2. Physiology Outline the physiological processes that take place during a 5-minute recovery period following an intense period of anaerobic exercise. (7 marks)
3. Physiology The recovery period is the return of the body to its pre-exercise state This happens from EPOC / Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (Fast component) Re-saturation of myoglobin. Restoration of ATP and PC stores. Takes 2–3 minutes / 50% after 30 seconds. Uses up to 4 litres of oxygen (over and above resting levels). (Slow component) Maintain elevated heart and respiratory rates. Maintain a higher body temperature. Lactic acid is removed. Via the aerobic system / buffering/ Cori cycle. Converted to CO2 and H20 / glycogen / glucose / protein / sweat and urine.
4. Physiology Name the three types of muscle fibre found in the body. Explain why the percentage of each muscle fibre type found in the hamstrings of a 100m sprinter is likely to differ from that of a marathon runner. (7 marks)
5. Physiology Slow oxidative / type 1; Fast oxidative glycolytic / FOG / type 2a; Fast twitch glycolytic / FTG/ type 2b. A 100m sprinter will have a high percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres (type 2b) / Marathon runner will have a high percentage of slow twitch muscle fibres. 100m sprinter needs a high speed of contraction (for fast leg rate). requires a high level of force / explosive strength/ power. needs high anaerobic capacity. needs many fibres per motor unit. needs high creatine phosphate stores. Marathon runner needs high resistance to fatigue / endurance / stamina. needs high aerobic capacity. needs high numbers of mitochondria. needs a high store of myoglobin. needs high numbers of capillaries. needs a large store of triglyceride / glycogen store.
6. Physiology Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and altitude training are two specialised training regimes often followed by elite performers. Evaluate these two methods of training. (7 marks)
7. Physiology Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation: The body part is moved to the limit of its range of movement (ROM). With the aid of a partner. The position is held for several seconds. The performer contracts the target muscle isometrically for between 6 and 10 seconds. The muscle is then relaxed. The target muscle is moved once again to the limit of it’s ROM by the partner and a further / deeper stretch should be experienced. When the target muscle is contracted isometrically inhibitory signals from the Golgi tendon organ (GTO). Override excitory signals from the muscle spindles which delay the stretch reflex. increased length/ elasticity of muscle and connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments. Altitude training: At altitude the partial pressure of oxygen is reduced. Less oxygen is available to the muscles. Body responds by increasing the number of red blood cells / haemoglobin / haematocrit. Enhancing oxygen transport on return to sea level. Due to lack of oxygen at altitude effectiveness of training can be reduced / detraining. Altitude sickness / expensive. Benefits are soon lost on return to sea level. Hypoxic tents allow people to live in conditions of altitude but train in conditions of sea level.
8. Physiology Distance runners will often use a variety of methods to speed up recovery and rehabilitation from injury. i Explain the physiological reasons behind ice baths. ii Why might an endurance performer use an oxygen (hypoxic tent)? (7 marks)
9. Physiology i Ice baths include the immersion of a performers body (usually legs) in ice cold water which is believed to reduce muscle soreness and tissue swelling that accompanies hard training or competition. Cold water causes the constriction of blood vessels surrounding all the muscles, squeezing and draining blood and waste products away from the leg muscles. Exiting the ice bath (after about 6 minutes or so) then causes a blood rush, which flushes the muscles with fresh oxygenated blood. Carrying the nutrients and components necessary to revitalise the damaged and sore tissue. Enhanced blood flow to the muscles worked, speeds up the removal of lactic acid. Reduced tissue swelling. Reduced effect of DOMS (delayed onset of muscle soreness). Subsequent training is enhanced. ii Oxygen tents seek to preserve the fitness of the injured athlete rather than treat the injury itself and are most commonly used when injury to the legs or feet have occurred which severely hampers training. Oxygen tents are essentially specialised chambers that regulate the amount of oxygen available to the injured performer while they sleep, Replicating the low oxygen conditions of altitude Body responds by increasing its production of red blood cells. Improved oxygen transport. Maintenance of aerobic capacity.
10. Physiology There can be no sport without force. Using examples from a sport of your choice, show your understanding of Newton’s Laws to explain this statement. (7 marks)
11. Physiology (Newton’s 1st Law) a body continues in a state of rest unless acted upon by an external force / force is required for a body to start moving. Relevant example (Newton’s 1st Law) A body continues in a state of constant / uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external force. Relevant example (Newton’s 2nd Law) the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the size of force acting on it / F=ma. Relevant example (Newton’s 2nd Law)And the object moves in the direction of the force. (Newton’s 3rd Law) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Relevant example
