Implementing Early Learning Programs To Create A Sense Of...

Implementing Early Learning Programs to Create A Sense of...
It is my understanding that a sense of place should evoke a feeling of belonging, an intrinsic
connection to the community and the environment that elicits a feeling of concern for and a need to
protect our surroundings. For thousands of years, societies depended on each other and the land as a
way of life that was essential for existence. The first tools, sticks and rocks, have evolved into an
explosion of technology that has created a discord between people, the community, and the
environment. As the proliferation of all things technological in composition escalates, more attention
turns to this phenomena, which threatens to overwhelm our relationships, communities, and the
balance of nature. This prospect of impending crisis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fettes and Judson (2011) propose "This love of place typically involves, and promotes, intimate and
detailed knowledge of its rhythms, inhabitants, and history," and that "knowledge and love go hand
in hand" (p.124). Using "this close relationship between cognition and affect" that "is characteristic
of the imagination," Fettes and Judson have designed an educational model for teachers that applies
the intellectual and emotional aspects of imagination to create a sense of place–making (Fettes &
Judson, 2011). When the word "imagination" comes to mind, I can think of no better group to
represent this term than those earliest learners, preschoolers. Play is an activity that develops
imagination, and although unstructured play is getting progressively diminished time in children's
lives as a result of technology, family lifestyles, beliefs, and obligations, and the current educational
policy of shrinking down the curriculum, it is still most preschoolers' everyday occupation.
Unstructured, outdoor play where children have "access to the world at large" would seem to be the
method of choice of the type of play that offers the most cognitive and affective benefits, according
to researchers and educators (White & Stoecklin, 1998). In his book, Last Child In the Woods,
Richard Louv quotes Professor Robin Moore, an international
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Autism Spectrum Disorders
Varying Types of Autism on the Spectrum and
Their Effects on Individuals Autism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a group of complex disorders
of the brain. The autism spectrum contains many other disorders within itself, and each of them have
different symptoms. These disorders include autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, childhood
disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, and Asperger syndrome (Frequently
Asked Questions, 2015). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that around 1 in
68 American children are on the spectrum, with the statistics in other countries being even higher.
This number has increased in the last 40 years and could partly be because of the improved
diagnosis and awareness, all because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Rosenblatt, 2012) It is important to help the child eliminate non–helpful behavior, such as throwing
tantrums when they get confused or scared, and help them understand what is acceptable in a public
space. The basic goal for parent's is to help their child develop self advocacy (Rosenblatt, 2012).
Self advocacy is often a learned task, but sometimes the use of medications is required to help the
child achieve the self advocacy needed to make it through everyday life tasks. People that are
diagnosed with ASD are often put on medications that help with irritability, aggression, repetitive
behavior, hyperactivity, attention problems, anxiety, and depression. Each medication is tailored to a
specific symptom, and along with the benefits of the medications comes the negative side effects.
Some children with ASD are heavily medicated, while others carry out daily life on only a couple of
medications (Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2014). Throughout a person with autism's life their
medications are altered multiple times to find the perfect amount to help them be a fully functioning
member of

Does Janie Should Be Diagnosed As Asperger 's Syndrome Essay
Case Study
According to the extensive amount of information provided in this case study about 6 year–old
Janie, I have come to the conclusion that Janie should be diagnosed as having a mild form of
Autistic Spectrum Disorder formerly known as Asperger's syndrome. Under the Autistic Spectrum
Disorder Asperger's syndrome is one of four pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) that all fall
under the Autistic spectrum. (Dombeck, 2008).ASD is a neural development disorder that is rarely
diagnosed before the age of three (Roddick, 2014).ASD causes impairments in social skills and
communication in different levels (Roddick, 2014).Those with ASD that are able to function at a
normal level usually fall towards the end of the autism spectrum near the disorder known as a milder
form of autism, Asperger's. Janie displays a number of symptoms that are specifically common to
ASD. One of the main symptoms being that Janie shows delays in motor developments such as
walking and toilet training, however she has shown no language deficits or cognitive problems so
far. This is extremely common in children with ASD (Asperger's syndrome). They often take longer
to reach physical developmental milestones, but children with this syndrome usually are of average
intelligence or in some cases, above intelligence. (Silberman, 2001).This discovery of cases with
children having normal or above average IQ's led to the phrase that Asperger's is basically a "high–
functioning" form of autism, because

Essay On Pd
The term Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) refers a group of disorders that pertain to one's
communication, social, and developmental skills. Symptoms can be detected as early as infancy, as
some cases are identified before the age of three. Children or toddlers with PDD may show
difficulty relating to others and often have trouble using and understanding language. In addition,
they may have unusual behavior patterns and demonstrate resistance during a change in their
routine. PDD is a general category that includes Autism, Asperger's Syndrome, Rett Syndrome,
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and PDD–NOS. These disorders exhibit a range of patterns and
characteristics, proving that no child is the same. While one child may be ... Show more content on
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"In other words, when someone has autistic characteristics but some of their symptoms are mild, or
they have symptoms in one area (like social deficits), but none in another key area (like restricted,
repetitive behaviors), they may be given the PDD–NOS label (www.autismspeaks.org)."
Additionally, someone classified as PDD–NOS may have had a late age of onset, where they did not
display symptoms until after three years old. A child with PDD–NOS can benefit from early
intervention services and an Individualized Education Program (IEP). A methodical assessment must
be distributed in numerous areas for a child to receive treatments and services for PDD–NOS.
Communication patterns, social competence, behavioral history and current symptoms are just a few
of the various areas where a child needs to be evaluated and examined. Once the assessment is
complete, teachers and staff can work diligently to develop services that will be appropriate for the
student. Children with PDD–NOS have varying symptoms; therefore, each of their educational
needs must be accommodated on an individual basis. Treatments for this disorder vary for each
child, considering that every child is different. Children will be treated based off of the results of
their evaluations, strengths, and weaknesses. Rett Syndrome and CDD are the most severe out of the
five

Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Chapter Analysis
Chapter 1 focuses on autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) and other Autistic
Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). Described in 1943 by Dr. Leo Kanner, autism (also known as autistic
disorder, childhood autism, or infantile disorder) is one of the PDDs along with Rett's disorder,
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) referred to as Heller's syndrome, Asperger disorder, and
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD–NOS). Rett's is a rare genetic
abnormality affecting brain development in girls. There are treatments available, but there is no
known cure. Asperger disorder affects an individual's ability to socialize and communicate
effectively. Individuals with Asperger disorder may be socially awkward and have a compulsive ...
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While there are many theories there is no single cause of autism. One theory assumes multiple
factors interacting in complex ways (i.e. genes, environment and brain) can cause autism. Genetics
play a role but do not explain the full picture or the recent increase in reported cases. According to
Volkmar and Weisner (2009), "Identical twins have identical genes, while fraternal twins share only
some genes. The implication of this finding was that there was potentially a very strong genetic
contribution in autism. A number of studies have shown that this is the case. " (p. 26). There are
medical conditions associated with autism which include, phenylketonuria, congenital rubella,
tuberous sclerosis, and Fragile X. The strongest associations are with Fragile X, a genetic condition
causing intellectual disability and tuberous sclerosis, a genetic disorder that causes tumors to form in
many different organs, primarily in the brain, eyes, heart. There is no strong evidence that
environmental etologies cause autism. Some researchers assume that environmental toxins can
increase the rate of autism, but evidence proposed for environmental factors is based on a case by
case report which is difficult to interpret (Volkmar & Weisner,

Autism Is A Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder which many people claim to understand, but few fully
do. The extent of most people's knowledge about autism is seven–year–old white boys who will
only talk about cars, Sheldon Cooper of The Big Bang Theory, or "Rain–man". These people claim
to understand the condition and believe that fighting to "cure" these people of their autism is the
right thing to do. They believe they are good people for speaking for the people "who can't speak for
themselves" (see Autism Speaks, the autism "charity" widely considered in the autistic community
to be a hate group). However, autistic individuals are capable of "speaking", for themselves and their
community, groups and people like Autism Speaks just are not ... Show more content on
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They claim that using language this way "puts the person before the disability or the condition, and
emphasizes the value and worth of the individual by recognizing them as a person instead of a
condition." (Brown) However, most autistic individuals, and the autistic community as a whole,
prefer to be called just that, "autistic individuals", which is identity–first language. This is because
when "person with autism" is said instead of "autistic person" "[i]t suggests that the person can be
separated from autism, which simply isn't true" (Brown). Another phrase to be addressed is "cure
culture". "Cure culture" is the focus on finding the potential causes or a cure for autism. This
pervasive attitude is far reaching, including everything from the anti–vaccination movement to
Autism Speaks' "Walk to Cure Autism". A domain–specific word to autism is "allistic". "Allistic"
simply means "not autistic" and refers to everyone outside of the autism spectrum. "Allistic" was
first coined for the satirical article "Allism: an introduction to a little–known condition" but has
stuck in autistic vocabulary (Main). This may seem overly complicated, but it is important for the
dichotomy to be between "autistic" and "allistic," not "autistic" and "not autistic" because by saying
"not autistic," "autistic" is set up as the othering factor. The last important term is "neurodiversity".
"Neurodiversity" is the idea that people with developmental differences such as autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a term used to describe a category of conditions also referred to
as pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). Some of the PDD include: Autism or Autistic
Disorder, Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, and Pervasive
Developmental Disorder–––Not Otherwise Specified (PDD–NOS) which includes Atypical Autism
(Yapko, 2003). These disorders affect three primary areas of development. First is communication,
which is verbal and nonverbal. Second there is social interaction. Lastly, there is repetitive patterns
of behavior. Children with Asperger's may not always get along with other children around them.
They tend to asphyxiate themselves with one hobby, and learn everything there is to know about it.
All of the disorders mentioned can be grouped together under a single heading: Pervasive
Developmental Disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV).
Autism or Autistic Disorder typically refers to the traditional or classical forms of what psychiatrist
Kanner (n.d.) identified in 1943 and labeled as "early infantile autism." According to the DSM–IV, a
person must have six of the possible 12 diagnostic criteria in order to be given the diagnosis of
Autism. At least two must fall under the diagnostics of a social impairments, at least one diagnostic
of a communication impairment and behavior/ interests and activities. Most individuals with Autism
have Mental Retardation (Yapko,

Autism Essay
Autism
A little girl named Sally, quietly sits alone in a corner, rocking back and forth, humming to herself.
Her classmates roam about in a chaotic manner, casually conversing, and inadvertently ignoring the
little girl. Sally's parents begin to wonder; is it just a phase or something more. Her parents soon
learn that it is something more.
With little more to go on than that of what the parents have observed, Sally's pediatrician has
decided that she should be tested for autism. There is no blood to be drawn, no pulse to be taken, for
there are no medical tests that can diagnose an autistic child.(2, pg 16) Through careful observation
a team of neurologists, psychologists, developmental pediatricians, speech and language ... Show
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Though it is four times more likely to appear in boys. Could Sally's parents have prevented her
diagnosis?
"There is no known cause of autism. Current research links autism to biological or neurological
differences in the brain – although at this time no gene has been directly linked to autism."(2, pg
105) Several theories, which exist, link the disorder to environmental and genetic factors. One such
research project, performed by Vijendra K. Singh, Ph.D., is based on the concept of "Neuro–
immunopathogenesis in Autism." (1, pg. 26) Doctor Vijendra K. Singh identified his research and
resolution as follows: "Based on our ongoing research of a reciprocal relationship between nervous
system and immune system, we studied autism as a neuroimmune dysfunction syndrome in which
auto–immunity to brain was strongly implicated. We found that autoantibodies to M[yelin] B[asic]
P[rotein] were selectively present in up to 80 percent of the autistic children, but they were only
rarely detected in the controls. Regarding virus serology, autistic children had a significantly higher
level of measles virus antibodies as compared to controls; however, the antibody level of [the] other
three viruses [assessed] did not significantly differ between the two groups. This suggested a
temporal link of measles virus with autoimmunity in autism. This examination of brain auto–
antibody and virus serology data revealed that there was a

Eassy On Autism
Autism is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as being "a developmental disorder of variable
severity that is characterized by difficulty in social interaction and communication and by restricted
or repetitive patterns of thought and behaviour". Autism is one of 5 Pervasive Developmental
Disorders and is a form of a bio–neurological disorder that can often be found in children before the
age of 5. The other 4 Pervasive Developmental Disorders are Childhood Disintegrative Disorder,
Rett's syndrome, Asperger's Syndrome.
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is one of the most well–known PDD that there is and is normally
characterised for having an impairment on social development and is associated with having
difficulties when interacting in social situations. Autism can also be noticed as people may be have a
difficulty in understanding emotions. . Autism can lead to a delay in the skills of ... Show more
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Autism is the cause of a wide wealth of difficulties that have an impact on someone's physical,
intellectual, emotional and social health (P.I.E.S). Autistic people are comparable in their symptoms
as they all have a unique way of how they view, hear and feel the world. Autism can be recognised
in a variety of ways and can be characterized by finding it difficult to understand and empathise with
other people. The cause of autism is still unresolved as it was believed that vaccines and one of their
ingredients, Thimerosal was the root cause of the Autistic Spectrum Disorder. However, scientific
studies have proved that this is not the case but there is still no tangible reason as to the cause of
autism. There are many different causes of autism that have been discovered because of the
scientific research. There is a variation of scientific research to suggest that autism is called by a
multitude of physical factors. Scientific research thinks that genetics may be responsible for some of
the causes of

Mason was not unlike many children in that according to...
Mason was not unlike many children in that according to the most recent Center for Disease Control
(CDC) reports, one in every sixty–eight children is on the autism spectrum. This is a 30% increase
from the findings reported two years ago of one in every eight–eight children. The current study also
reports that the proportion of boys with autism (1 in 42) is significantly higher that girls (1 in 189)
(10 Things to Know About New Autism Data. 2014). Changes in the DSM–V that incorporated
Asperger syndrome (AS), autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive
developmental disorders not otherwise specified into the new umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum
disorder have changed the view of autism and people on the autism ... Show more content on
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2014). With the recent release of the DSM–V, these have all been combined under one diagnosis of
autism spectrum disorder and are differentiated through the use of numerical scales to describe
severity of effect. Primary diagnostic tests used are the Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder,
Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and Gilliam Asperger's Disorder Scale (GADS). The
Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder is the only checklist or rating scale designed to evaluate
children with either low or high functioning autism spectrum disorder. The Childhood Autism
Rating Scale or CARS is used because it has the best psychometric support for children with low
functioning autism when compared with other autism rating scales. The Gilliam Asperger's Disorder
Scale or GADS is used because it is the only scale for high functioning autistic children in the age
range of early childhood to adolescence (Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S., Murray, M., et al. 2009).
Through the use of these diagnostic tools to determine the evidence of a PDD and its severity of
symptomatic characteristics, a subject can be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and
classified into severity of autism.
The variance in severity on the autism spectrum can be seen through a comparison of a high and a
low

Identify And Explain The Causes Of Developmental Delay
When a child does not achieve their developmental milestones, within the normal age range, they
are considered to have developmental delays. Developmental milestones are made up of five
different group of skills: language, cognitive, social, fine and gross motor. Often a delay in one area
of development is accompanied by a delay in another area. For example, children with cognitive
delay often have a coexisting delay in other areas such as language or social. There are many
different causes for developmental delays such as genetics and complications during birth or
pregnancy; however, the specific cause if often unknown. Some causes can be easily reversed if
caught early, thus it is important to identify and treat developmental delays early

Autism Is A Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is characterized by a person's difficulty to
communicate. This is due to neurological or biological dysfunction, and is usually diagnosed during
early childhood. Autism Spectrum Disorder is more prevalent in boys than in girls. These children
can present symptoms of limited or no speech development; they only use direct communication for
immediate needs such as water, bathroom or sleep. Until today, there is no cure for ASD, but there
are many types of treatment and interventions, such as Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy and
Behavior Therapy.
Researchers today have conducted new studies to revise how ASD can be diagnosed and treated. As
I said before, the disorder is commonly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ASD has become the second most common childhood developmental disorder that affects brain
functioning, social–interaction difficulties, communication challenges and a compromise in
repetitive behaviors (Autism Speaks, 2013; Neely et al., 2012). Symptoms of autism spectrum
disorder vary in children, some show mild symptoms and some show more severe symptoms. These
symptoms include communication deficits such as not being able to understand verbal and
nonverbal communication such as interpreting gestures and facial expressions. One example can be
a smile because it can have a small meaning for a child diagnosed with autism (Autism Speaks,
2013). Children without autism tend to start speaking earlier than children with autism. In
comparison to children with the same age, the autistic has less language and communication skills
(Autism Speaks). The "Autism Spectrum Disorder" is a term referring to five disorders described
under the category of persuasive developmental disorders (PPDs). The first one is the autistic
disorder, which is a disorder when the child has a delay in speaking, doesn't interact with other
children and has repetitive behaviors and interests. Autistic disorder should be diagnosed at young
age and is also more prevalent in boys, but girls having it display greater severity of symptoms. The
Rett's disorder only occurs in females. This disorder is characterized by normal development up to 5
months of age and followed by an observable decrease in

Asperger 's Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder is an array of developmental disabilities that include Autism, Asperger's
Syndrome, Rett's Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder–Not Otherwise Specified [PDD–
NOS] and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (Crane & Winsler, 2008, p. 246). ASD can cause
impairment in multiple areas of development, such a psychological, cognitive, language, and even
behavior. By the age of two months, a normal developing infant begins to vocalize by babbling and
often engage in social mannerisms such as pointing or verbal communication. Social attention is
sought by infants through pointing at an object, imitative communication, and greeting others
(Crane & Winsler, 2008, p. 246). Infants developing ASD are deficient in their ability to socialize,
and oftentimes that is an initial indicator of the onset of ASD. Infants who are later diagnosed fail to
respond to typical environmental cues such as hearing their name called, nonverbal and verbal
communication, and sociocommunicative factors (Crane & Winsler, 2008, p. 247). Physicians rely
on social cues in order to diagnose children with ASD, because of the lack of genetic testing that can
be done to prove otherwise. Infants with ASD typically lack in areas such as joint attention. As
stated by Cangialose & Allen, "Joint attention is a spontaneous behavior that demonstrates an
infant's enjoyment in sharing an object or event with another person" (2014; as cited in Johnson &
Myers, 2007). Impaired joint attention can

Autism Spectrum Disorder
An estimated 1 in 42 boys and 1 in 189 girls are diagnosed with autism in the United States (Autism
Speaks, n.d.). Can be diagnosed in all racial and ethnic groups, as well as every age group. In the
2013 publication of DSM–5 diagnostic manual, Asperger syndrome, Autistic disorder, childhood
disintegrative disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder– not otherwise specified (PDD–
NOS) were merged into one category of ASD. This paper will explain what Autism Spectrum
Disorder is, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, clinical trials and what it is like
living with someone with Autism (Autism Society, n.d.).
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Autism are general
terms for a group of complex ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnosis in all racial and ethnic groups, as well as every age group. Boys face about four to five
time's higher risk at 1 in 42 than girls at 1 in 189. A child is usually diagnosed with ASD by age 2;
even though some researchers suggest that some of the screening tests are more helpful at 18 months
or younger. Some of the screening tests include, Checklist of Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), Modified
Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M–CHAT), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Autism
Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), and a few more (NIMH, n.d.). The Modified Checklist
for Autism in Toddlers (M–CHAT) is a list of informative questions about your child. The answers
can indicate whether he or she should be further evaluated by a specialist (Autism Speaks, n.d.).
Treatments
There is no known treatment for Autism. Each Autism intervention plan should be personalized to
address the specific needs of each unique child or adult. Intervention can involve medication,
behavioral treatments or both to help improve their needs. Early behavioral interventions involve a
child's entire family who work closely with a team of professionals, some of which deliver home
services including parent training (Autism Speaks, n.d.).
Objective scientific studies confirmed benefits of two methods of comprehensive behavioral early
intervention, Lovaas Model (Applied Behavior Analysis) and the Early Start Denver Model. Lovaas
Model goals are to

Research Paper On Rett's Syndrome
Rett's syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the gradual loss of purposeful
hand movements and development of characteristic, stereotypical hand movements (hand– wringing
or hand – washing movements); loss of previously acquired speech; psychomotor retardation;
ataxia; truncal apraxia; deceleration of head circumference; and autistic symptoms. These
characterizations start to appear in a normally developed child after 6 months to 48 months of
age170.
In the past, RS has been generally associated with autistic syndrome, but recently it has been
identified as a genetic disorder with a mutation on the X–chromosome. However, RS is now
classified in the category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (according to the DSM–IV–TR)

Pervasive Developmental Disorder Research Paper
What are Pervasive Developmental Disorders? According to the National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke, pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are a group of conditions that
involve various skill acquisition delays. The most common skills impacted are the abilities to
communicate, use imagination and socialize with others.
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/pdd/pdd.htm
Official Diagnosis
Pervasive developmental disorders are neuropsychiatric developmental disabilities. The two most
famous of these are autism and Asperger. These conditions are commonly referred to as autism
spectrum disorders. These conditions consist of severe developmental difficulties like social,
cognition and communication impairments. Individuals with these disorders often have obsessive
interests, abnormal routines or repetitive activities. Most behavioral experts and clinical
psychologists feel these disorders have been under–diagnosed because of the wide variety of clinical
presentations and patient outcomes. However, exaggerated media depictions of individuals with
these conditions and increased parental awareness has resulted in a spike of pervasive
developmental disorders ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These may manifest as non–functional obsessive activities and odd physical mannerisms. The
interests among these individuals is quite diverse, especially those who are high–functioning and
highly intelligent. These usually include intensely extreme interests in music, movies, sports,
mechanics and electronics. The individual may become obsessed with only classic films, group
sports, car engines or electronic clocks. There are no set guidelines for defining unusual or obsessive
interests, so these individuals may be diagnosed with having obsessive–compulsive personality
disorder (OCD). Individuals may also have abnormal motor mannerisms, such as hand flapping,
nose itching or eye

Research Paper On Asperger's Disorder
Abstract
This work is built around a topic that is sum interest to me due to the incidence of cases within the
different social fields. It 's a syndrome whose classification is relatively new and as such requires a
comprehensive approach for a better management of the condition. Asperger 's disorder owes its
name to Hans Asperger who was the first to discover a group of children with traits very particular,
mainly characterized by the absence of empathy, reduced ability to social relations, solitary
conversations, a deep attachment to a special interest, and clumsy movements. However the person
who presents it has no alterations in the appearance, in its capacity of intelligence and often displays
skills in restricted areas. This disorder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this disorder remained forgotten until 1992 when Dr. Lorna Wing, a psychiatrist of the
United Kingdom begun to investigate on it, until then, it was called "Autistic psychopathy". Despite
all this, Asperger disorder was officially recognized for the first time in the diagnostic Statistical
Manual of mental disorders, until the publication of the Fourth Edition in 1994, (DSM–IV).
Asperger 's disorder is generally considered a form of autism, and is nowadays described as a
disorder within the pervasive developmental disorders, judging as the more moderate part and with
highest level of functioning of autistic spectrum disorders.
The person who presents looks normal, normal intelligence capacity, often skilled in restricted areas,
but has troubles relating to others and sometimes presents inappropriate behaviors. As well as other
conditions recorded in the spectrum, it is believed that Asperger 's disorder is a developmental
disorder with neurological basis, in most of the cases is unknown where comes from. There are
deviations or abnormalities in three main aspects of development:

3 Types Of Autism Essay
Children can be different in many ways, this includes their illness. Working as a teacher assistant
allowed me to interact with children with different types of the Autistic spectrum Disorder. Research
shows that one out of forty two boys are diagnose with autism. This might be the reason why I have
many friends that have kids with autism and they are all my favorite kids. There are three types of
autism: Autistic disorder, Asperger Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental disorder.
The first type autistic disorder, also called classic autism. Children with this type of autism, usually
have major language delays, social challenges, communication issues, and they tend to have unique
behaviors and interests. Many children with autistic disorder also have intellectual disabilities,
sleeping problems and the slack of sleep can cause effects similar to children with ADHD. My
friend Jason (8), he does pronounce a few words, enjoys toys and goes to school for long periods of
times, he does not understands games and has a tick of hitting his chest like a gorilla but not as hard.
The second type, Asperger Syndrome children with this type of syndrome usually have lower
symptoms of autistic disorder. They might have social challenges and unusual ... Show more content
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The symptoms might cause only social and communication challenges. It is a lower lever of autism
in which children are not capable of catching feelings or mood of people around them. The major
characteristic its the lack of emphaty. These people are unable to relate the information provided by
the environment and the body language of people about the cognitive and emotional states of these.
As an example, My friend William (10), his parents have to lock his bedroom door. Will does not
talk or have interest in people or his surrounding, he has a nurse with him at all times. Although, he
does goes to school for a few hour a day he is not retaining

Pervasive Development or Autistic Spectrum Disorders Essay
Definition of Pervasive Development Disorder:
Any of a group of disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence that are characterized by
distortions in the development of the basic psychological functions such as language, social skills,
attention, perception, reality testing, and movement.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pervasivedevelopmentaldisorder
Pervasive developmental disorder was first used in the 1980's to describe this class of neurological
disorders that can impair social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors. PDD itself is not
actually a disorder. It's a description. It is somewhat of an umbrella of multiple disorders that can
spread throughout a number of impairments in social interactions as well as ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
None of the above pragmatic dysfunctions are measured on traditional language assessment
instruments because traditional tests focus mostly on linguistic structure and meaning rather than on
pragmatic language use (Anderson, Lord, & Heinz, 2005; Bishop, 1998; Bishop & Baird, 2001;
Young et al., 2005). Thus, when a high–functioning child with ASD demonstrates intelligence scores
in the normal range and obtains scores within normal limits on traditional language measures, it is
difficult for parents and professionals to document the need for intervention even though the child's
dysfunctional social language skills are evident in conversation and place him or her in jeopardy for
full participation in school and community environments (Kamhi, 1998; Young et al., 2005).
Children and adults with any spectrum of autism have many struggles with pragmatics of language.
Social interactions have proven to be very difficult for someone not understanding how to respond
while having conversation with another peer.
Most children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have delays in language development relative
to their nonverbal mental age (Stevens et al., 2000; Tager–Flushberg, 1988; Tager–Flusberg &
Sullivan, 1998) and approximately half of young children with autism fail to acquire speech as their
primary mode of communication (Prizant, 1996).

Analysis of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Every day we take for granted the small things we could do like communicate, interact and learn.
Imagine a life where you struggled to communicate, interact, listen and understand every day. It
would make it impossible to tell your friends how great the latest movie was, or for a toddler to say
their special first words to their parents. Children with the autism struggle to communicate and
interact their entire lives. Autism, an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex development
disability which presents itself during the first three years of a person's life. ASD is a category that
includes 5 different disorders: autistic disorder, pervasive development disorder, Retts Syndrome,
child disintegrative disorder, and Asperger syndrome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate–meditated post–synaptic excitation of neural
cells. They are very important for neural communication, learning, memory formation, and
regulation. It is shown in recent studies that mGluR 5 reduces repetition and anxiety–like behavior
in mice (10). The question is most commonly asked; how will these studies on the mGluR 5
antagonist, Arbaclofen, help our autistic children today? The studies found in the drug Arbaclofen
can help the autistic children of today by focusing on the core symptoms of autism. Being an
antagonist of mGluR 5, Arbaclofen has the ability to reduce the symptoms of autism and any other
ASD (11). Therefore, autistic children taking the drug will be able to communicate better, and it will
curtail repetitive behavior and social challenges. Every finding is one step closer for families to see
their child reach their full potential. Families will be able to emotionally share with their child
lessening the stress and emotional toll having an autistic child can bring. With these findings,
scientist and doctors can be led to more and can possibly find a cure to autism one day. Every
finding is a small step toward a cure. In the near future when I

Leo Kanner Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
In the early nineteen hundreds the word autism was being referred as a wide range of
neuropsychological conditions. About one hundred years the word autism has been being used. It
dame from a Greek word autos meaning self. People describes the term as conditions in a person
that is removed from social interactions with others when they would rather isolate there self. A
Swiss psychiatrist was the first person to use this term. Around the nineteen eleven he started to
refer to a group of symptoms of the schizophrenia family. Researchers in the nineteen forties from
the untied starts began to use the term to describe children with emotional and social problems.
Doctor Leo Kanner studied several children that had withdrawn ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The autism spectrum disorder is also designed as an umbrella for the five categories. However,
when the autism spectrum disorder is spoken by people they are referring to the three most common
pervasive developmental disorders are: Autism, the Asperger's Syndrome, and the Pervasive
Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The other two that are on the autism spectrum
disorder umbrella are Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Rett Syndrome (Jeanne Segal, 2015).
"The child's parent will start to observe early signs of the autism spectrum disorder that are huge
factors such as no big smiles or warm joyful expressions by the time of six months, no sharing of
sounds, smiles or other facial expressions by the time of nine months, no babbling by the time of
twelve months, no gestures such as pointing, showing, reaching or waving by the time of twelve
months, no words by the time of sixteen months, no meaningful two–word phrases by the time of
twenty four months and loss of speech, babbling or social skills" (Center for Disease control and
prevention, August, 2015). The five umbrella categories that are on the autism spectrum disorder all
have a wide range in sharing common symptoms but also very different due to the wide range of
severally of each person. Some of the most common symptoms are social skills, communication
skills, unusual interests, and

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay
In 1943 a child psychiatrist named Leo Kanner wrote about a group of children who were apathetic
to their family members and made odd and repetitive movements. A year later, Hans Asperger
observed similar behavior in another group of children, also noting a lack of understanding of social
conventions (Lai, 2014). These two observations would be the beginning of a disorder known as the
Autism Spectrum Disorder. This developmental disorder, characterized by a range of deficits in
different areas, is increasingly prevalent in society and in the media. While the exact numbers vary
from country to country, according to Lai (2014), 1% of the general population is diagnosed with an
Autism Spectrum Disorder. The range of this disorder has a detrimental effect on society,
specifically the educational system due to specialized care needed for children with the disorder.
Prior to being known as Autism Spectrum Disorder, the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder could
be broken down into Asperger's disorder, autism and pervasive developmental disorder not
otherwise specified; The DSM–5 combined these diagnoses. Autism Spectrum Disorder belongs to a
group of disorders known as pervasive developmental disorders.
According to Human Services Alberta, a pervasive developmental disorder is a severe and persistent
disorder that is mostly diagnosed in childhood. An individual with a pervasive developmental
disorder will have deficits in many areas of their life, include deficits in social

Argumentative Essay: The Early History Of Autism
Over the years autism has changed tremendously. According to an article titled "History of Autism"
the term autism was first coined by Eugen Bleuler from the Greek word "autos" meaning self and
was originally referred to as "an escape from reality." In its early history autism was first said to be
caused by parents who were rigid, cold, detached and perfectionist by Dr. Leo Kanner. However, in
the 1960's scientific methods were introduced into how autism was studied. Furthermore in 1964 Dr.
Bernard Rimland decided to challenge previous theories and the first epidemiological study was
conducted. Dr. Rimland screened 78,000 children between the ages of 8 and 10 for indications of
autism; the results found that 4.5 in 10,000 children had this syndrome with higher incidences in
males. In 1968 and 1971 comparative studies were conducted that validated the syndrome and its
features by Dr. Michael Rutter to include that behavioral approaches were the best teaching methods
for these children. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1994 the DSM–IV was released and for the first time clinicians input on was introduced to the
manual this as a result it became a spectrum. The spectrum included autistic disorder, Rett disorder,
childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's disorder and pervasive developmental disorder.
Through the use of research it lead to reintroduction of age onset for autism, it was confirmed
through research that onset of specific symptoms were demonstrated by 18

Detecting Autism In Toddlers
Abstract
This paper considers the problem of detecting autism in toddlers at an age early enough to allow for
timely intervention. It begins with an overview of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and explains
the importance of early screening for such disorders. It then outlines a range of possible screening
techniques, before focusing on the most prominent of these, the Modified Checklist for Autism in
Toddlers (M–CHAT). The paper explains the origins of M–CHAT, how it works, and what its results
have been so far. It also considers an important question guiding contemporary research on M–
CHAT, namely the appropriate age range at which M–CHAT is to be administered. The paper
concludes with a consideration of the limitations of research into ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(2001) as a means of improving upon the earlier CHAT, both in terms of sensitivity and practicality.
It aims to detect ASDs early in toddlers and utilizes a parental questionnaire involving twenty–three
questions, six of which are designated as "critical." The latter refer to protodeclarative pointing,
response to name, interest in peers, bringing things to show a parent, following a point, and
imitation (Robins et al. 2001). In order to mitigate against false positives, M–CHAT requires the
practitioner to contact parents in the case of positive screenings and to get them to verify their
answers during a follow–up interview. A positive screen occurs in one of two cases: either if
responses to any two of the six critical questions indicate abnormal developmental progress, or if
any three of the twenty–three questions indicate the same. Because of the relatively simple
questionnaire format, which only takes around five to ten minutes to complete, it is possible to
administer the M–CHAT screen by telephone if

Differentiating the Diagnosis Between Autism and...
Twenty years ago, we seldom heard of the terms Autism or Asperger's Syndrome. Today the
terminology seems to be as well known as the words Schizophrenia or Down Syndrome . Most of us
know someone who has a relative with one of these disorders, or have a child or a relative ourselves
who has been diagnosed. While the terms are recognizable, these disorders are relatively new to the
ordinary citizen. The knowledge of the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are even further
limited. For those who have children or siblings that have one of these disorders, the symptoms and
treatment are very well known, as they immerse themselves into learning as much as possible about
the disorder.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Pervasive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ADOS is an activity or play based assessment that provides information through observation of
different aspects of social behavior (Le Couteur, 2008). "The ADOS summary disagnostics
alogrithm distinguishes between ASD and not ASD" (Le Couteur, 2008). According to the New
Zealand Autism Spectrum Disoder Guideline, The Diagnostic Criteria for ASD, under the DSM–IV–
TR and ICD–10 there must be six or more symptoms over the period of three years (Wellington,
2008). Some examples listed in the Guideline for Autism Diagnosis are:
1. Qualitative impairment in social interaction manifested by at least two of the following:
Impairment in eye–to–eye gaze, facial expression, body postures or gestures, failure to develop
relationships with peers, lack of social or emoitonal reprocity, or lack of seeking to share enjoyment
(Wellington, 2008).
2. Qualitative impairments in commnications manifested by one of the following: Delay or lack of
spoken language, marked impairment in the ability to initiate orsustain conversations with others,
repetitive use of the same language, or lack of spantaneous make believe play or social imitative
play (Wellington, 2008).
3. Restrictive Repetitive patterns of behavior, intrest or activities by one of the following:
Preoccupation with one or more pattern of interest, such as being obsessed with the weather or
dinosaurs, apparent inflexibility to non functional rountines or rituals, repetitive motor mannerisms

The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ( Dsm ) Of Mental...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, defines a person
with autism spectrum disorder as having persistent deficits in social communication and social
interaction. This includes having deficits in social–emotional reciprocity, deficits in nonverbal
communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and deficits in developing, maintaining, and
understanding relationships. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder, which concludes that it
consists of developmental delays in basic functioning such as socialization and communication.
Pervasive developmental disorders are also called Autism Spectrum Disorders or ASD (DSM–V).
The fifth edition does not distinguish between the specific disorders. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Stigma and cultural norms, along with poor diagnosis or medical infrastructure, could be
undermining prevalence rates, masking the amount of children that have autism in developing
countries. (Maguire, 2013)
According to the DSM – 5 Autism is define as neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
impaired social interaction, verbal and non–verbal communication, and restricted and repetitive
behavior. Although we have yet to talk about autism in class I did write about it in my previous
assignment. Autism effects the processing of the brain, which tends to delay development and
language. Around cultures autism is widely known.
In the U.S. Children with ASD can grow and can learn, however it's at a different development rate
than other "healthy" children. Many professionals studying the field of autism can agree that
developing an appropriate community–based education and treatment program for an individual
with ASD at an early age is a very important step to ensuring that the child will reach his or her
potential. Not saying that older children or adults cannot learn or develop, it just may take longer or
children may do it quicker.
Autism is considered a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three
years of a child's life. The result of this neurological disorder affects the functioning of the brain by
slowing the development of language and cognitive processing autism and its associated behaviors
have been estimated to occur

Asperger's Theory Of Autism Essay
Autism by definition is a psychiatric developmental disorder that usually shows itself in the form of
communication disorders, short attention span and social problems. Children that show autistic
features will not be interacting and playing the way a typical child would. Years ago autism was
incredibly rare and almost never found in children. Studies have shown about 1 in every 110
children are diagnosed with autism today. That number was unheard just 40 years ago.
Autism is the most severe disorder in what is called the autism spectrum; some less severe disorders
in this same spectrum are Pervasive Developmental Disorder or PDD, Pervasive Developmental
Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, Rett Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rett Syndrome is a much more physical type of autism where loss of muscle tone is one of the first
symptoms. A lot of times a child with Rett Syndrome will seem normal and develop naturally at
first, and then completely stop and even lose some of their abilities. The same is said for Childhood
Disintegrative Disorder, the child will begin to regress after a couple years.
Asperger's Syndrome and Classic Autism are the two most prominent disorders in the Autism
Spectrum. More children and people have been and continue to get diagnosed with these two
disorders more often than anyone realizes. Whereas autism itself really disables the child and also
shows a lot more physically asperger's syndrome can go un–noticed all the way to adulthood.
A child with asperger's syndrome will typically have a lot of the same social and behavioral issues
as an autistic child but will still be able to slowly develop good speech and decent behavioral skills.
Most of the time asperger suffers have problems with social interactions and personal space. They
also seem to cling to routines and become very upset when they can't do them. But a person with
asperger's syndrome typically has above average

Essay about Child and Adolescent Development
Child and Adolescent Development PSY 104 6/26/2011 Introduction From birth through
adolescence, a significant amount of developmental changes occur. Children grow and develop
physically, cognitively and emotionally. Each individual aspect of development has an effect on the
child as a whole. If a child struggles developmentally in any of the areas (physically, emotionally or
cognitively), it can affect one of the other areas of development as well. For example, if a child is
underdeveloped physically, they may experience emotional development issues because they may be
made fun of and teased by other children. For this paper I have chosen to explore two specific age
ranges and the developmental changes that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They now begin to walk if they have not already, and are exploring their surroundings more and
more. During this year, children become more independent and even start to rebel against their
parents by being defiant. In this time, toddlers are able to recognize themselves in the mirror as well
as in pictures and videos. Setting a good example is important in this stage because children at this
age like to copy and mimic everything that is done or said. At this point, children are able to say
some words and phrases and have an understanding of many things and what is being said to them.
This is the stage that is important to use gates and other proofing devices to prevent injuries. They
try different things to see what kind of outcomes will come from doing so. Trial and error becomes a
great problem solving strategy. Finally, from eighteen to 24 months of age, now trial and error is not
necessary as they can think about and perceive events. At this age, communication is produced by
gestures and small words. They learn to pretend (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011).
From the beginning, babies are born with their own personalities. Crying is the first sense of
emotion and is used to communicate many different things. Psychosocial development increases, as
they are able to express more emotions. Between zero to three months of age, babies can smile.
They start to become curious and show interest in certain things. By three to six months, infants can

The Effects Of Feeding Disorder On Children With Pervasive...
Feeding disorder is defined as insufficient consumption of solids or fluids. There is little research on
fluid refusal and even less research on how to treat it. There is a significant health concern for those,
especially children, who don't consume enough fluids as it can lead to vomiting, diarrhea, shock and
even death. Fluid consumption also presents an opportunity to increase caloric intake for those who
have difficulty with solid food intake.
2. Problem being addressed:
Children with autism or other developmental disabilities often have difficulty accepting solid or
fluid due to their sensitivity to texture or taste. This is a significant problem for those whose
physical health and well–being are at serious risk due to insufficient nutritional and caloric intake.
3. Research question:
Can stimulus fading combined with differential reinforcement and extinction increase consumption
of a calorie–dense fluid in a child with pervasive developmental disorder?
C. Method:
1. Participants (relevant details: age, gender, abilities) & selection criteria:
One participant was recruited for the study. Ray was a 6–year old boy with pervasive developmental
disorder. He refused fluid and food consumption, and was admitted to an outpatient pediatric
feeding disorders program. Prior to admission, he was dependent on gastrostomy tube device for
receiving all of his nutritional needs. Ray only drank small amount of water.
2. Setting & Materials:
All sessions took place in

Asperger And His Syndrome : A Pervasive Developmental...
Connor Boike
Bio 104
Dr. Morey
September 13, 2015
Han Asperger and His Syndrome Asperger Syndrome is an unfortunate condition to acquire.
Asperger's is considered to be a pervasive developmental disorder. Pervasive developmental
disorders are most commonly involved with slower than average learning of everyday skills.
Individuals with Asperger Syndrome will experience many difficulties. These individuals express
little and bizarre social interaction. Next, their speech is monotone and short. Unfortunately, people
with Asperger Syndrome will also experience difficulty with nonverbal communication. Examples
of nonverbal communication are facial expressions, hand gestures, and waving. Overall, Asperger
victims are socially awkward. These are all the struggles and symptoms that an Asperger victim will
experience daily.
Asperger Syndrome is also considered to be an autistic disorder. However, the intelligence level of
Asperger victims is usually average, or possibly above average. Asperger Syndrome is not one of the
autistic disorders that affect brain intelligence and learning speed. While they have trouble
communicating, they do not experience any delay in learning their natural language. It is most
commonly believed that Asperger Syndrome is a result of genetics and DNA. However, scientists
have yet to find a specific gene related directly to Asperger's. It is believed to be a genetic disorder,
meaning, it is commonly passed down from parent to child. Asperger

Autism: Autistic Disorder
Autism, also referred to as autistic disorder, is a childhood disintegrative disorder, or pervasive
developmental disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are terms used for a group of
disorders of brain development, with symptoms that some times appear during the first three years
of childhood and progress throughout life. These disorders are categorized in different degrees, by
difficulties in social interaction (verbal and nonverbal communication), and by repetitive behaviors.
Autism is an extremely incapacitating developmental disorder. Autism has been recognized as
distinct subtypes including autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive
developmental disorder, and Asperger syndrome. Now all autism disorders

Pervasive Development Disorders
Pervasive Developmental Disorders are characterized by "severe and pervasive impairment in
several areas of development" (Tsai, 1998). In the 1994 edition of the Diagnostic Statistic Manuel
version IV, three new categories were introduced under Pervasive Developmental Disorders. These
include: Asperger's Disorder, Childhood Disintigrative Disorder, and Rett's Disorder (Volkmar,
2005). All these disorders occur in early childhood and are often not noticed by a parent or primary
care–giver until it is noticed that the child is not achieving normal developmental milestones.
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder is a severe condition in which a child will develop normally until
age 3 or 4, then rapidly lose already learned skills such as communication skills, motor ability,
nonverbal behaviors, and social skills over the course of a few months (Zieve, 2012). Theodore
Heller originally described the condition and reported his findings in 1908. It has been only recently
that the disorder has been recognized as a clinical condition and was included into the DSM–IV in
its 1994 release (Westphal, 2014). CDD is a very uncommon condition. Since Heller's original
description in 1908, there have been approximately 100 reported cases in literature (Volkmar, 2005).
In case by case studies, the prevalence has shown to have about an equal sex ratio, although more
recent studies have shown that manifestation occurs slightly more in males (Barber National
Institute, 2013). Symptoms of

Leo Kanner's Description About Autism Autistic...
Autism is a lifelong developmental disability. Autism is usually known as a people who have
abnormalities development and can be called as autism disorder. The developmental problems that
occur make them quite different from a normal human being. Their think and feel the environment
differently to other people. Different autism has different disabilities. Some autism cannot speak and
some may have fairly limited speech. Different autism needs different level of support. They needs
attention and support more than normal person. This was important so they will feel their life more
meaningful.
Leo Kanner was the first person that identified about autism. His description about autism 'Autistic
disturbances of effective contract' was published in

Autism Spectrum Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, And Pervasive...
According to Peterson, Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders
characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviors, and
stereotyped interests and activities (as cited in Leifer, 2015, p. 748). However, symptoms and their
severity vary greatly in each child. There are three types that have been identified: Classic autism,
Asperger syndrome, and Pervasive developmental disorders. The cause of autism is unknown.
According to Lockwood (2013), Childhood Autism Risk from Genetics and Environment
(CHARGE) studied preschool children with autism and has shown the roles of prenatal vitamins in
early pregnancy. There is the possibility that ASD might be prevented with the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Autistic children tend to be delayed in babbling, speaking, and learning to use gestures. By age
three, most children are on a pathway to learning language. They begin early with babbling, until
they are saying a word or two, point out to objects they want, and turn to you when their names are
called. Children who coo and babble in the first few months of life but develop autism tend to loose
these communicative behaviors, while other children experience significant language delay and
don't begin to speak until much later. When therapy is applied especially as an early intervention
most children learn to use spoken language and communicate. Children who are nonverbal learn to
use different communication systems such as sign language, pictures, electronic word processors or
even speech generating devices (Autism Speaks, 2015). Depending on your child needs these can be
things to look into.
Peer–related social behavior normally develops early in the preschool period, with symbolic play
normally emerging by two years of age (Leifer, 2015). A child with ASD tends to have difficulty
interacting with others, has flat facial expressions, avoids eye contact, dose not respond to name
when called, and prefers to play alone. They may also have problems with sharing and showing their
feelings. Since they have difficulty regulating emotions, their outbursts can be from crying to
physically aggressive behavior. Some

Essay about Teaching Strategies for Autism
Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder is one of many developmental disabilities that affect students
learning. In fact, in the United States, Autism is the fastest–growing severe developmental disorder
("What is Autism," n.d.). Also, the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder is 1 in 68 children and
the prevalence in boys is 1 in 42 children ("What is Autism," n.d.). Furthermore, Autism Spectrum
Disorders also affects the way a child learns and over the years, several teaching strategies have
been developed to help teachers to effectively educate students with Autism. Research has also been
conducted to develop and test new teaching strategies for Autism and continues in playing an
important role in the education of students with Autism. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet, the research has suggested that Autism Spectrum Disorder results from different series of
factors including genetic, environmental, and neurobiological that demonstrate the characteristics of
the behavioral symptoms associated with autism ("Autism," n.d.). Furthermore, besides still not
knowing the etiology of autism, it has been proven that there are many subtypes of Autism Spectrum
Disorders.
Before being recently combined under one umbrella diagnosis of ASD there are a few specific
subtypes of ASD ("What is Autism," n.d.). These distinctive subtypes of ASD are autistic disorder,
childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise specified
(PDD–NOS) and Asperger syndrome ("What is Autism," n.d.). Childhood disintegrative disorder
(CDD) was one of the distinctive subtypes of ASD. In addition, Childhood disintegrative disorder is
a rare disorder that typically affects males (Ryan, Hughes, Katsiyannis, McDaniel, and Sprinkle,
2011). Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) is defined by a period of time where normal
development is occurring associated with an increase in the appearance of Autism Spectrum
Disorder related symptoms including loss of motor, social, and language skills and these symptoms
usually develop between 3 and 4 years old (Ryan, Hughes, Katsiyannis,

Autism Spectrum Disorder Analysis
Autism spectrum disorders is the term currently used to describe three of the five pervasive
developmental disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth
Edition (DSM–IV) and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD–10). These
include autistic disorder, Asperger disorder and pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise
specified (PDD–NOS). Impairments in communication, reciprocal social interaction with the
presence of restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviors or interests, prior to three
years of age are used to make a diagnosis of autistic disorder. A diagnosis of Asperger disorder is
made when autistic symptoms are present with no significant general delay

About Autism And Pervasive Developmental Disorders Essay
About Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
By Anne Evans | Submitted On June 25, 2010
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Expert Author Anne Evans
Most people have heard about autism and it is a recognizable childhood constraint that is not so
uncommon that you are never likely to come across somebody who suffers with autism: in fact, as
many as 1 in every 110 individuals is autistic, with a higher incidence of males to females. There is
no need to avoid people with autism, however, as they can 't pass it on to you and you can 't catch it
from them no matter what you do or how close you get. Autism is something sufferers are born with.
It is regarded as a disorder that affects the child 's development due to the activities of the brain
being affected.
In fact, autism fits into a group of developmental conditions that has become known, in recent years,
as PDD, or pervasive developmental disorder. The best known one of these PDDs is autism which is
the reason that this group of developmental disorders is often referred to as ASD, or autism
spectrum disorder. This often causes problems with communication and the normal childhood
milestones. It also results in a person with

Pervasive Developmental Disorder Paper
Abstract
Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) is a collection of disorders characterized by gross
deficits in many areas of cognitive, emotional, and social development which results from severe
and pervasive impairment of social interaction and communication skills. One out of every ten
children in the U.S. is affected by a PDDSs disorders. (Chad & Raymond, 2013). The purpose of
this paper is to examine the historical background and the neurological basis to the disorder,
providing up–to–date information on the full range neuropsychological assessment, and
Psychological Treatment and finally as the efficacy of the Neuropsychological
Assessment/Treatment and Psychological assessment and treatment available to help children ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Educational treatment of autistic children. In: Rutter ML, editor. Infantile Autism: Concepts,
Characteristics and Treatment. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1971. pp. 258–88.
Shuvabrata Poddar, Noufal T. Hameed, Jyoti Mishra Pandey,1 Sayantanava Mitra,2 and Urbi
Mukherjee. Psychological interventions in pervasive developmental disorder: An overview .Ind
Psychiatry J. 2014 Jul–Dec; 23(2): 94–100.doi: 10.4103/0972–6748.151671 PMCID: PMC4361986
Albany, NY: New York State Department of Health; 1999. New York State Department of Health
Early Intervention Program. Clinical Practice Guideline, Autism/Pervasive Developmental
Disorders: Assessmentand Intervention for Young Children.
Stevens MC, Fein DA, Dunn M, Allen D, Waterhouse LH, Feinstein C, et al. Subgroups of children
with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal examination. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.
2000;39:346–52.
Szatmari P, Bartolucci G, Bremner R, Bond S, Rich S. A follow–up study of high–functioning
autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19:213–25
Hauser–Cram P, Warfield ME, Shonkoff JP, Krauss MW, Sayer A, Upshur CC. Children with
disabilities: A longitudinal study of child development and parent well–being. Monogr Soc Res
Child Dev. 2001;66:i–viii.

Rett Syndrome Essay
Rett Syndrome
Abstract
Rett syndrome is considered one of the autism spectrum disorders. Rett syndrome is a
developmental disability disorder resulting in severe mental and physical deficits in female children.
Rett syndrome is grouped as a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) in which conditions are
severe and pervasive, and that begin in early life and influence multiple areas of development. Rett
syndrome, including the age of onset and the severity of symptoms, varies from child to child.
Before the symptoms begin, however, the child generally appears to grow and develop normally,
although there are often subtle abnormalities even in early infancy, such as loss of muscle tone
(hypotonia), difficulty feeding, and jerkiness in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The disorder was identified by Dr. Andreas Rett, an Austrian physician who first described it in a
journal article in 1966 after he noticed two girls in his waiting room exhibiting identical hand
mannerisms (Perry, 1991). He subsequently identified 20 other girls with mental retardation who
exhibited similar hand movements and shared a number of other features (Kerr & Stephenson,
1985). It was not until after a second article about the disorder, published in 1983 by Swedish
researcher Dr. Bengt Hagberg, that the disorder was generally recognized (Hagberg, 1983). Rett
syndrome, including the age of onset and the severity of symptoms, varies from child to child.
Before the symptoms begin, however, the child generally appears to grow and develop normally,
although there are often subtle abnormalities even in early infancy, such as loss of muscle tone
(hypotonia), difficulty feeding, and jerkiness in limb movements. Then, gradually, mental and
physical symptoms appear. As the syndrome progresses, the child loses purposeful use of her hands
and the ability to speak (Rett Syndrome, 2010). Other early symptoms may include problems
crawling or walking and diminished eye contact (Rett Syndrome, 2010). The onset of a period of
regression is sometimes sudden. Apraxia – the inability to perform motor functions – is perhaps the
most severely disabling feature of Rett syndrome, interfering with every body movement, including
eye gaze

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