Education

2. ⦁ What is Development?
⦁ - Development: A multi-dimensional process
which involves transformation in structures,
attitudes and institutions as well as the
acceleration of economic growth, reduction of
inequality and the eradication of absolute
poverty.

3. ⦁ “ A better quality of life in world’s
poor countries calls for higher
incomes-but it involves much more.
It encompasses better education,
higher standards of health and
nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner
environment, more quality of
opportunities, greater individual
freedom, and richer cultural life.”

4. ⦁ To increase the availability and widen the
distribution of basic life sustaining goods such as
food, shelter, health and protection
⦁ To raise levels of living, that is to say, higher
incomes, the provision of more jobs, better
education, and greater attention to cultural and
humanistic values.
⦁ To extend the range of economic and social
choices available to individuals and nations by
freeing them from servitude and dependence not
only in relation to other people and nation- states
but also to the forces of ignorance and human
misery.

5. ⦁ Development is primarily defined in the
context of economy as it is equaled with
economic development of the country.
⦁ Various scholars of diverse disciplines have
view development in the following context:
- Improvement-change (for the better)
- Economic growth, Modernization,
Industrialization

6. ⦁ Myrdal’s concept –”Soft State”
underdevelopment is caused by external
relationships (trade, aid, and investments)
⦁ United Nations- looking for better
alternatives for third world countries in
dealing with developed countries.
⦁ Brandt Commission Report- (Uphoff and
Ilchman) development is one of the more
depreciated terms in social science literature.

7. ⦁ Ferrel Heady- in the case of modernization
development tends to be discussed in societal
terms.
⦁ Walter Rostow (Rostowian concept)-5 stages
of economic growth. Development process is
successive stages. (Traditional, pre-take off,
growth, maturity and high mass
consumption).

8. ⦁ Harrold- Domar equation- GNP =NS; 3RD
world nations must have mixture of
savings, investments and foreign aid in
order to be developed.
⦁ Simon Kuznets –social, ideological and
institutional aspects of development.
⦁ Dudley Seers-reduction of poverty,
inequality and unemployment.
⦁ Michael Todaro-changes in structures,
attitudes, institutions and acceleration of
economic growth.

9. ⦁ Amartya Sen: Expanding real freedoms that
people enjoy.
⦁ Douglas North- Institutions (Institutional
building).

10. ⦁ Development is understood in terms of the
following;
🞄Social
🞄Political
🞄Economic

11. ⦁ Social development: Process of growth and
development of the capacities of the people
and the improvement of society in which they
live in order to obtain a better life for all.
⦁ Economic development: discussed in terms of
economic growth although economist were
aware of non-economic factors.
⦁ Political development: process of increasing
rationality, equality, participation and
secularization in the political system.

12. ⦁ Democratic governance: involves the
interdependent democratization of the state
and its governmental institutions.
⦁ Civil society: All sectors and institutions in
the political community outside of the state
and its government.
⦁ Political parties: meaningful and attractive
organizations of people who want to play
active political roles in affecting public policy
and governance.

13. ⦁ Capacity for governance: Refers to the ability
of the state to make and enforce its decisions
on all citizens and groups.
⦁ National Identity: Citizens identification
within the state to make them perform their
duties and responsibilities as participants in
the political process.

14. ⦁ Extractive capacity: The ability of the state to
raise revenues and generate public support in
order to perform its functions and render
public service.
⦁ Distributive capacity: The ability of the state
to make decisions to distribute or redistribute
material and other benefits in the society.

15. ⦁ World Bank World Development Report, 1991
⦁ Michael P. Todaro economic development 6th
New York University

16. Thank
you