About our modern India and Development

1. MODERN DEVELOPMENT
AND INDIAN SOCIETY

2. WHAT IS
DEVELOPMENT ?
 Development means “improvement in
country’s economic and social conditions”.
More specially, it refers to improvements in
way of managing an area’s natural and
human resources. In order to create wealth
and improve people’s lives.
 Dudley Seers while elaborating on the
meaning of development suggests that
while there can be value judgements on
what is development and what is not, it
should be a universally acceptable aim of
development to make for conditions that
lead to a realization of the potentials of
human personality.

3. MAJOR THEORETICAL AND
POLICY PERSPECTIVES
MODERNITY
(ROUGHLY 1940S–1950S)
DEPENDENCY
(1960S–1970S)
WORLD SYSTEMS
(1980S–2000S)
MARKET REFORM
(1980S–2000S)
INSTITUTIONAL
FEMINISM
HUMAN CAPABILITY

4. MODERNITY
• It refers to the transformation which takes place when a
traditional or pre-modern society changes to such an extent
that new forms of technological organizational or social
characteristics of advanced society appears.
• It encompasses many different disciplines as it seeks to
explain how society progresses, what variables affect that
progress, and how societies can react to that progress.
• The theory of modernization normally consists of three
parts:
1. Identification of types of societies, and explanation of how
those designated as modernized or relatively modernized
differ from others;
2. Specification of how societies become modernized,
comparing factors that are more or less conducive to
transformation; and
3. Generalizations about how the parts of a modernized
society fit together, involving comparisons of stages of
modernization

5. DEPENDENCY
• Dependency theory states that the poverty of the
countries in the periphery is not because they are not
integrated into the world system, but because of how
they are integrated into the world system.
• According to Griffiths (2005;169) it challenged the
dominance of the modernization strategies in the
mid 20th century as the integration of the peripheral
countries into the world system led to neo-
colonialism not liberalization, underdevelopment not
development due to continued dependency and
unequal exchange.
• the modernization theory implies that development
occurs when separate modern sector is established
with a particular society and gradually integrates the
traditional sector itself the dependency theory is
against this initiative as it leads to exploitation and
dependency.

6. WORLD
SYSTEMS
• World systems Theory propounded by Immanuel
Wallerstein is strategy for explaining institutional
change that focuses on whole intersocietal systems
rather than single societies. Wallerstein proposed
that the nations states exist in a within a broad
political, economic and legal framework which he
calls the “world system”.
• According to Robertson and Scholte (2007;1306)
World Systems theory can be understood as
stratification system composed of dominant core
societies and dependent peripheral and semi-
peripheral regions.
• The semi- periphery is composed of large and
powerful states in the third world for example
Mexico, Brazil and South Africa that have
intermediate levels of economic development .

7. MARKET REFORMS
• According to this model, development means success in the
marketplace, with little or no attention paid to the distributive
effects of aggregate economic gains either between or within
countries.
• Access to and integration in worldwide markets, however, is
assessed by criteria that go well beyond the economic sphere.
• A.T. Kearney’s four dimensions of nation-state building:
• Economic integration (trade and foreign direct investment);
• Personal contact (telephone, travel, remittances, and personal
transfers);
• Technological connectivity (Internet users, Internet hosts, secure
servers); and
• Political engagement (international organizations, UN
peacekeeping, treaties, and government transfers).

8. INSTITUTIONALIZATION
• development depends on successfully linking a country’s
historical patterns of social organization with opportunities
made available by global markets”. the World Bank
acknowledges the importance of institutions’ mainstream
approaches to development policy.
• the World Bank acknowledges the importance of
institutions’ mainstream approaches to development policy.
The framework of Andrew Durward et al. (2005)
incorporates bottom-up, nonmarket organizations such as
microfinance groups and community-property resource-
management groups. Institutional change is explained in
terms of the responses of powerful groups to changes in
relative prices, transaction costs, and technologies

9. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES
• Women in development (WID) theorists (1970s–1990s)
accepted prevailing modernity theory, stressing
development as a linear process of economic growth.
Confined to the noneconomic domestic sphere of
society, women in developing nations had been left out
of the development process, according to the WID
theorists.
• Women, environment, and development (WED)
theorists (1970s) made sustainable development a
central issue: They linked ideas of equity between
generations, the maintenance of a balance between
environmental and economic needs to conserve non-
renewable resources, and the reduction of
industrialization’s waste and pollution.

10. HUMAN CAPABILITIES
• People’s capabilities underlie valuable goals
of development of which measures such as
gross domestic product, per capita income,
industrialization, and technological advances
are only indirect indicators. The notion of
capabilities suggests that quality-of-life
conditions must enhance the substantive
freedoms that people enjoy if they are to
lead the kinds of lives they have reason to
value.
• A foremost goal of the capabilities approach
is to maximize individual choice. Individuals
should not be denied choice by cultures,
religions, or families of which they are
members, although these institutions might
well provide the conditions under which
individuals flourish.

11. DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL FOR
INDIA
• India has followed the path of “mixed economy” by adopting a path of development in between the
capitalist and socialist models. With the process of Globalization and the subsequent structural adjustment
policies this model is tending to take a capitalist trend of development.
• In a country like India where development was yet to start, the state have more responsibility as it is
expected to create the conditions for development. The Indian planners also had limitations of public sector
in their mind and the strengths of private sector.
• Hence, neither the public sector was made all embracing nor the private sector was reduced to non-
significance. A well defined rule was assigned to the private sector under the Directive Principles of State
Policy, where it is clearly spelled that the state should strive to promote the welfare of the people by
securing and protecting as effectively as it may, the social order in which justice, social, economic and
political shall inform all the institutions of national life.

12. Thus, to protect the weaker section of society but not at the cost of the capable
ones and to create conditions of economic and social development, a mixed
economic model was required where state could play a major guiding role and
private enterprise act as important means to achieve the developmental goals.