotic treatment
does NOT respond
This type of pneumonia usually resolves over
time. If the lungs become infected with a
secondary bacterial infection, the doctor will
prescribe an appropriate antibiotic to eliminate
the bacterial infection.

15. Treatment of
MYCOPLASMAL pneumonia
often treated with antibiotics such as:
- erythromycin
- clarithromycin (Biaxin®)
- tetracycline or azithromycin (Zithromax®).

16. Radiographic images in a patient with right upper lobe
pneumonia(bacterial). Note the increased anteroposterior chest diameter,
which is suggestive of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Wedge-shaped
portion of Wedge-shaped
pneumonia infected lungs portion of
pneumonia infected lun

17. BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Radiographic images in a Radiographic images in a patient
patient with early right middle with bilateral lower lobe
lobe pneumonia. pneumonia. Note the spine sign, or
loss of progression of radiolucency
of the vertebral bodies

18. How is pneumonia
prevented?
Practice good hygiene.
Get an influenza shot each fall.
Practice good preventive measures by eating a proper
diet, getting regular exercise and plenty of sleep.
Do not smoke.

19. Get a pneumococcal vaccine:
-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar®)
Prevnar is generally administered as part of the normal
infant immunization procedure and is recommended for
children less than 2 years of age or between two and four
years with certain medical conditions.
-pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax ) ®
 is provided for adults who are at increased risk of
developing pneumococcal pneumonia, such as the
elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney
disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those without a spleen.
The pneumonia vaccine may not completely prevent older
adults from getting pneumonia, but it can reduce the
severity of a future pneumonia.

20. PNEUMONIA
3 most common Summary agents of bacterial
Causative
types pneumonia
( most common type )
 BACTERIAL  STREPTOCOCCUS
PNEUMONIA PNEUMONIAE
 VIRAL PNEUMONIA  HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA
 MYCOPLASMAL  LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILIA
PNEUMONIA  STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Causative agents of viral pneumonia
 INFLUENZA (FLU)
 ADENOVIRUS
 COXSACKIEVIRUS
 CHICKENPOX
 MEASLES
 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
 RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS

21. Summary of drugs for pneumonia
(generic only)
Bacterial Bacterial
Caused by streptococcus Caused by hemophilus influenza
 penicillin  cefuroxime
 ampicillin-clavulanate  ampicillin-clavulanate
 erythromycin  ofloxacin
 trimethoprim-sulfanethoxazole
Bacterial Mycoplasmal
Caused by legionella
 erythromycin
pneumophilia &
staphylococcus aureus  clarithromycin
 erythromycin  tetracycline or
 azithromycin

22.  At times of very serious
condition, pneumonia can make a
person very sick or even cause
death. Although the disease can
occur in young and healthy people,
it is most dangerous for older
adults, babies, and people with
other diseases or impaired immune
systems.

23. - fin -
Thank
you!
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