Methodology of Research Topic IV: The Research Title and Statement of the Problem - Assumptions and the Research Hypothesis
-Assumption defined
-Assumption in Research
-Assumption
-Hypothesis defined
-Importance of Hypothesis in Research
-Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
-Sources of Hypothesis
-Types of Hypothesis
12. Assumption defined
In other words, it is an act of faith which
does not have empirical evidence to
support it
13. Assumption defined
Provides a basis to develop theories and
research instruments and, therefore,
influences the development of the research
process
37. Assumptions Needed to
Conduct a Research
some “common-sense” assumptions may
be developed to conduct a particular
study
38. Assumptions Needed to
Conduct a Research
i.e. people in urban cities have higher risk
of lung cancer (due to air pollution) than
those in rural areas
47. Hypothesis Defined
a formal tentative statement of the
expected relationship between two or
more variables under study
48. Hypothesis Defined
helps translate the research problem and
objectives into a clear explanation or
prediction of the expected results or
outcomes of the research study
49. Hypothesis Defined
includes the variables to be manipulated
or measured, identifies the population to
be examined, and indicates the proposed
outcome of the study
51. Hypothesis Defined
a shrewd guess or inference that is
formulated and provisionally adopted to
explained observed facts or conditions,
and to guide in further investigation
53. Importance of Hypothesis in
Research
enables the researcher to objectively
investigate new areas of discovery, thus
providing a powerful tool for the
advancement of knowledge
55. Importance of Hypothesis in
Research
provides direction to conduct a research
such as defining the sources and relevance
of data
56. Importance of Hypothesis in
Research
provides clear and specific goals to the
researchers which, in turn, will give basis
for selecting sample and research
procedures to meet these goals
57. Importance of Hypothesis in
Research
provides link between theories and actual
practical research
65. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Conceptual Clarity
should consist of clearly defined and
understandable concepts. It should be stated
in very simple terms, the meaning &
implication of which cannot be doubted. To
facilitate the conceptual clarity, hypothesis
can be stated in a declarative statement, in
present tense.
67. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Empirical referents
Research must have an ultimate empirical
referent. No usable hypothesis can
embody moral judgments. A good
hypothesis must have empirical basis
from the area of inquiry
69. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Objectivity
Hypothesis must be objective, which
facilitates objectivity in data collection &
keeps the research activity free from
researcher-value judgment
71. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Specificity
It should be specific, not general, & should
explain the expected relations between
variables.
i.e. regular yoga reduces stress
73. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Relevant
The hypothesis should be relevant to the
problem being studied, as well as the
objectives of the study. Hypothesis must
have relevance with theory under test in a
research process
75. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Testability
Hypothesis should be testable and should
not be a moral judgment. It must be
directly/indirectly observable & measurable.
The researcher can set up a situation that
permits one to assess if it is true or false. It
must be verifiable.
76. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Testability
i.e. a statement such as ‘bad partners
produce bad children’. This sort of
hypothesis cannot be tested
78. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Consistency
A hypothesis should be consistent with an
existing body of theories, research
findings, and other hypotheses. It should
correspond with existing knowledge
80. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Simplicity
A hypothesis should be formulated in
simple and understandable terms. It
should require fewer conditions &
assumptions
82. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Availability of techniques
The researchers must make sure that
methods are available for testing their
proposed hypotheses
84. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Purposiveness
The researcher must formulate only
purposeful hypotheses, which has
relevance with research problem and
objectives
90. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Economical
The expenditure of money and the time
can be controlled if the hypotheses
underlying the research undertaken is
good
91. Characteristics of a Good
Hypothesis
Economical
The expenditure of money and the time
can be controlled if the hypotheses
underlying the research undertaken is
good
104. Previous Research
i.e. in a small sample descriptive study,
are searcher found that a number of
patients admitted with coronary artery
disease had increased body mass index. In
another research study, a researcher may
use this finding to formulate a hypothesis
as ‘Obese patients have increased risk for
development of coronary artery disease’
107. Real-Life Experiences
i.e. Newton had a life-changing experience of
the falling of an apple and formulated a
hypothesis that earth attracts all the mass
towards its centre, through several
researchers were conducted before generating
a law of central gravity
109. Academic Literature
based on formal theories, empirical
evidences, experiences, observation, and
conceptualizations of academicians
These literatures may serve as good
sources for formulating hypotheses for
research studies
119. Simple and Complex Hypothesis
Simple hypothesis
It is a statement which reflects the
relationship between two variables.
120. Simple and Complex Hypothesis
Simple hypothesis
i.e. ‘the lower the level of hemoglobin, the
higher is the risk of infection among post
partum women’
121. Simple and Complex Hypothesis
Complex hypothesis
It is a statement which reflects the
relationship between more than two
variables
122. Simple and Complex Hypothesis
Complex hypothesis
i.e. ‘satisfaction is higher among patients
who are older and dwelling in rural area
than those who are younger and dwelling
in urban area’
124. Associative and Casual
Hypothesis
Associative Hypothesis
It reflects a relationship between variables
that occurs or exists in natural settings
without manipulation. This hypothesis is
used in correlational research studies
125. Associative and Casual
Hypothesis
Casual Hypothesis
predicts the cause-and-effect relationship
between two or more dependent &
independent variables in experimental or
interventional setting, wherein dependent
variable is manipulated by research to
examine the effect on the dependent
variable.
126. Associative and Casual
Hypothesis
Casual Hypothesis
The causal hypothesis reflects the
measurement of dependent variable to
examine the effect of dependent variable,
which is manipulated by the researcher(s)
130. Directional and Non-Directional
Hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
To express the direction of relationship
between variables, the directional terms
are used to state the hypothesis, such as
positive, negative, less, more, increased,
decreased, greater, higher, lower, etc.
132. Directional and Non-Directional
Hypothesis
Non-Directional hypothesis
reflects the relationship between two or
more variables, but it does not specify the
anticipated direction and nature of
relationship such as positive or negative
136. Null and Research Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
also known as statistical hypothesis
137. Null and Research Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
used for statistical testing & interpretation
of statistical outcomes
138. Null and Research Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
states the existence of no relationship
between the independent & dependent
variables
139. Null and Research Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
i.e. ‘there is no relationship between
smoking and the incidence of coronary
artery disease’
140. Null and Research Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
It states the existence of relationship
between two or more variables
141. Null and Research Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
‘there is relationship between smoking
and the incidence of lung cancer.
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