DOC-20230310-WA0112.ppt

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the
Requirements of Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
By: Basant Kumar
Regn. No.190155122490
Under the Supervision of
Ashok Kumar
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF PHY. EDUCATION

 Physical fitness is a positive and dynamic quality extending
on a continum form death to the abundant life. It is related
to ability to meet the demands of the environment,
specifically to preserve, to with stand stress, to resist fatigue
and to possess the energy for and abundant life. Physical
fitness is minimal in the seriously ill and maximal in the
highly conditioned person. The energy demands of daily
tasks vary from individual to individual. Some position
between these poles is satisfactory for most of people. Since
an individual is non divisible in to discrete parts, Physical
fitness affects all phases of human existence. It is vital for the
whole person in order to permit total affective ness.
Involvement of Physical fitness through exercise is also
importance for the maintenance of sound neuromuscular,
cardiovascular, and other organic system.

 Physical fit Person has more efficient circulatory and respiratory
system than an unfit person. The conditioned individual has
a greater stroke volume, which enables more blood to be
pumped each stroke, thus enabling fewer strokes per-minute
to do the work. The trained person is also able to achieve full
oxygen carbon dioxide exchange, resulting in more available
oxygen taken from the air, a slower rate of breathing and a
lower rate of lactic acid formation than is formed in the
untrained individual. High level of lipid Profile is very
commonly associated with Coronary Heart disease.
Evidence indicates that coronary heart disease being is early
childhood and progress slowly into adulthood. As in the
CHD, Cholesterol along with other lipids gets deposited on
the arterial walls. This deposition of harmful lipids can be
minimized or reduced by undergoing required intensity of
exercise.

 Apart from the Biochemical factors Physiological
factors also play a vital role in evaluating the
performance of players. The exercise program of
players involves the movementof muscles and like all
movement requires energy. Since the energy that
powers muscles is obtained by cellular respiration, the
amount of oxygen consumed during the exercise can
be used to estimate the energy expended.
 During heavy exercise, oxygen may not be provided to
the muscles rapidly enough to support their energy
requirements. Under these conditions energy is
provided by the physical production of lactic acid,
Accumulated lactic acid causes muscles cramps and
fatigue and represent an "Oxygen deft" cellular
respiration and other metabolic processes remove the
lactic acid when oxygen becomes available after the
termination of exercise.

 Individual differ in the ability to provide, the oxygen to
the muscle. The maximum rate at which an individual
can provide the oxygen to the tissues (VO2 max) is an
important measure of Physical fitness. VO2 max can be
increased by training. The most important effect of
regular exercise is an increase in the amount of blood
pumped with each contraction of the heart (Stroke
Volume) A trained player has a lower heart rate, both
during exercise and at rest, than an untrained person.
 Heart rate increases with exercise. The rate of increase
is proportional to the workload. The fitness of an
individual is rejected by the rate of increase. The
Physically fit individual will have a lower heart rate for
a specified work load or to view the relationship from
another stand point, at a a given heart rate the trained
individual will be able to exercise at a higher work load
than the untrained person.

 As you first start to exercise no matter whether you are
walking or running, your muscles immediately begin
to use energy to allow them to work. For the first three
minutes your muscles will burn glycogen, a special
sugar that is stored in the muscles for a quick infusion
of energy. Some glycogen is always stored within
muscle tissues; during this period fat is not burned.
This process is called physical metabolism. Often
during the first few minutes of strenuous, activity,
especially during physical metabolism you may
experience burning in muscles of your arms, legs or
back. This is due to the creation of lactic acid, which
occurs when glycogen is burned.

 This burning sensation will soon go away. As
you exercise more than three minutes you will
eventually burn up all of the glycogen stored
within the muscles and your muscles will
move into physical metabolism. When this
occurs lactic acid production is stopped. This
occurs because the glycogen is now being
burned in the presence of oxygen that is
brought to the muscles by way of the blood
stream. As long as you breath correctly you
will bring oxygen to the muscles and this
process will continue.

 Physical and physical are words originally
applied by bacteriologists to bacteria Physical
the word applied to the bacteria requiring free
oxygen in order to live. Physical the word
applied to the bacteria able to live and survive
in the absence of oxygen or air.
 Later, as exercise started to become more and
popular, these words were adopted to
designate certain types of exercise. Most
everyone is familiar with "Physical exercise"
Not everyone is familiar with non-physical or
physical exercise.

 LIPIDS:
 The Lipids are a heterogeneous group of
compounds related either actually or potentially to
fatty acids. They have a common property of being
relatively insoluble in water and soluble in non-
polar solvents such as ether, chloroform, benzene
and acetone. A lipid includes fats, oils, waxes and
related compounds.
 Lipids are classified as simple, complex and
derived lipids.
 A lipid profile is a direct measure of three blood
components Cholesterol. Triglycerides and high
Density Lipoprotein (HDL).

 Pulse Rate:
 Pulse Rate is the number of beats in one minute when
one systole and one Diastole Combines it becomes one
heart beat.
 A normal Pulse rate for a healthy adult, while resting
can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM)
During sleep, this can drop to as low as 40 BPM;
During strenuous exercise, it can rise as high as 200-220
BPM. Generally, pulse rates are higher in younger
persons. A resting heart rate for an infant is a high as
or higher than an adult's pulse rate during strenuous
exercise.

 R.B.C’s:
 Red Blood Cells are the most common type of blood delivering
oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. Red
Blood Cells are also known as R.B.C's or erythrocytes (from Greek
erythros for "Red and Kytos for "Hollow", with cyte now a days
translated as Cell"). A sclistocyte is a red blood cell undergoing
fragmentation, or fragmented part of a red blood cell.
 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY
 “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE , ON
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF
SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS,
ROHTAK DISTRICT, HARYANA”

 To find out the effect of Physical and Physical training of
sport persons on lipid profile .
sport persons on Pulse Rate .
sport persons on R.B.C. Count .
 To find out the intensity of exercise for improvement in the
liqpid profile of the sport persons.
Pulse Rate of sports persons.
total R,B.C. Count on sports persons.
male Sport persons on lipid profile .
 To find out the effect of Physical and Physical Training of
male Sport persons on Pulse Rate .

 The study was delimited to the high School
students of Rohtak District in Haryana.
 The study was further confined to the sport
persons of inter School level only.
 The study was further confined to the age of
sport persons (18 to 25 years) and Sex
(Male/Female)

 It is very difficult to control the daily routines
of sportspersons throughout of Haryana so that
the study was limited to diet, heredity and
environment which was also be effect the
subjects. It was Rohtak district of Haryana
state only.

 Correlation between exercise and physical fitness is as old as
human civilization. In ancient time the exercises were according
to the daily life activities of the people. These were in the form
of some of the traditional games as Wrestling, Kabaddi, Kho-
Kho ,Athletics, Jumps Swimming and throws etc. but these were
not muscle specific and adopted according to the requirements
of daily life routine.
 Wrestling is a form of combat sport involving grappling type
techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint
locks, pins and other grappling holds. A wrestling bout is a
physical competition, between two (occasionally more)
competitors or sparring partners, who attempt to gain and
maintain a superior position. There are a wide range of styles
with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern
styles. Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other
martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems.
 The term wrestling is attested in late Old English, as wræstlunge
(glossing palestram).

 Wrestling represents one of the oldest forms of combat.
Literary references to it occur as early as in the Iliad, in which
Homer recounts the Trojan War of the 13th or 12th century
BC. The origins of wrestling go back 15,000 years through
cave drawings in France. Babylonian and Egyptian reliefs
show wrestlers using most of the holds known in the present-
day sport.
 In ancient Greece wrestling occupied a prominent place in
legend and literature; wrestling competition, brutal in many
aspects, served as the focal sport of the ancient Olympic
Games. The ancient Romans borrowed heavily from Greek
wrestling, but eliminated much of its brutality.
 During the Middle Ages (fifth century to fifteenth century)
wrestling remained popular and enjoyed the patronage of
many royal families, including those of France, Japan and
England.

 Many studies showed that with training VO2 max
increases and with that cardiac output and removal of
oxygen by the muscles improves. There is
physiological evidence that endurance athletes can
perform for prolonged period at a very high
percentage of their maximal aerobic capacity (Davier et
al; 1979). The term aerobic power is synonymous with
VO2max and defines the maximal amount of oxygen
utilized by the runner during training. VO2 max is
expressed as an absolute or relative valve. Absolute
VO2 max is simply the maximal oxygen update
expressed in liters per min. Absolute fitness is
important in activities where body weight is not lifted
such as in cycling, swimming and handling of objects
and weights, other than body weight, Relative VO2
Max is important in activities where body weight is
lifted such as walking, running and climbing uphill.

 Lipids and carbohydrates are the major fuels for muscular work
(Gollnick, 1985) As muscle glycogen depletion limits endurance
performance, athletes are encouraged to consume high
carbohydrate low fat diets. However, endurance training adapts
skeletal muscles to improve lipid utilization and dietary fat
enhances and carbohydrate inhibits the storage and oxidation of
fat in muscles. Consequently dietary manipulation to enhance
muscle fatty acid metabolism may be beneficial to endurance
performance.
 Some of the studies reported that potential mechanism by
which an exercise modifies plasma and lipoprotein profile,
which are related, to increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and
lecithin cholesterol transferees (LCAT) activity (Hooper &
Crouse, 1987;)iii H.D.L. contains LCAT. This enzyme catalyzes a
reaction, which converts cholesterol-to-cholesterol esters.
 L.P.L. catalyzes the breakdown of TG of chylomicrons and
VLDL. In addition, exercise lowers triglycerides by increasing
insulin receptor activity and reduces abdominal body fat
(Despres et al. 1987) .

 Most of the studies conducted by so and so informed suggestion
of quantity exercise are necessary for H.D.L. Changes in male
and female. When compared with a sedentary group, most
physically active person, such as long distance runners exhibit
significantly higher H.D.L. levels. abdominal fat; commonly seen
Postmenopausal is associated with decreased liver LPL activity,
impairing the breakdown of triglycerides, so the therapeutic
effects of physical exercise have become a widely used strategy
to reduce the risk of Coronary Vascular disease. Comparisons
between sedentary and physically active groups have been used
to establish a positive influence of physical activity on blood
lipids. Physically active groups have greater HDLC and lower
TG levels as compared to less active groups some lipids and
lipoproteins such as H.D.L-C and triglyceride are more
amenable to exercise than others. (Durstine et al., 1987) .

 The upper limit of endurance performance of the
athletes sets by VO2 max. The VO2 max indicates
aerobic fitness, the ability to sustain work for
prolonged periods. Aerobic fitness is related to health.
Fit people are usually healthier there than unfit ones.
VO2max is the best way to measure the aerobic fitness
of an individual. The higher the VO2 max the fitter is
the individual (Shvartz and Reibold, 1990) Aerobic
fitness of an individual can be measured by asking him
to perform exercise at increased leads, for 12 to 15
minutes. A stationery bicycle or a treadmill is used for
exercise performance. The test starts with a moderate
workload, which is maintained for a few minutes. The
load is increased gradually every few minutes, until
reaching the maximum level that the subject can

 The oxygen update measured at the maximal load is
the subjects VO2 max. The higher the VO2 max, the
more work one can perform, thus the better the level of
aerobic fitness. The ability to perform aerobic work
depends upon the delivery of oxygen to the muscles.
Oxygen is delivered by the circulatory system and each
heartbeat indicates a quantity of blood pumped by the
heart. Heart rate is therefore a good measure of the
severity of exercise. Performance of a person also
depends on his age. Young people can increase their
heart rate to high levels and delivery large amounts of
oxygen better than that of older people. The low
maximal heart Rate in old people is the major cause of
their reduced aerobic fitness. Other age related causes
of decreased aerobic fitness include a reduction in
muscle mass and increase in body fat.

 Smutok MA (1993) Results of this study also demonstrate a
paradoxical increase in serum fibrinogen levels in both the
aerobic and resistance groups. There is strong evidence that
elevated fibrinogen is an important risk factor for coronary
artery disease, and numerous studies support this
relationship. Furthermore, study indicate that people who
train have lower fibrinogen levels than those who do not.
Trials of the effects of physical activity on fibrinogen have
been conflicting, and this may be due to complex interplay
between environmental and genetic factors in the regulation
of plasma fibrinogen levels. In agreement with our results,
Weight et al. reported that the fibrinogen levels of competitive
distance runners increased approximately 2-fold 24 hr after
exercise and remained elevated for 6 days, and suggested that
this increase was secondary to an observed increase in
interleukin-1 activity after exercise.

 Thus, although chronic exercise leads to low steady-
state fibrinogen levels, exercise may acutely cause an
increase in these levels. Accordingly, our observation
of a 25% increase in fibrinogen levels may have
resulted from taking this measurement too soon (~72
hr) after the last exercise session. The study are
necessary to assess the effects of aerobic and resistance
training on plasma fibrinogen. Study clearly shows
that physically active individuals are less likely to
develop hypertension than sedentary individuals.
Furthermore, aerobic exercise may decrease blood
pressure more effectively than strength training. The
effect is greater in hypertensive than in normotensive
subjects and is greater in those who achieve more gain
in fitness.

 Morris, R, Digenio (1993) Serum Lp (a) levels
are not altered by moderate exercise such as
walking, Jogging 3 to 4 days per week (Haskell
and Alderman, 1994; Holme et al; 1996 and
Morris et al; 1993) reported that serum Lp (a)
levels may increase after long term exercise
training, which is more intense than that
recommended for good health. A common
factor among studies reporting elevated Lp (a)
concentrations was a high volume of weight
bearing exercise performed by the subjects.

 Nicklas et al. (1997) found inverse relationship
have been established between body mass index
(BMI) Percentage body fat, regional body fat
measured at baseline and the extent to which
HDL-C and TG levels change with exercise
training Observations from these studies suggest
that exercise induced changes in HDL-C and TG
are smaller in individuals with greater BMI, body
fat or with more central fat distribution.
 Brown and Cox (1998) observed that during
periods of endurance training when energy
requirements are high, increasing the percentage of
fat in the diet to approximately 50% of total energy
did not result in adverse changes in the plasma
lipoprotein profiles of athletes.

 Mônica, Medeiros Moreira (2008): The TBM, BMI,
WC, GLU, and body composition variables
showed significant changes in the ET and IT
groups. CHO and HC values were significantly
reduced in the ET group, whereas WHR showed a
significant reduction in the IT group. IT and C
index in the IT group were significantly different
in relation to ET. In view of the differences found
in the results of the variables studied in relation to
the training performed, we conclude that an
exercise program that includes both high and low-
intensity activities is more efficient to ensure the
reduction of a greater number of cardiac risk
variables.

 Laaksonen DE (2009) Despite the potential importance
of favorable changes in the lipid profile produced by
aerobic exercise, training-induced lipid profile changes
in atherosclerosis-prone type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM)
have not heretofore been adequately addressed. We
assessed the effect of a 12- to 16-wk aerobic exercise
program on cardio respiratory fitness and the lipid
profile in young men with type 1 DM. Generally active
men aged 20-40 yr with type 1 DM (N = 56) were
randomized into training (N = 28) and control
(untrained, N = 28) groups after baseline
measurements. Training consisted of 30-60 min
moderate-intensity running 3-5 times a week for 12-16
wk. For the 42 men finishing the study, peak oxygen
consumption (VO2 peak) increased significantly only
in the trained group.

 Brown and Cox (1998) observed that during
periods of endurance training when energy
requirements are high, increasing the percentage of
fat in the diet to approximately 50% of total energy
did not result in adverse changes in the plasma
lipoprotein profiles of athletesiii.
 Moderate physical activities such as light sport,
gardening or long walks were found to be
associated with reduced CHD mortality. A similar
pattern was seen for vigorous activities such as
swimming, physicals and strenuous sports,
Vigorous activities were also found to be inversely
associated with CHD mortality Manson et al;
(1999).

 Sometimes prolonged exercise can enhance the
production of oxidized LDL, but supplementation of
antioxidant vitamins such as Vitamin 'E' and Vitamin
'C' can prevent the increase in oxidized LDL
Production Takanami et. al; (1999) showed that the
athletes who are engaged in pathogenic eating
behaviors i.e. at certain time in a year to achieve certain
weight, they may routinely engage in chromic dieting,
fasting, laxative use or self- induced vomiting are at
risk. Pathologic eating behavior reduces endurance
performance of athletes, they also reported that wheat
grass juice increases the HDL Levels in blood and
lowers the Cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels
thus reduces the risk of coronary artery disease.

 ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND
DISCUSSION OF DATA
 The present study was designed to conduct the
comparative study of effects of Physical , and Exercise ,
on selected physiological variables among Secondary
school boys of Rohtak district of Haryana, those who
participated at inter university level event in
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra and CDLU, Sirsa.
The present chapter divided into two parts. viz.
Analysis of data and discussion of finding.
 Analysis of data
 Lipid Profile
 Pulse Rate
 Red Blood Cells.

 The above mentioned physiological variables were
tested to carry on the research investigation for the
present study. The scores of physiological
variables were recorded in appropriate manner
and tabulated them in different tables for the
further investigation and for the results of the
study. The data for Physiological Variables were
completed for the calculation and analysis of the
data.
 The ‘t’ – test method was applied for the
comparison of effects of physical and exercise , on
Physiological Factor of Secondary school boys of
Rohtak district Haryana.

 ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
 There was no significant difference in Physical and Exercise , on
Lipid Profile of secondary school boys of Rohtak district.
Lipid Profile of female of sport persons.
Pulse Rate of secondary school boys of Rohtak district.
Pulse Rate of secondary school boys of Rohtak district.
R.B.C. Count of secondary school boys of Rohtak district.
R.B.C. Count of secondary school boys of Rohtak district.

 The scores obtained after applied the physical and
exercise , and scores were calculated and presented
in Table: 4.01 to 4.15. The complete data of
physiological variables were arranged in a way that
mean and standard deviation may calculate and also
the mean difference MD (m1 – m2) and the
calculation regarding ‘t’ – value. The tabulation was
prepared for each physiological variable separately.
The calculations in connection with ‘t’ – test were
also arranged for individual variable wise. The
different steps were followed to calculate the ‘t’-
value. The value of calculated ‘t’-test was compared
with the tabulated significant value at .05 level of
confidence with 95 degree of freedom.

Type of exercise Pre test Mean
(N-25 each)
Post test Mean
(N-25 each)
M D SED t-test
Physical , 209.41 mg/dl 137.56 mg/dl
18.72 3.63 5.15
Exercise , 209.92 mg/dl 156.28 mg/dl

 The table: 3.01 represent the mean scores output of the
total Serum Cholesterol of male after physical , and
exercise ,. The mean score of male sports person
before physical and exercise , were 209.4 and 209.92
mg/dl respectively. The mean score of Serum
Cholesterol of male after physical , were 137.56 mg/dl
and the mean score of total Serum Cholesterol of male
after exercise , were 156.28 mg/dl respectively, the
M.D. was 18.72 mg/dl and the S.E.D. of Serum
Cholesterol of male was 3.63 mg/dl. The t-value in
the table was 5.15 which was higher than the
tabulated value (2.069). It was significant at .05 level.
Therefore hypothesis was rejected.

(N-25 each)
Post test Mean
(N-25 each)
M D SED t-test
17.04 1.79 9.52
* Significant Value .05.

 The table: 3.02 represent the mean scores output of
the total Serum Cholesterol of female after physical
, and exercise ,. The mean score of male sports
person before physical and exercise , were 213.68
and 214.46 mg/dl respectively. The mean score of
total Serum Cholesterol of female after physical ,
were 143.88 mg/dl and the mean score of total
Serum Cholesterol of female after exercise , were
120 mg/dl respectively, the M.D. was 17.04 mg/dl
and the S.E.D. of total Serum Cholesterol of female
was 1.79 mg/dl. The t-value in the table was 9.52
which was higher than the tabulated value (2.576).
It was significant at .05 level. Therefore hypothesis
was rejected.

Fig. 3.02 Effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on level of lipid profile of
Female sports person. (Total Cholesterol)

Type of
exercise
Pre test Mean
(N-25 each)
Post test Mean
(N-25 each)
M D SED t-test
6.16 4.29 1.44


The table: 3.03 represent the mean scores output of
the Triglyceride Level of male after physical , and
exercise ,. The mean score of male sports persons
before physical and exercise , were 293.04 and
292.4 mg/dl respectively. The mean score of
Triglyceride Level of male after physical , were
283.12 mg/dl and the mean score of Triglyceride
Level of male after exercise , were 289.28 mg/dl
respectively, the M.D. was 6.16 mg/dl and the
S.E.D. of Triglyceride of male was 4.29 mg/dl. The
t-value in the table was 1.44 which was lower than
the tabulated value (2.576). It was not significant at
.05 level. Therefore hypothesis was accepted.

male sports person. (Total Cholesterol)

(N-25 each)
Post test Mean
(N-25 each)
M D SED t-test
Physical , 302 mg/dl 293.92 mg/dl
2.08 1.68 1.24


The table: 3.04 represent the mean scores output of
the Triglyceride Level of female after physical ,
and exercise ,. The mean score of female sports
person before physical and exercise , were 302 and
302.04 mg/dl respectively. The mean score of
Triglyceride Level of female after physical , were
293.92 mg/dl and the mean score of Triglyceride
Level of female after exercise , were 296.0 mg/dl
respectively, the M.D. was 2.08 mg/dl and the
S.E.D. of Triglyceride of female was 1.68 mg/dl.
The t-value in the table was 1.24 which lowers than
the tabulated value (2.576). It was not significant at
.05 level Therefore our hypothesis was accepted.

female sports person. (Triglyceride level)

(N-25 each)
Post test Mean
(N-25 each)
M D SED t-test
8.48 .89 9.95

the HDL after physical , and exercise
,. The mean of male sports person before physical
and exercise , were 43.32 and 43.12 mg/dl
respectively. The mean score of HDL-cholesterol
Level of male after physical , were 61.16 mg/dl
and the mean score of HDL-cholesterol Level of
male after exercise , were 53.12 mg/dl respectively,
the M.D. was 8.48 mg/dl and the S.E.D. of HDL-
cholesterol of male was .89 mg/dl. The t-value in
the table was 9.95 which was higher than the
tabulated value (2.576). It was significant at .05
level. Therefore hypothesis was rejected.

male sports person. (HDL Cholesterol)

(N-25 each)
Post test Mean
(N-25 each)
M D SED t-test
11.32 1.51 7.48

the HDL-cholesterol of female after physical , and
exercise ,. The mean score of female sports person
before physical and exercise , were 42.52 and 42.08
mg/dl respectively. The mean score of HDL-
cholesterol of female after physical , were 59
mg/dl and the mean score of HDL-cholesterol of
female after exercise , were 51 mg/dl respectively,
the M.D. was 8.48 mg/dl and the S.E.D. of HDL-
cholesterol of female was 1.51 mg/dl. The t-value
in the table was 7.48 which was higher than the
tabulated value (2.576). It was significant at .05
level. Therefore hypothesis was rejected.

Fig. 3.06 Effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on level of lipid profile of female
sports person. (HDL Cholesterol)

 Individual differ in the ability to provide, the
oxygen to the muscle. The maximum rate at
which an individual can provide the oxygen to
the tissues (VO2 max) is an important measure
of Physical fitness. VO2 max can be increased
by training. The most important effect of
regular exercise is an increase in the amount of
blood pumped with each contraction of the
heart (Stroke Volume) A trained player has a
lower heart rate, both during exercise and at
rest, than an untrained person.

 Heart rate increases with exercise. The rate of
increase is proportional to the workload. The
fitness of an individual is rejected by the rate of
increase. The Physically fit individual will have
a lower heart rate for a specified work load or
to view the relationship from another stand
point, at a a given heart rate the trained
individual will be able to exercise at a higher
work load than the untrained person.

 As you first start to exercise no matter whether
you are walking or running, your muscles
immediately begin to use energy to allow them to
work. For the first three minutes your muscles will
burn glycogen, a special sugar that is stored in the
muscles for a quick infusion of energy. Some
glycogen is always stored within muscle tissues;
during this period fat is not burned. This process is
called anaerobic metabolism. Often during the first
few minutes of strenuous, activity, especially
during anaerobic metabolism you may experience
burning in muscles of


 your arms, legs or back. This is due to the creation
of lactic acid, which occurs when glycogen is
burned. This burning sensation will soon go away.
 As you exercise more than three minutes you will
eventually burn up all of the glycogen stored
within the muscles and your muscles will move
into aerobic metabolism. When this occurs lactic
acid production is stopped. This occurs because
the glycogen is now being burned in the presence
of oxygen that is brought to the muscles by way of
the blood stream.

 As long as you breath correctly you will bring
oxygen to the muscles and this process will
continue.
 Aerobic and anaerobic are words originally
applied by bacteriologists to bacteria Aerobic
the word applied to the bacteria requiring free
oxygen in order to live. Anaerobic the word
applied to the bacteria able to live and survive
in the absence of oxygen or air.

 Later, as exercise started to become more and
popular, these words were adopted to designate
certain types of exercise. Most everyone is familiar
with "Aerobic exercise" Not everyone is familiar
with non-aerobic or anaerobic exercise.
 Exercise is useful in preventing or treating
coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, weakness,
diabetes, obesity, and depression. Range of motion
is one aspect of exercise important for increasing
or maintaining joint function. Strengthening
exercises provide appropriate resistance to the
muscles to increase endurance and strength.

 Cardiac rehabilitation exercises are developed and
individualized to improve the cardiovascular system
for prevention and rehabilitation of cardiac disorders
and diseases. A well-balanced exercise program can
improve general health, build endurance, and slow
many of the effects of aging. The benefits of exercise
not only improve physical health, but also
enhance emotional well-being. Studies have shown
that a consistent, guided exercise program benefits
almost everyone from Gulf War veterans coping with
fatigue, distress, cognitive problems, and mental health
functioning to patients awaiting heart transplants.
Exercise in combination with a reduced- calorie diet is
the safest and most effective method of weight loss.

 The United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) food pyramid, called MyPyramid, makes
exercise as well as food recommendations to
emphasize the interconnectedness between
exercise, diet, and health. Before beginning any
exercise program, an evaluation by a physician is
recommended to rule out potential health risks.
Once health and fitness level are determined and
any physical restrictions identified, the
individual's exercise program should begin under
the supervision of a health care or other trained
professional.

 This is particularly true when exercise is used
as a form of rehabilitation. If symptoms of
dizziness, nausea, excessive shortness of
breath, or chest pain are present during
exercise, the individual should stop the activity
and inform a physician about these symptoms
before resuming activity. Exercise equipment
must be checked to determine if it can bear the
weight of people of all sizes and shapes.
Individuals must be instructed in the proper
use of exercise equipment in order to prevent
injury.

DOC-20230310-WA0112.ppt

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