War is an attacking activity between two parties or more due to a failed diplomatic process. According to KBBI, war is hostility between two countries (nation, religion, ethnicity, etc.). In the course of the history of warfare, the Indonesian people experienced conflict in the kingdom, pre-independence and post-independence. The wars that took place in the country were carried out in the context of expanding the territory of power as well as the recognition of the sovereignty of the kingdom, and the war included both land warfare and sea warfare. During the struggle for independence, the war that was carried out was more dominant in land warfare until the formation of the Sea BKR in Tegal which was inaugurated by the KNIP on September 10, 1945, supported by the booty of Japanese warships and the changing of commercial vessels into boats began naval warfare against the Dutch colonial colonialism.

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SHOFIAN NANDA ADIPRAYOGA – THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HISTORY OF
NATIONAL WARS WITH STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE MARITIME SECURITY
PERSPECTIVE
Correlation Between Understanding the History of War and Building the Present and Future
National Defense Strategy
War is an attacking activity between two parties or more due to a failed diplomatic
process. According to KBBI, war is hostility between two countries (nation, religion,
ethnicity, etc.). In the course of the history of warfare, the Indonesian people experienced
conflict in the kingdom, pre-independence and post-independence. The wars that took place
in the country were carried out in the context of expanding the territory of power as well as
the recognition of the sovereignty of the kingdom, and the war included both land warfare
and sea warfare. During the struggle for independence, the war that was carried out was more
dominant in land warfare until the formation of the Sea BKR in Tegal which was inaugurated
by the KNIP on September 10, 1945, supported by the booty of Japanese warships and the
changing of commercial vessels into boats began naval warfare against the Dutch colonial
colonialism.
Examples of wars that occur in the Indonesian sea
Some of the wars that have occurred between the Indonesian people and the Dutch
colonial in the post-independence period include:
1. Javanese Sea War which resulted in KRI 408 Gajah Mada sinking with its commander
named Lieutenant Samadikun in December 1946.
2. Arafura Sea War that took place in 1962 in the Aru Sea, Maluku which sank KRI, which
was accompanied by Commodore Yos Sudarso.
Learning that can be taken from various events of the war that have occurred:
Of the several incidents of war that occurred with the results of the defeat suffered by the
Indonesian side due to the limitations of equipment and facilities and infrastructure that were
less supportive in the course of the battle, a conclusion could be drawn that the
Modernization of Defense determines the outcome of a war. Furthermore, the Planning

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Concept in carrying out an operation is very helpful in the success of the activities carried
out.
Indonesia’s Defense Strategy
The Indonesian nation in national defense adheres to the Universal People's Defense
and Security System (Sistem Pertahanan dan Keamanan Rakyat
Semesta/SISHANKAMRATA), the purpose of the system is a universal defense system
which involves all elements and components of the state in the defense implementation by
placing the TNI as the main component and the people as a backup and supporting
component wide area and other national resources, as well as being prepared early by the
government and held in a total, integrated, directed and sustainable manner to uphold national
sovereignty, territorial integrity and safety of all nations from all threats. In the context of the
Indonesian state, efforts to develop the national defense system must take into account the
country's geostrategic factors both inside and outside. Geostrategic factors in directing
defense policymakers to create a credible defense system based on the concept of a unified
approach and a comprehensive strategy that covers the entire Indonesian archipelago.
In the implementation of national defense, the Indonesian nation adheres to the
principle that every citizen has the right and obligation to be actively involved in defending
and maintaining the country's independence and sovereignty, as well as the territorial
integrity and safety of all nations from all threats. This is explicitly stated in Article 27
paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution "all citizens together in law and government and is
obliged to uphold the law and government with no exceptions" and paragraph (3) "every
citizen has the right and obligation to participate and in defense of the state." No citizen can
be avoided from the obligation to participate in defense of the state unless determined by law.
There are several components in national defense, including, namely:
1. The main component, namely the Indonesian National Army, is ready to be used to
carry out defense tasks;
2. The reserve component, namely the "reserve component," is a "national resource" that
has been prepared to be mobilized through mobilization to enlarge and strengthen the
strength and capability of the main components;

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3. Supporting components, namely "supporting components," are "national resources,"
which can be used to increase the strength and capability of the main parts and reserve
components. The supporting component does not form a real force for physical
resistance.
Indonesia's national defense system is prepared based on the concept of geostrategy as
an archipelago. The idea of national defense which is multi-layered has the purpose of
deterrence, overcoming and overcoming military or non-military threats and for the use of
facing protracted war. In the book National Defense Strategy (Ministry of Defense of the
Republic of Indonesia, 2007) it is stated that in the concept of deterrence there are two kinds
of deterrence strategies, namely deterrence utilizing rejection and deterrence utilizing
retaliation. The consequence of implementing this deterrence strategy using refusal is the
development of a modern defense system based on a sophisticated and reliable primary
weapon system (weapons) and capable of having a strong deterrence effect.
The Nusantara Sea Defense Strategy is the doctrine of the Navy's naval war which is
used as a guideline in carrying out the duties and functions of the Navy as part of the main
component of national defense. The target to be achieved by SPLN is the prevention of the
intentions of the parties that will disrupt the sovereignty of the country and the integrity of the
territory of the Republic of Indonesia, mitigate every form of threat to the sea as well as
various forms of internal security and armed rebellion in the territory of the Republic of
Indonesia. controlled (including the three archipelagic sea lanes).
To realize these three targets, the archipelago's sea defense strategy is implemented,
namely:
1. Deterrence Strategy. Implemented through naval diplomacy, presence at sea, and the
building of the Navy's strength and capabilities;
2. Layered Defense Strategy (Layer Defense Strategy). Conducted during the war by
prioritizing the pattern of sea combat operations combined with the sea and air dimensions
by mobilizing all the forces of the maritime component;
3. Sea Control Strategy. Implemented to ensure the use of the sea for its strength, prevent the
use of the sea by opponents and eliminate all threats of the sea aspect from within the
country with the pattern of daily Marine Operations.

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The use of marine control strategies is also used in the framework of implementing
the deterrence function in the concept of national defense. The implementation of maritime
control strategies is carried out by the Sea Combat Alert operation pattern, which is carried
out in areas that have the potential for conflict or also known as selective prone waters such
as Ambalat waters. Different operating patterns in this strategy are daily sea operations in the
form of maritime security operations and relief operations, such as tsunami disaster response
operations in Aceh and Mentawai.
The Threat’s Prediction
The spectrum of threats in and by the sea in the present is very diverse. The
development of strategic environments both at global and regional levels (Southeast Asia) has
brought changes in the spectrum of threats that shift from traditional to non-traditional. In the
first part of this paper, it is stated that the danger at sea is divided into potential risks
(perceived threat) and genuine threats (real threat).
Relevant warfare strategy theories also support national defense concepts and
strategies at sea. The increasingly dynamic spectrum of threats caused by Indonesia's
geographical constellation and the development of global and regional strategic environments
has been able to be answered by the national defense strategy which is set forth both in
federal legislation and national defense doctrine. The approach applied by using the
assumption of optimal strength that is still not by the reality in the field. There is also no
contingency plan in the country's defense concept in the sea.
The Development of National Defense Strategy in the Present and Future
Learning from the historical experience of the past and faced with the ability of the
economy that exists in the present where an ideal force posture is needed, the Indonesian
government proclaims a minimum strength development program to achieve maximum
results better known as MEF (Minimum Essential Force). The realization of the development
of the main force of the Navy as a strategy developed in response to the ability and limited
budget of state funds must be able to realize the duties, roles, and functions of the Navy as a
national defense tool to deal with various threats. For this reason, a systematic system of
national defense management and implementation is needed. The application of proper

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governance and leadership, as well as the supervision that is continuously shown by the TNI,
is a logical fit between three critical factors in the composition of national defense, namely:
1. First, it is a strategic goal (strategic object) based on a proper assessment of priority
threats.
2. Second, is the capability of the defense capability that is built, fostered, and secured.
3. Third, is the proportional budget between funding, handling actual and potential
threats, and preparing for the development of long-term Navy forces. The
development of the Navy's minimum essential strength is realized to be able to
respond to actual and potential threats to be faced by prioritizing targets, security, and
primary interests in the flashpoint area. Thus, the implementation of the development
of the Navy's minimum essential force was carried out in stages by the Navy's budget
consistently and continuously and continued to prioritize the integrity of the troops in
the integrated TNI which rested on a predetermined strategy.
All efforts made to achieve full sovereignty in the vast Indonesian sea should be
carried out by all Indonesian people. National defense is not only the duty of the Indonesian
National Army but also the obligation of all people. The development of the National
Defense System is based on experience, where we can learn to be better at building national
and national sovereignty by making Indonesia a world maritime axis.