USEFUL FOR UGC NET PAPER -1

1. Data
Interpretation
Topic : Source, Acquisition and Interpretation of
Data

2. Assistant Professor
Deparment of Accountancy/ Commerce
Shree M.P.Shah Commerce
Surendranagar-363002 Gujarat (India)
Prepared By:

3.  Data can be define as the quantitative or qualitative
value of a variable (e.g. number, images, words,
figures, facts or ideas)
 It is a lowest unit of information from which other
measurements and analysis can be done.
 Data is one of the most important and vital aspect
of any research study.
Introduction

4.  Object and scope of the enquiry.
 Sources of information.
 Quantitative expression.
 Techniques of data collection.
 Unit of collection.
Factors to be Considered Before
Collection of Data

5. Sources of Data
External
sources
Primary
data
Secondary
data
Internal
sources

6. Internal sources of Data
o Many institutions and
departments have information
about their regular functions,for
their own internal purposes.
o When those information are
used in any survey is called
internal sources of data.
o Eg…social welfare socities.
External sources of data
o When information is collected
from outside agencies is called
external sources of data.
o Such types of data are either
primary or secondary.
o This type of information can be
collected by census or sampling
method by conducting survey.
Internal & External Sources of Data

7.  Data that has been collected from first-hand experiences
is known as primary data.It has more reliable,authentic
and not been published anywhere.
 Primary data has not been changed or altered by human
being,therefore its validity is greater than secondary
data.
Primary Data

8. Methods of
collecting
primary data
Direct
Personal
Investigation
(i.e. interview
method)
Indirect oral
investigation
(i.e. through
enumerators)
Investigation
through local
reporters
questionnaire
Investigation
through
mailed
questionnaire
Investigation
through
observation

9.  Secondary data are those that have already been collected by
others.
 These are usually in journals, periodicals, research publication
,official record etc.
 Secondary data may be available in the published or
unpublished form. When it is not possible to collect the data by
primary method,the investigator go for secondary method.
 This data collected for some purpose other
than the problem at hand.
Secondary Data

10. Published
Sources
International
Government
Municipal
corporation
Institutional/
commercial
Unpublished
sources
Method of collection secondary data

11. Primary data
 Real time data
 Sure about sources of data
 Help to give results/
finding
 Costly and time consuming
process
 Avoid biasness of response
data
 More flexible
Secondary data
 Past data
 Not sure about of sources
of data
 Refining the problem
 Cheap and no time
consuming process
 Can not know in data
biasness or not
 Less flexible
Difference b/w primary and secondary data