Summary This summary will focus on the chapter Nine Ideas About Language authored by Harvey Daniels. The author begins by claiming that assuming that we agree English as a language has survived predictions that have not been true since the 18th century then it is justified to believe that there is an exaggeration of the reports that the language is dead. He asserts that critics express in an alarming manner how language has changed and being spoken in a dialect that is not standard. However, with linguistics, the change English can be explained and understood in ways that are not alarming. The author states that to have understanding of the misrepresentations by the language critics then it is necessary to examine both the facts and the history of the language. In the article, the author elaborates on nine ideas which he suggests that they are mostly facts about language as presented by linguistic scholars. Comment by Jennifer Haan: There are more interesting ways to start the paper. This is a little bleh… Comment by Jennifer Haan: Run-on, very confusing sentence Comment by Jennifer Haan: Run-on sentence The first idea presented by the author is that learning of the native language by the children is mainly without instruction, swift and efficient. He backs up this idea by stating that language is specific to species as a trait to the humans. Harvey dismisses the notion that parents usually teach their children how to talk, instead, he asserts that children learn language from those who are around them. He emphasizes in his conclusion that the native language of a child is that which is spoken in their communities and it is therefore challenging to have a child learn to speak another language as they grow up. Another idea presented by the author is that it is with rules that a language operates. He elaborates that when children start to learn their native language then they acquire a vast system having rules that are subconscious and with this then they will be able to speak meaningful and complex words. Comment by Jennifer Haan: Awkward structure and a little to close to the original article. The third idea is that all languages contain three main components and they include; vocabulary, grammar system and sound system. He goes ahead to give an explanation of each of the elements, he elaborates that a sound system is the phonology of a language and forms the basis of vocal voices and their combinations. According to the article, vocabulary is where the words of an individual are usually stored and young children usually target to expand this as they grow up. As for grammar, the author appreciates that there are two definitions in which he prefers the one which states that it is a system of rules that is used in arranging words to come up with sentences that are meaningful, the other meaning is wide and is not only restricted to rules on arrangement rather it is the entire rules. The next idea is that every person has a dialect in their ...

1. Summary
This summary will focus on the chapter Nine Ideas About
Language authored by Harvey Daniels. The author begins by
claiming that assuming that we agree English as a language has
survived predictions that have not been true since the 18th
century then it is justified to believe that there is an
exaggeration of the reports that the language is dead. He asserts
that critics express in an alarming manner how language has
changed and being spoken in a dialect that is not standard.
However, with linguistics, the change English can be explained
and understood in ways that are not alarming. The author states
that to have understanding of the misrepresentations by the
language critics then it is necessary to examine both the facts
and the history of the language. In the article, the author
elaborates on nine ideas which he suggests that they are mostly
facts about language as presented by linguistic scholars.
Comment by Jennifer Haan: There are more interesting
ways to start the paper. This is a little bleh… Comment by
Jennifer Haan: Run-on, very confusing sentence Comment by
Jennifer Haan: Run-on sentence
The first idea presented by the author is that learning of
the native language by the children is mainly without
instruction, swift and efficient. He backs up this idea by stating
that language is specific to species as a trait to the humans.
Harvey dismisses the notion that parents usually teach their
children how to talk, instead, he asserts that children learn
language from those who are around them. He emphasizes in his
conclusion that the native language of a child is that which is
spoken in their communities and it is therefore challenging to
have a child learn to speak another language as they grow up.
Another idea presented by the author is that it is with rules that
a language operates. He elaborates that when children start to

2. learn their native language then they acquire a vast system
having rules that are subconscious and with this then they will
be able to speak meaningful and complex words. Comment by
Jennifer Haan: Awkward structure and a little to close to the
original article.
The third idea is that all languages contain three main
components and they include; vocabulary, grammar system and
sound system. He goes ahead to give an explanation of each of
the elements, he elaborates that a sound system is the phonology
of a language and forms the basis of vocal voices and their
combinations. According to the article, vocabulary is where the
words of an individual are usually stored and young children
usually target to expand this as they grow up. As for grammar,
the author appreciates that there are two definitions in which he
prefers the one which states that it is a system of rules that is
used in arranging words to come up with sentences that are
meaningful, the other meaning is wide and is not only
restricted to rules on arrangement rather it is the entire rules.
The next idea is that every person has a dialect in their way of
speaking. He observes that it can be geographical and it doesn’t
mean that the speaker is making a mistake rather it is just a
difference in systematic rules. Comment by Jennifer Haan:
Again- run-on sentence, very hard to follow.
You are having difficulty with long, difficult to follow, run-ons
throughout the paper. I won’t mark all of them, but pay
attention to this issue as you revise.
Harvey identifies the other idea as closely associated to
the previous one and it is that all those who speak a particular
language apply various styles together with jargons or sub-
dialects. He asserts that an individual’s speech pattern will
differ greatly while they undertake their daily routines. He then
explains that the ability by an individual to adjust to the
different language forms according to the social context is
acquired during childhood. The next idea in the article is that
there is no abnormality in language change. Harvey observes

3. that although we may appreciate that there is a change in
language, it is not possible to give an explanation on the cause
of each of the changes. Comment by Jennifer Haan: Instead of
just listing the ideas in order, can you group them into different
categories that are associated with each other?
Another fact in the article about languages is that
languages are closely associated with the societies and the
people who use it. The author claims that all languages that are
spoken by humans are shaped and then it transforms so as to
meet the needs of those who speak it. He summarizes by stating
that all languages together with their concepts are appropriate to
the native speech communities. The next idea according to the
article is that value judgements in regards to various languages
or dialects are due to taste. He argues that once a person
acquires their native language then also develop attitudes in
regards to the values of those languages spoken by other people.
The final idea presented by Harvey is that writing is derived
from speech, he adds that the systems of writing are usually
based on oral language systems which develop first. In
conclusion, Harvey confirms that all the mentioned facts is a
clear indication that there should be no panic in regards to
language change as language cannot die given that there is
existence of its speakers.
Personal Response
The article by Harvey Daniels is convincing and
informative, this is mainly because he gives detailed
explanations and examples for each of the idea highlighted.
Most of the things are interesting to me in the article because I
was not aware before and had never thought about them. One of
these is that even those belonging to a certain speech
community will still have sub-dialects, this is interesting
because with keen observation, I realized that in the course of
daily routine, I adjust my language form. Another surprising
fact to me is that on the notion among many people including
myself that children are not actually taught language by those
who are around them rather they learn by themselves. I fully

4. agree with the author when he states in the seventh idea that
human language is shaped then changes by its speakers rather
than the other way round. In summary, I agree with most of the
information presented by the author and the article is a credible
one. Comment by Jennifer Haan: You could engage a little more
deeply with the article in your reflection.
Overall good draft.
9/26/2016
MasteringEngineering MasteringComputerScience: HW3
https://session.masteringengineering.com/myct/itemView?view=
print&assignmentProblemID=5199858 1/1
Problem 4.48
Force = 220 acts perpendicular to the inclined plane.
Part A
Determine the moment produced by about point .
Enter the , , and
components of the moment separated by commas.
ANSWER:
Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining
F N
F A

5. x y z
= , , , ,MA, x MA, y MA, z 1.05 −0.506 −0.675 kN ⋅ m
9/26/2016
MasteringEngineering MasteringComputerScience: HW3
https://session.masteringengineering.com/myct/itemView?view=
print&assignmentProblemID=5199942 1/1
Problem 4.94
Part A
Express the moment of the couple acting on the rod in Cartesian
vector form.
Express your answer in terms of the unit
vectors , , and . Use the 'vec' button to
denote vectors in your answers. Express your
answer using three significant figures.
ANSWER:
Part B
What is the magnitude of the couple moment?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the
appropriate units.
ANSWER:

6. i j k
= MC kN ⋅ m
= MC
9/26/2016
MasteringEngineering MasteringComputerScience: HW3
https://session.masteringengineering.com/myct/itemView?view=
print&assignmentProblemID=5199924 1/1
Fundamental Problem 4.25
Replace the loading system by an equivalent resultant force and
couple moment acting at point . Assume
150 , 250 and 160 .
Part A
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force.
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the
appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Incorrect; Try Again; 5 attempts remaining
Part B
Determine the angle between the resultant force and the axis.

7. Express your answer using three significant figures.
ANSWER:
Part C
Deterine the resultant couple moment acting at point .
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the
appropriate units.
ANSWER:
A
=F1 lb =F2 lb =F3 lb
= FR 173 lb
x
= , counted counterclockwise from positive axis θ ∘ x
A
= ( )MA R
9/26/2016
MasteringEngineering MasteringComputerScience: HW3
https://session.masteringengineering.com/myct/itemView?view=
print&assignmentProblemID=5199879 1/1
Problem 4.78

8. Two couples act on the beam as shown.
Part A
Determine the magnitude of
so that the resultant couple moment is 400 counterclockwise.
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the
appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Part B
Where on the beam does the resultant couple act?
ANSWER:
Correct
F lb ⋅ ft
= F
the right side of the beam
anywhere
the left side of the beam
in the middle of the beam
nowhere