Leptospirosis

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Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria that can infect many types of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. It is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine. Symptoms range from flu-like symptoms to meningitis, liver damage, and kidney failure. It can be misdiagnosed due to its wide range of symptoms. Antibiotics like penicillin or doxycycline are used to treat it, with severe cases requiring hospitalization and supportive care. Rates of infection vary globally but are higher in tropical climates with warm, moist conditions.

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide public health problem. In humid tropical and subtropical areas, where most developing countries are found, it is a greater problem than in those with a temperate climate. The magnitude of the problem in tropical and subtropical regions can be largely attributed to climatic and environmental conditions but also to the great likelihood of contact with a Leptospira-contaminated environment caused by, for example, local agricultural practices and poor housing and waste disposal, all of which give rise to many sources of infection. In countries with temperate climates, in addition to locally acquired leptospirosis, the disease may also be acquired by travellers abroad, and particularly by those visiting the tropics. Leptospirosis is a potentially serious but treatable disease. Its symptoms may mimic those of a number of other unrelated infections such as influenza, meningitis, hepatitis, dengue or viral haemorrhagic fevers. Some of these infections, in particular dengue, may give rise to large epidemics, and cases of leptospirosis that occur during such epidemics may be overlooked. For this reason, it is important to distinguish leptospirosis from dengue and viral haemorrhagic fevers, etc. in patients acquiring infections in countries where these diseases are endemic. At present, this is still difficult, but new developments may reduce the technical problems in the near future. It is necessary, therefore, to increase awareness and knowledge of leptospirosis as a public health threat.

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Leptospirosis is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease.If it causes lots of bleeding into the lungs then it is known as severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome. Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents.[7] It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world.Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacterium or finding its DNA in the blood

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