Birth Defect Effect

Birth Defect Effect
"There is no greater disability in society than the inability to see a person as more." Robert M.
Hensel says that, to look at a person with a disability and think nothing more of them is a disability
for us. Birth defects are abnormalities mostly found in infants. There are many issues that come
along with having a birth defect but some can be prevented. Analyzing all that is known in
accordance to birth defects can help us look for more solutions in minimizing birth defect rates. For
this reason education for pregnant women regarding birth defects needs to be more prevalent in the
medical community. Learning about birth defects and the importance of preventing them can benefit
the community greatly to have a healthier community. By learning ... Show more content on
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Because of all the research that has been done on birth defects, there is now a new technology that
helps the situation in regards to birth defects. One of these technologies is a robot used to aid in
treatment. Researchers at the University of Sheffield, Boston's Children Hospital and Harvard
Medical School developed a robot that is used to aid the treatment of oesophageal atresia (Biotech
Week 1). Oesophageal atresia is a rare genetic birth defect where the upper and lower parts of the
oesophagus don't connect. The research spent on this project shows how important education of
birth defects is important even to doctors and health scientists in order to improve the technology for
birth defects. The more they learn about birth defects and the science behind it, the more
developments there will be in this field. The new robot makes it easier and less stressful for the
patient and those surrounding the patient. The child is able to move around and live normally as they
undergo their treatment (Biotech Week 1). Since the robot is inside the child, they are able to
interact and do what they want as the robot repairs the tissue inside. Another benefit is that with this
robot they are able to improve in the medical field. "We further want to look at other tubular tissues,
such as intestine and the vascular system, to see if this technology can be used to help with
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Birth Defects And Its Effects On Society
Sean Moren
Mrs. Bumgarner
English I Honors
5 May 2017
Studies have been completed, showing that 10% of birth defects are caused by chemicals in
industrial products.("Birth Defects and Environmental Causes." ) The chemicals in industrial
products come from many things, however, food is one of the largest contributors to birth defects.
Therefore, it is important that consumers understand how the industry 's use of chemicals can affect
one's, health through their use of packing, synthetic chemicals, and the alternatives to chemical
filled foods.
People that work with plastic bottling plants and people who use plastics that are not BPA free have
a chance to be harmed permanently. Being exposed to large amount of BPA can permanently harm
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Corbett)Polyurethane laminating, an adhesive for flexible packaging is easy and cheap to use as a
sealant for food packaging. However, it can cause cancer if it react to the moisture in the food
causing aromatic amines, which can be deadly. This adhesive is bad because it can react with the
moisture for 41 plus days after it has cured, unlike other adhesives stop reacting seconds after being
cured.(Corbett)
There are many ways humans are exposed to chemicals in food, for example eating processed
meats, drinking soda, eating foods with preservatives, or taking dietary supplements. Eating 50
grams or more of processed meats every day increases the risk of colorectal cancer by 18%. That is
equivalent to about 4 strips of bacon of 1 hot dog. Red meat also increases the risk of colorectal,
pancreatic, and prostate cancer.(Simon)The lifetime risk of developing colon cancer is 5%. By
eating processed meat, the risk of developing colon cancer would rise to 6%. Which is substantially
larger than the normal 5%. (Simon) Meat is not the only food that has major health effects, soda has
bad health effects too. Aspartame is a chemical that is used in soda as an artificial sweetener. It has
many harmful effects to the human body even in medium intakes. Some of the many effects are
blindness, impaired hearing, numbness of the limbs, atypical facial pain, headaches.(Gold)
Aspartame does not just have

Hypospadias: Birth Defect In Boys
Hypospadias
Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys, where the opening of the urethra is not in the proper place.
With hypospadias, the abnormal formation of the urethra in the penis occurs in the 8th to 14th weeks
of gestation. There a differing degrees of hypospadias. It is generally considered minor when the
urethra is placed just below the end of the penis. More severe forms range from the urethra opening
being placed at mid–shaft to behind the scrotum.
About 5 in every 1000 boys will be born with some degree of hypospadias, which is usually
diagnosed shortly after birth. In some cases hypospadias is inherited, but the cause is unknown. It is
known that hormones stimulate the formation of the urethra and foreskin during the 8th to 14th
weeks of gestation. The result of a malfunction in the action of these hormones causes hypospadias
to occur. Some known risk factors include family history, maternal age over 40, and exposure during
pregnancy to smoking and chemicals including pesticides. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A circumcision should not be preformed at birth because the foreskin may be needed in the repair of
the penis. Hypospadias can somethings cause a curved penis, which if not repaired can cause future
problems with erection and urination. If there is a curve in the penis it will also be repaired at the
time of the repair of the hypospadias. Surgery will generally repair the normal appearance of the
penis, and the boy will usually have normal adult sexual function of the penis. In some cases a
second surgery may be

Essay about Love
Love Love is difficult to define, difficult to measure, and difficult to understand. Love is what great
writers write about, great singers sing about, and great philosophers ponder. Love is a powerful
emotion, for which there is no wrong definition, for it suits each and every person differently.
Whether love is between family, friends, or lovers, it is an overwhelming emotion that can be
experienced in many different ways. People experience love for the first time by being part of a
family. Family love is demonstrated through lessons of sacrifice, concern and compassion, from the
cradle to the grave. There are many different levels and conditions of family love. It is the love we
cherish between our intermediate family and our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A close–knit loving bond between two people can begin with a friendship. Whether it is a friendship
between two males, two females, or one male and one female, these friendships will develop into
love. In no way is it a romantic love, but this type of love connects and bonds friends. Friends may
move away or friendships may wane, but the love between the two people burns on forever.
Romantic love is a love that not every person will experience. It is a type of love that is not there at
the beginning, but grows within the individual. When one finally finds the love they have been
looking for, one can not imagine life with anybody else. Romantic love is a connection between two
souls that is captured with a feeling that is not only felt within the heart but within their body as
well. I have never been in love with a girl; I can only imagine what it might be like to be in love.
Guessing from my sister's relationship with boys, it seems like a big headache instead of a
wonderful feeling. To simply write a definition of love is complicated because every person has a
different perception of love. The only way to capture the true meaning of love is to experience the
feeling and find out for oneself, what love is. In our lives and the lives of others, love is evident.
Whether it is between family, friends, or lovers, love is a precious

Birth Defect Research Paper
Use of Genetic Engineering to Stop Birth Defects Every year in the United States around 120,000
infants are born with defects(1). This means that 1 in every 33 babies are born with a harmful
defect(1). These children face many hardships throughout their lives. A birth defects is any physical
or biochemical abnormality that is present at birth and that may be inherited or the result of an
environmental influence. These defects can range from mild to severe based on each case. Children
born with defects do not normally live the average life span and their life is filled with challenges
and hardships. Birth defects are the leading cause for infant death in the United States. These
children get shunned in today's society. If or when they go to ... Show more content on
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The main two ways are environmental and genetic. Environmental defects are ones that are caused
by the infant's environment either in utero or after the birth. These could range from drug induced to
the toxins that are in the environment where the child is born. There are also multiple ways that birth
defects can be presented. The most common and accepted ones are structural and
functional/developmental birth defects. Structural abnormalities are defects that occur in the
structure or body parts of the infant (5). These could include cleft lip, heart defects, spina bifida, or
anyone that challenges the normal growth of the infant internally or externally.
Functional/developmental defects are associated with any abnormality that alters how a body part or
body system works (5). These most commonly lead to intellectual and developmental disorders. The
most common developmental defects are nervous system or brain problem, sensory problems,
degenerative disorders, and metabolic disorders (5). Both of these types of defect can dramatically
alter the child's life and lead to many surgeries and therapies. If genetic engineering was used to
alter the genetic material while these affected infants were in utero they could had been born
completely

The Effects Of Prenatal Testing On Children With A Birth...
Prenatal testing was designed to allow a mother with a possible high risk the option to ensure the
health of their unborn child with a birth defect. The testing will also detect harm to the unborn fetus
if the mother was exposed to a disease or sickness. There are multiple levels of screening and testing
that can be done to provide to give results to an unborn child. The screenings are safe non–invasive
procedures that will detect particular birth defects.1 The types of screenings that can be provided are
ultrasound, and blood test.
Ultrasound screening uses sound waves to create an image of the fetus in the uterus. The test will
determined the size and the position of the fetus as well as any abnormalities with the bones or
organs of the unborn fetus. 2 There are many types of ultrasounds and at different levels they will
reveal more in depth issues or abnormalities. The first type being nuchal translucency ultrasound;
this type of ultrasound is done at 11 weeks 2 day to 14 weeks and 2 days. This ultrasound measures
fluid at the back of the babies' neck allowing detection of Down syndrome and major heart defects.
The second type of ultrasound available is fetal anatomy survey or a level 1 ultrasound. This
ultrasound will show how far along the pregnancy is. This is done between 17 to 20 weeks and
allowing a head to toe scan to detect birth defects. If the level 1 scan is deemed to be abnormal a
level 2 ultrasound will be preformed to detect harder to find defects.
Blood

Birth Defects Essays
Birth Defects
No one is immune to birth defects, yet not everyone is equally susceptible.
Birth defects are not merely a medical problem. They have profound effects on the social and
psychological well being of their family and friends.
In the normal course of fetal development, cells migrate to their appropriate destination so that
organs and limbs form where they should. Usually, the genes perform flawlessly, but mistakes can
and do occur. Some of the most common birth defects results from the interaction between one or
two abnormal genes out of 100,000 that make up who we are. This is caused by the genes parents
pass on or effected by drugs and alcohol upon the fetus of a new born child. Down's syndrome, the
most common genetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the next few years, he gradually became paralyzed and blind. Finally, he became so affected
that he was completely unaware of anything or anyone around him. Then, just before his fourth
birthday, he died. (Gravelle 56).
" About one in three hundred people carries this disease, but carriers are ten times more
common among mid and eastern European Jews" (Gravelle 56). This devastating disease has a
tremendous emotional effect on the parents. From day one they watch their beautiful healthy child
grow up and live a normal life.
Their child could live a normal life for three to four years without any symptoms. And then with no
warning their normal way of life changes dramatically as they watch their child suffer a slow
traumatizing death. Along with watching their child, they also have to face their new life. They now
have to sent most of their time and money on the child, but how ? If they both take off work who
will pay for all the doctor bills. If one takes off work who should it be? Physical breakdowns are a
major component facing parents as the deal with all this added pressure. Their life will consist living
around hospitals and live in nurses which many might get to help cope with the child. Their sex life
changes. Most of the time parents feel dirty or diseased them selves causing intimacy to stop and
from this, parents soon grow farther apart. Their are

The Common Genetic Birth Defects
One of the most common genetic birth defects is Down syndrome which is a congenital disorder
caused from a chromosome defect. It causes impairments and physical abnormalities. This is a
condition where a child is born with an extra copy of their 21st chromosome. According to the
National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), 1 in 700 babies are born with DS. There is not an exact
cause of how DS happens but there is an explanation as to what happens. When there is any case of
reproduction, genes from both parents are passed to the children. Within these genes there are
chromosomes and the child is supposed to receive 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 total. Children
with DS end up with 3 copies or an extra partial copy of chromosome 21 instead of 2 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children with DS often grow slowly and as they become an adult they are shorter than normal. Their
neck can have excess fat and skin which makes it look shorter than normal. Short, stocky arms and
legs along with a wide space between the big toe and second toe is also a physical body symptom.
As for face shapes and features they can have slanted eyes, nasal bridge that looks pushed in, small
ears that look low on the head, irregularly shaped mouth and tongue. A child's tongue can partly
stick out and the teeth can come in late and in a different order than other children. Most children
with DS have mild to moderate cognitive disabilities such as impulsive behavior, short attention
span and slow learning capabilities. Some health issues that are often symptoms of DS are heart
defects, hypothyroidism, eye conditions, hearing and dental problems, respiratory infections and
depression. (What is Down Syndrome) Children and adults with DS can face many major health
concerns during their life. A few of the most common include repetitive and obsessive–compulsive
behaviors, autism spectrum conditions, neuropsychological problems, and inattentive behaviors.
Young children with DS that have "limitations in language and communication skills, cognition, and
non–verbal problem solving abilities present with increased likelihood of developing: Disruptive,
impulsive, inattentive, hyperactive and oppositional behaviors; anxious,

Congenital Birth Defect: Cleft Palate Essay examples
Cleft palate is a congenital birth defect. Treatment of cleft palate requires the interdisciplinary
efforts of a Cleft Palate/Craniofacial team, which includes speech–language pathologists and
dentists. Approximately fifty percent of individuals who suffer from cleft palate have been shown to
have disorders in speech and/or language, with the potential to benefit from treatment (LeDuc,
2008). Individuals with cleft palate may experience secondary disorders such as feeding and
suckling difficulties in infancy, facial deformities, hypernasality, and difficulty maintaining
sufficient intraoral pressure to properly produce pressure consonants. These problems can occur at
multiple stages as a child grows into adolescence and young ... Show more content on
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The success of speech therapy intervention is dependent on successful surgical correction. The
authors note that postsurgical complications may include stiffness due to scar tissue decreasing the
flexibility of the velum, tethering of the velum, weakness of the velum, and shrinking of the velar
tissues. The authors also note the risk of malocclusion as the child grows and the palate continues to
grow and develop. Ibrahim, Kilpatrick, Reilly, and Vogel (2009) performed a comparative study of
the acoustic measures of hypernasality in the speech of school–aged children aged 2–14 years, some
with cleft lip/palate and others without cleft lip/palate. Ibrahim, Kilpatrick, Reilly, and Vogel (2009)
provided perceptual ratings of the hyper/hyponasality of vowel production in the children's speech.
Any child who was sick or had acquired an upper respiratory infection was excluded from the study,
as was any child with cleft lip/palate who also had any other disorders or comorbidities. The study
included a perceptual assessment in which two speech therapists were required to agree upon the
perception of the phonemes the child produced. Each child held and sustained two vowels, followed
by production of two CVC words without nasal phonemes. This process was repeated five times
with each child. The

The Dangers Of Vaccinating Children From Viruses That...
Mothers who are vaccinated are protecting their unborn children from viruses that could cause birth
defects. Protecting future generations is vital in order to try and exterminate disease. The dangers of
not vaccinating include exposing the individual child to disease, and also exposing other vulnerable
people who may have compromised immune systems or not are eligible for vaccination. By
receiving a vaccination you are limiting a future outbreak. Disease has been a problem for as long as
mankind has been around. By making vaccinations mandatory for schools in every state we as a
whole will be much healthier and less likely to get sick. 93% of children between the ages of 19–35
months have gotten the vaccine for Polio and the causes for that disease have decreased by 99%. In
today's world our medicine and science is getting much better. One of the first vaccines created was
for smallpox. A man named Edward Jenner discovered that by taking the right amount of the live
virus cowpox (vaccinia) and injecting it into his patients they did not catch smallpox. Like most
things, the right dosage of a vaccine can prevent people from getting sick. The fact that vaccines
have nearly gotten rid of some deadly diseases is a reason why getting vaccinated is important. With
better education and information, people who choose not to vaccinate their children can be
encouraged to consider vaccination, which will benefit both their families and society as a whole.
Vaccines are very

Birth Defects
Birth Defetc s No one is immune to birth defetc s, yet not everyone is equally susceptible.
Birth defetc s are not merely a medical problem. They have profound effetc s on the social and
psychological well being of their family and friends. In the normal course of fetal development,
cells migrate to their appropriate destination so that organs and limbs form where they should.
Usually, the genes perform flawlessly, but mistakes can and do occur. Some of the most common
birth defetc s results from the interaction between one or two abnormal genes out of 100,000 that
make up who we are. This is caused by the genes parents pass on or effetc ed by drugs and alcohol
upon the fetus of a new born child. Down's syndrome, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spina bifida is hereditary and some other factors may be involved, such as drugs or alcohol and even
the environment.
" True genetic disease are distinguished from diseases in which genetic factors play a part in the
causation of the disorder, but are not totally responsible for the disease" Strom 117). Mutations
causing birth defetc s are not the result of a single gene but, have some genetic components in their
causation.
Therefore certain birth defetc s are prone to occur repeatedly in families but, not to be considered
purely genetic such as spina bifida. Other causes of birth disorders are causes from drug and alcohol
abuse while pregnant. When a woman uses drugs during pregnancy, she is not only damaging her
health, but also that of her unborn child. The most harmful drugs are those classified as narcotics (
cocaine ,heroin etc
). Other harmful substance include alcohol, tobacco and caffeine. " A women's inter– uterine
environment is designed to protetc the fetus from external injury and to assure proper nutrition. Fetal
homeostasis is however heavily dependent on the maternal habitat and can easily be subjetc ed to
the harmful effetc s of drug and alcohol misuse (Gardner 1). In marked contrast, alcohol purchase
and consumption carries few restrictions and in terms of damage to the

The Major Environmental Cause And Environmental Effects Of...
Approximately 150,000 babies born in the United States every year are affected by birth defects, at
least 25 percent of those birth defects are environmentally caused (Birth Defects Statistics). Not
only do birth defects affect thousands of babies, other developmental problems such as low birth
weight and preterm labor also have an effect on a staggering number of children. Some
developmental problems and birth defects are unavoidable, but environmentally caused issues can
and should be prevented. Factors that are considered to be environmental include smoking tobacco,
drinking alcohol, using illegal drugs, taking prescription medications, having infectious diseases or
sexually transmitted diseases, and having poor nutrition. Environmental factors can cause birth
defects and developmental complications, but due to the limited amount of treatments, making
appropriate nutrition and lifestyle decisions during pregnancy can prevent these detrimental issues.
Birth defects and developmental complications can be caused by non environmental factors, or
environmental factors. Genetics and heredity are known causes of birth defects that are not
environmental factors. Birth defects such as Down Syndrome, Muscular Dystrophy, Cystic Fibrosis,
Sickle Cell Anemia are examples of genetics and heredity issues, which are unavoidable and can not
be prevented. However, environmental factors including: alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs,
prescription drugs, infectious diseases, sexual transmitted

A Birth Defect
Different studies and different recourses show that about 1 in 33 babies that are born in the U.S have
a birth defect. I decided to use this known fact from the Human Biology thirteenth edition textbook
by Sylvia S. Mader and Michael Windelpecht due to the fact that not many people know or even
care to think about it– that is– unless it happened to them or someone in their own circle. In order to
understand how to prevent and test for a birth defect you need to understand some common
definitions and words that can be used while reading about the topic. For starters, as stated in the
merriam–webster dictionary, the medical definition of defect is "a lack or deficiency of something
necessary for adequacy in form or function." Another word that is used a lot when talking about this
subject matter is test and testing. Based on the medical definition a test is "a diagnostic procedure
for determining the presence or nature of a condition or disease or for revealing a change in
function." From this definition you can see how the word test is also used in medical vocabulary to
see what is wrong with a patient so the doctors can determine what to do next. The last term that I
want to explain briefly before continuing is one that people might get confused with, it is the word
prevent. Although it might seem like an easy word people still confuse it with the act of curing
someone. The dictionary without a doubt states that the word prevent means "to keep from
happening or existing"

Pros And Cons Of IVF Cause Birth Defects
Ranjana Bhattarai
SCB 101
Topics in Biology
Chapter feature: Process of science
Outside Article: "Does IVF Cause Birth Defects?"
Does IVF Cause Birth Defects?
Scientific development on reproduction and development have brought the concept of fertilization
of sperm and egg outside the human body which is called In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). It is the
procedure of manual fertilization by mingling an egg and sperm and then transferring the embryo to
the uterus. The procedure of IVF is ovary stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization and embryo transfer
and implantation. Many infertile couples can have babies through this reproductive technology. This
process of assisted reproductive technology in reproduction have been considered as very important
and valuable for those parents who are infertile. However, it is predicted that the use of IVF is
associated with an increased risk of developmental disabilities in the offspring. This is a very critical
and significant concern for those who are planning to have babies through IVF. So, I chose this
research topic to find out the dangers which are threatening infertile couple to use this method to
have babies. I want to find if the baby produced through this method would have defects and
disabilities or not?
In the article "Does IVF Cause Birth Defects?" by Amy Dockser Marcus, a study published ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has included the result of many researchers who stated that children born through this process
have birth defects on them in comparison to children born naturally. Also, it has included the result
of another group of researchers and doctors who stated that children born through this process do
not have any birth defects on them. However, the article has not been able to discover the fact to the
point that whether IVF children have birth defects or not. Honestly speaking, this is the weakness of
the article and I did not like

The Effect Of Pair Of Stone Wales Defects On The...
Molecular Dynamics Based Investigation to Study the Effect of Pair of Stone–Thrower–Wales
Defects on the Mechanical Response and Failure Morphology of Graphene
G. Rajasekaran, Rajesh Kumar and Avinash Parashar Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee – 247667, India
ABSTRACT
Structural defects are inevitable in graphene due to its production techniques as well as chemical
and heat treatment processes. These defects in graphene are introduced either during the production
process or deliberately by us to tailor its properties. In this article, the effect of nearest neighbour
distance and angular orientation between Stone–Thrower–Wales defects (STW–2) on the
mechanical properties and failure morphology of graphene was investigated in the frame of
molecular dynamics. Mechanical properties and failure morphology of graphene was predicted to be
the function of angular orientation between STW–2 defects, when the nearest neighbour distance
was in the range of 10 Å. Graphene sheet containing pair of STW–2 defects had shown an overall
increase of 8% and 11% in fracture strength and strain respectively as compared to graphene with
single STW–2 defect. This study also characterised the failure morphology of graphene sheet with
single and pair of STW–2 defects in the armchair direction.
Keywords: Graphene, Stone–Thrower–Wales defect, nearest neighbour distance, angular
orientation, mechanical properties, Young's modulus and

Essay Birth Defects
Birth defects, or congenital malformations, are the faulty formation of structures or body parts
present at birth.
Sporadic, hereditary, or acquired defects may be immediately observed or may become manifest
later in life; they may be visible on the body surface or present internally. Birth defects may be life
threatening and require surgical correction, or they may interfere with function or appearance. It is
estimated that about 3% of all children are born with major defects; minor defects or variations are
estimated to occur in 10% to 15% of births.
Malformations may be single or multiple. Multiple malformations that occur in a regular
recognizable pattern are referred to as syndromes––for example, the FETAL ALCOHOL
SYNDROME
sometimes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In cases of autosomal recessive inheritance, both parents are normal but each carries a silent, or
recessive, gene that, if matched in an offspring, causes the birth defect. Because both parents are so–
called carriers (heterozygotes) of the same abnormal gene, they run a 25% risk (1 in 4) of having a
child with the birth defect caused by that particular gene. Examples of birth defects inherited in this
autosomal recessive manner are TAY–SACHS
DISEASE and SICKLE–CELL ANEMIA. In cases of X–linked recessive inheritance the abnormal
gene is located on the X chromosome.
The normal mother has two X chromosomes, one of which carries the gene for the abnormal
condition; but if her son inherits her X chromosome with the abnormal gene, he will be affected
with the condition. HEMOPHILIA is inherited in this matter. Multifactorial Defects
Many common birth defects do not occur in a pattern that indicates simple Mendelian inheritance.
They seem to result from an interaction of genes and the environment, including the intrauterine
environment, and each factor includes a number of different hereditary and environmental
influences; hence, these defects are called multifactorial. Among them are congenital heart disease;
neural tube defects, including
SPINA BIFIDA, myelomeningocele, and anencephaly; and CLUBFOOT, CLEFT LIP
AND PALATE, and dislocated hips.
Chromosome Number An increase or decrease in the total chromosome material can cause birth
defects. For

Causes Of Birth Defects
Causes of Birth Defects
Every day a baby is born with a birth defect, and these defects range from minor abnormalities that
need no treatment, to severe defects that may need surgery, need medication, or even cause
disabilities. Caused by environmental influences or inheritance, a birth defect is a biochemical or
physical abnormality present at birth. Around 4,000 birth defects have been discovered throughout
the years and each year 1 out of 33 babies are born with a defect ("Gupta"). What mothers do while
pregnant can be a major factor that causes a birth defect. The most common causes of birth defects
include smoking, alcohol use, and recreational drug use while pregnant.
Smoking during pregnancy is one of the most common causes of birth defects in babies. If a mother
is smoking during her pregnancy the fetus is also experiencing the effects smoking can cause. On
average twenty percent of women smoke during their pregnancies causing 1,000 baby deaths each
year in the United States ("Smoking During Pregnancy"). Smoking during pregnancy accounts for
thirty percent of babies born underweight, fourteen percent of premature labors, and ten percent of
all infant deaths ("Smoking During Pregnancy"). The placenta connects from the uterus to the
developing fetus, giving the baby the nutrients and oxygen it needs to grow. When a mother inhales
the poisonous gases from the cigarette, they travel into the mother's blood stream and through the
placenta into the fetus. While this

Summary: Preventing Birth Defects With Folic Acid
Preventing Birth Defects with Folic Acid
WHAT IS FOLIC ACID?
Folic acid is a vitamin that is used by the body to create new cells and keep the blood healthy.
Everyone needs folic acid to stay healthy. It is especially important if you are pregnant.
Folic acid is artificial (synthetic). The vitamin in its natural form is called folate. Some foods are
natural sources of folate, and other foods have folic acid added to them (fortified foods). You can
also buy folic acid supplements or vitamins that contain folic acid.
WHY IS FOLIC ACID IMPORTANT DURING PREGNANCY?
Folic acid helps reduce your baby's risk of serious birth defects, especially:
Spina bifida. Spina bifida occurs when a baby's spinal column does not develop completely. This
can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your health care provider may recommend that you see a nutrition specialist (nutritionist). A
nutritionist can help you make healthy food choices and get more folate from your diet.
Nutrition education programs may be available through your community health department.
WHERE TO FIND MORE INFORMATION:
Learn more about the importance of folic acid from:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/about.html
The Office on Women's Health: womenshealth.gov/publications/our–publications/fact–sheet/folic–
acid.html
National Institutes of Health: ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate–Consumer
The March of Dimes: www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/folic–acid.aspx
SUMMARY
It is important to start taking folic acid when you plan to become pregnant, because many birth
defects can happen before you know that you are pregnant.
You can get more folate and folic acid from your diet. Look for certain foods that are fortified with
folic acid.
Your health care provider may recommend that you take a supplement to get enough folic acid.
ExitCare® Patient Information ©2012 ExitCare,

Tuning Mechanical Properties Of Graphene With Stone...
Tuning mechanical properties of graphene with Stone–Thrower–Wales defects – A molecular
dynamics study
G. Rajasekaran and Avinash Parashar Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian
Institute of Technology, Roorkee – 247667, India
HIGHLIGHTS
ABSTRACT
Structural defects which are inevitable during the production, chemical and heat treatment processes
can affect the mechanical properties of graphene and also defects can be deliberately introduced in
graphene by ion beam irradiation to get required properties for specific applications. So,
understanding the effect of defects on mechanical properties and failure behaviours of a graphene
sheet is important for its applications. In this work, the effects of linear and angular orientation of
different types of Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW–1 and STW–2) defects on the mechanical properties
and failure behaviour of graphene membrane have been investigated in the frame of molecular
dynamics. This work discussing about tuneable mechanical properties by amending the linear
orientation of STW–1 and STW–2 defects at different angles in zigzag direction and armchair
direction respectively. The results obtained from the present work may provide the insights in
tailoring the mechanical properties by preparing defects in graphene, and give a full picture for the
applications of graphene with defects in flexible electronics and nanodevices.
Keywords: Graphene, linear and angular orientation, fracture properties, Young's

Baby Birth Defect
Imagine a mother was pregnant with her first child, but was living in Love Canal, New York. Her
life just could not seem to be better, she had an amazing husband and was about to have her first
baby. The child was born with a cleft lip, extra fingers and toes, and mental retardation. That mother
would probably still love that baby unconditionally, but how would she feel knowing that her baby's
whole life has been drastically changed and she did not know why. Later in the child's life the
mother finds out that her child will always have physical and mental limitations because of Hooker
Chemical Company. This is what was happening, to not just one, but many families who lived in
Love Canal, New York. The whole town, adults and children of all ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the video, "Lois Gibbs – The Love Canal Story", Lois Gibbs shares how she and a group of
scientists investigated people outside the fence of Love Canal, to try and see if there was a larger
amount of disease from the people living there. They found that fifty–six percent of the children
were born with birth defects; "fifty–six percent of our children had three ears, double rows of teeth,
extra fingers, extra toes, or were mentally retarded" (Lois Gibbs). In the video it also stated that at
that time there were twenty–two women pregnant, and of that twenty–two, there four normal babies
born. Unfortunately the other eighteen babies were miscarriages, stillborn, or born birth defected.
These mishaps were not because the parents of the children had anything wrong with them (before
the chemicals), it was because of the large amount of chemicals they were around and

Birth Defect
to not drink, smoke, or abuse drugs. Drinks lots of water to stay hydrated, exercise as much as
possible, and to take pre–natal vitamins.
Doctors may let older women know who are pregnant or who are expecting to get pregnant
(generally over age 35), that there is more of a chance for birth defects at this age just because their
bodies aren't in the best condition and because their bodies may have a harder time carrying or
providing the best care to their baby that the baby needs, compared to someone who is younger.
Doctors also tell patients after they have their first child the risks of having more children as they get
older since they will be approaching a more advanced maternal age because they will be older when
they decide or if they decide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Knowing that your child has a birth defect or an abnormality can make the delivery very emotional.
An older woman trying to deliver a baby may also have more difficulty with the delivery depending
on how healthy and in shape she is. That may also affect the labor process as well and how fast it
will go. Although, the most common birth defect in children with mothers of an advanced maternal
age is Down syndrome. Down syndrome occurs from a chromosomal defect. The mother must also
be motivated to keep herself healthy in good shape during and before the pregnancy (if planning to
get pregnant). The mother must want to maintain a good health status in order to make the
pregnancy a successful one, no matter the age. She must follow all the doctor's orders and go to her
regular check ups as needed. Usually, by not following the doctor's orders is where abnormalities
and defects can occur. The doctors make the mother aware of the consequences that can happen
when they don't do what is asked of them during the pregnancy and what can happen if they do the
complete opposite. The complete opposite would be eating bad, not caring about their health status
at all, not drinking enough water or drinking an excessive amount of sugary or alcoholic beverages,
smoking, using drugs, not taking the pre–natal vitamins, and not exercising as much as they could
be. All of these things can result in

The Effects Of Birth Defects On The Development Of The Fetus
Prenatal development is the process in which a human embryo or fetus gestates during pregnancy,
from fertilization until birth (Prenatal Development). Most cases of unhealthy development can be
avoided, however there are some genetic and environmental factors that cannot. Some genetic
factors that affect the development of the fetus are Phenylketonuria, Sickle–cell Anemia, Tay–Sachs
Disease, and Down Syndrome (Feldman 402). Some environmental teratogens that affect the
development of the fetus are disease, toxic substances, the mothers age and well–being (Feldman
403). Teratogens are environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, viruses, or other factors that
produce a birth defect (Feldman 403). About 2–5% of all pregnancies that occur result in the fetus
being born with a serious birth defect. A cause of birth defects can be linked to faulty genes and or
chromosomes (Feldman 402). The following diseases are more common when resulting from
genetic and or chromosomal adversity. Phenylketonuria, an inherited disease in which the fetus
cannot produce the required enzymes for normal development, results in the accumulation of
poisons that eventually cause intellectual disabilities (Feldman 402). This disease usually occurs in
about 1 and 10,000 pregnancies, and because of how rare this disease is, it has a successful
treatments when caught early enough right after birth (Phenylketonuria). This disease is caused by
the PAH gene, the gene that is responsible for making the

A Case Control Study On Birth Defects
In 2002, a case–control study was started in Brittanny, France. The candidates were women who
were well into their second trimester (Douglas). Out of this study, they concluded that 79 out of the
580 babies were born with birth defects (Douglas). The mothers were questioned about their home
lives and their hobbies, along with their occupation. Twenty–nine percent of the women were found
to be exposed to these solvents based on the products they use in their home while twenty–one
percent of women were exposed to harmful products through their profession (Douglas). "Women
who reported regular exposure to solvents were four times more likely to have a baby with an oral
cleft as compared to women who did not report regular exposure. Using job ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Hormones are the building blocks of life. Without them, you can't create new lives. However,
hormones are starting to cause people to worry. Breast development is on the rise. Girls, on average,
are beginning to mature and grow breasts at the age of nine, which causes one to raise suspicion
considering how the average in the 1960's was around age 11 (Steingraber 746). Early breast
development can be linked to breast cancer later on in life. "A common misconception is that all
man–made chemicals are harmful, and all natural chemicals are good for us. However, many natural
chemicals are just as harmful to human health, if not more so" (Lorch). Dorea Reeser provides a
different perspective to counteract the harmful effects of manmade chemicals. Dorea Reeser upholds
a Ph. D. in environmental chemistry at the University of Toronto. She researches and studies the
chemical reactions at water surfaces, and how the chemical and physical properties influence these
reactions and the release of important trace gases into the troposphere.
"The idea that nature can harm us is not new. Have you ever heard of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis,
botulism or tetanus? Why, then, are so many convinced that anything and everything natural is
healthier for us than synthetic products? It 's true that modern chemistry has brought us a number of
toxic chemicals, like DDT and dioxins, but do you really think that nature 's chemicals are any less

I Am Born With Multiple Birth Defects, Including A Cleft...
I was born with multiple birth defects, including a cleft palate. These defects required me to need
several surgeries throughout my childhood. This experience introduced me to the medical field early
on and started my passion for pursuing a career in the discipline. I came to University of South
Florida as a pre–nursing student in the hopes of making in to the nursing program. I plan to apply to
nursing school this spring and hope to continue my education to become a Certified Registered
Nurse Anesthetist, Pediatric Registered Nurse, or a Family Nurse Practitioner.
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
My previous experience in the hospital setting showed me many different career options within the
field, and one that always stuck out was CRNAs. They were always the ones to make me feel
comfortable and safe as they put me to sleep before a surgery, making them one of my favorite
individuals in the surgical room. I want to be a CRNA so I can be that person for children going
through the same thing that I went through. Additionally, I enjoy science and have always excelled
in the subject, so I am extremely fascinated in the science behind anesthesia. The idea of putting
someone to sleep to make surgery tolerable and painless interests me.
Education
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist is a two year graduate program. To be accepted in to this
program you must receive a bachelor's degree in nursing, be certified as a registered nurse, and
complete a year of clinical

Congenital Birth Defects
"I don't care if it's a boy or girl. I just want a healthy baby." Advancements in technology allow
parents to learn more than ever about their baby in utero such as the sex, developmental milestones
and potentially any congenital defects. A new parents' greatest fear is that their baby will be sick or
struggle to survive; if parents were able to know their child would be born with a condition that
would keep them from leading a typical life, should they be able to terminate? Having a disability or
congenital birth defect does not mean the same thing for our youth as it did ten, twenty, or even fifty
years ago. The same advancements in technology and science that allow us to learn more in utero
have enabled us to understand genetic conditions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meiosis is only performed by a male or female's sex organs because the cells found in those organs,
gametes, contain the X or Y chromosomes (Maayan 2011). When the gametes are producing more
cells, they pass on the X or Y chromosomes to the new haploid daughter cells. Randomly, during
miosis I or meiosis II, the homologue pairs or the chromatids do not separate in a process called
nondisjunction (Mader 2015). When this occurs occurs and some new cells will be left with no
chromosomes and others with double the amount of chromosomes. If a woman has an egg with no x
chromosome is fertilized or if a sperm with no X chromosome fertilizes an egg, what will result is a
zygote with only one X chromosome instead of the normal two ("Chromosomal Abnormalities"
2017). If this zygote is formed, it is called monosomy X or what we know as Turner Syndrome
("Chromosomal Abnormalities"

Hospital Birth Defects
Birth Defects Associated With Out–Of–Hospital Births
At a point in history, Homebirths and Midwives were prevalent when delivering. However; the use
of these two methods plateaued as many people were concerned with the health of the infants and
the mothers. The ultimate goal of delivery is the safety and protection of both the mother and the
child. For a time, and still to this day, women turned to hospitals to ensure that safety. However, as a
new wave of feminism has empowered mothers to take control of the natural birthing process, more
and more women are reverting back to the home birth method. Though homebirth goes smoothly for
most mothers, there is always the potential for complications that many mothers are not prepared to
handle. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the best choice should be the one that achieves the ultimate goal of the safe delivery. The
statistics hold the records and can be paramount for a mother who wants to make the decision. The
figures indicate that birth at home is risky when compared to birth in the hospital mostly where there
are a delivery complications, and emergency services are needed. According to the Federal birth
registers, out of a thousand babies born at home, 3.9 would likely to have birth defects mostly
associated with delivery emergency and complications. On the other hand, the same statistics claim
that for the hospital–based deliveries, only 1.8 of one thousand babies faced birth–related defects
(Mathews, Curtin & through Friday, 2015). The statists also point out that there is a high risk of
deficiency when the baby is born at home than when born in the hospital environment. The defects
as result of childbirth–related complication are high in midwives attended birth than those delivery
process carried out in hospital when there is an emergency. Statisticians document 7 defects per one
thousand deliveries that have associated birth complications with deliveries attended by midwives.
According to the statistics done in the years 2016 by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
the home delivery has gained favors than hospital delivery in the recent time. This implies that as
more birth

Birth Defect Essay
Raising a child with a birth defect
A birth defect is a physical or mental malformation present at birth. Some birth defects are visible
such as leprosy, and some are eternal such as abnormal body function and divergent blood cells.
Additionally, some birth deficiencies are genetic, and others transpire when external factors affect a
child maturation in the womb. For instance, a child whose mother smoked during pregnancy is
vulnerable and likely to have a heart defect at birth.
A recent study contends that, in many occurrences, the birth of a child brings a sense of happiness to
parents, for this reason, many parents muses about getting a healthy child, realistically, there is
nothing wrong with wanting to have a healthy child with all his/her organ functioning customary.
Nonetheless, what should happen if a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a parent or a guardian, you should admit the feeling of surprise, anger, and denial that devour
you. It is natural and very acceptable to feel emotionally disturbed but do not let it weigh you down,
talk to a counselor or a psychotherapist that can help you come in term with the new reality.
Seek specialized care. Early intervention is pivotal in evaluating your child's need and seeking
treatment for him/her. Getting nutrimental advice, distinguish which occupational therapy may suit
your child need and seek suitable professionals to coordinate with in your endeavor to make your
kid better.
Commemorate your child. A child with a congenital disability is prone to stigmatization, mainly in a
society that views a child weakness as a curse or worse, Insulate your child from the surrounding
discrimination.Raising a child with a birth defect should not be draining job to any parent or
guardian. Remember to let yourself enjoy your child the same way you could have if she/he was
born with no deficiency. The fact that your kid was born with a congenital disability does not deny
him/her the joy and the fulfillment of a happy

Essay On Birth Defect
Not every birth in this world is perfect, unfortunately. One out of every 33 babies born in the United
States has some form of birth abnormality according to the CDC. Sometimes mutations and birth
defects can occur. Of course, no mother would ever want a child with a birth defect. So how do
these birth defects and problems occur? Basically anything a mother does to her body will also have
a direct effect on the developing fetus inside. Simply put it, a teratogen is defined as "any agent that
can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes."
(Santrock, 2013). The effects of teratogens may vary from child to child, but it will always have a
dramatic impact on the family in most situations. Birth defects ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Birth defects usually break down into two categories: genetic and non–genetic causes. During
conception, half of the mother's and father's chromosomes come together to form the genetic
blueprint for the future child. However, sometimes the parents may carry a form of genetic defect
that they may not be aware of. Perhaps the defect has been carried down in the family from
generation to generation, but just hasn't emerged yet. These defects are established at birth and often
cannot be prevented (Selner & Leord, 2012). An example of a genetic birth defect would be Down
syndrome. This occurs roughly 1 in 800 births, making it one of the most common chromosomal
disorders. Down syndrome is caused by the presence of three copies of the 21st chromosome. One
of the biggest causes attributed to Down syndrome has to do with the mother's maternal age.
According to Lobo and Zhaurova (2008), the risk of having a child with the condition exponentially
increases after the woman reaches age 35. In young mothers, the risk of having a child with Down
syndrome is 1 in 2,000, but the frequency rises to 1 in 100 when a woman is 40, and 1 in 12 when
she is 50 years old (Lobo & Zhaurova,

Noonan Syndrome Is Agenetic Birth Defect That Results In
Noonan syndrome is a genetic birth defect that results in many physical deformities and possible
developmental handicaps. Noonan Syndrome affects male children while Turner Syndrome affects
females. This paper will focus solely on Noonan Syndrome, which affects 1 in approximately 2,000
people. Complications include but are not limited to: short stature, widely spaced eyes, some form
of heart disease, and stunted puberty or infertility. Noonan syndrome is a biochemical disorder that
occurs before a person is born and is formed through the genetic makeup of the parents that result in
that of their offspring.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of the disorder and how genetics and biochemistry
work together to create this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These causes specifically are completely biochemical, occurring within the chemical processes that
develop the fetus. A single gene defect goes hand in hand with inheritance. All genes are inherited
therefore so are bad genes; a single gene defect is that, a gene for a disease is inherited and
manifests as a birth defect. Then, there's chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomes are those
structures within our cells that contain genes. If an abnormality occurs (such as a replacement, of
one piece of the gene for another) this will also results in a birth defect within the fetus.
Noonan Syndrome is the result of a chromosomal abnormality. This specific type of abnormality can
only be detected by deep molecular testing of the parents and the offspring who has been affected by
Noonan syndrome. Detection then becomes a tricky process as the signs and symptoms of the defect
can be misdiagnosed as their individual appearances. A short stature can be seen as just a physical
abnormality, the same for eye spacing and other physically noticeable attributes. The heart diseases
can be seen as completely separate problems as well. For this reason cases of Noonan syndrome can
persist into a person 's adult life completely undiagnosed. Detection therefore relies on the parents
being genetically tested before ever conceiving.
Noonan syndrome through inheritance is of an autosomal dominant pattern. That

Birth Defects and the Millennum Development Goals Essay
Birth defects is a critical issue and this is reflected through the intersectionality of birth defects and
several of the Millennium Development goals. Birth defects is related to goals 4,5 and 6 which are
infant mortality, improving maternal health and environmental health. All of these goals are
interrelated of preventing and improving birth outcomes. The web of connections birth defects has
with the millennium development emphasize the importance of handling this issue.
Birth defects affects different nations across different severities. To understand the causes of birth
defects its important to compare the extremes in order to better the health of these children and
mothers and how to prevent birth defects. So the comparing the US ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In many cases, two or more environmental factors may be interrelated or synergistic" (Al–Hadithi ,
Shabila, Saleh & Al–Diwan , 2012). Although the cause of most birth defects are unknown, certain
genetic and environmental factors increase the chance of birth defects developing. These factors
include exposure to radiation, certain drugs, alcohol, isotretinoin, accutane, nutritional deficiencies,
certain infections in the mother, injuries, and hereditary disorders. While some risks are avoidable
others occur no matter how strictly a pregnant woman adheres to healthful living practices.
Environmental substances that can cause birth defects are called teratogens. A teratogen is any
substance that can cause or increase the chance of a birth defect. Examples include radiation
(including x–rays), certain drugs, and toxins (including alcohol). Most pregnant women who are
exposed to teratogens have newborns withabnormalities. Whether or not a birth defect occurs
depends on when, how much, and how long the pregnant woman was exposed to the teratogen. For
example, exposure to a teratogen during the time that certain parts of the brain are developing is
more likely to cause a defect in those areas than exposure before or after this critical period. Many
birth

Causes Of Birth Defects
Causes of Birth Defects Every day a baby is born with a birth defect, and these defects range from
minor abnormalities that need no treatment, to severe defects that may need surgery, need
medication, or even cause disabilities. A birth defect is a biochemical or physical abnormality that is
present at birth, and they usually are caused by environmental influences or inheritance. Around
4,000 birth defects have been discovered throughout the years and each year 1 out of 33 babies are
born with a defect ("Gupta"). What mothers do while pregnant can be a major factor causing the
baby to be born with a defect. The most common causes of birth defects include smoking, alcohol
use, prescription medications, and recreational drugs use while pregnant. Smoking during pregnancy
is one of the most common causes of birth defects in babies. If a mother is smoking during her
pregnancy the fetus is also experiencing the effects smoking can cause. On average 20% of women
smoke during their pregnancies causing 1,000 baby deaths each year in the United States ("Smoking
During Pregnancy"). Smoking during pregnancy accounts for 30% of babies being born
underweight, 14% of premature labors, and 10% of all infant deaths ("Smoking During Pregnancy").
The placenta connects from the uterus to the developing fetus, giving the baby the nutrients and
oxygen it needs to grow. When a mother inhales the poisonous gases from the cigarette, they travel
into the mother's blood stream and through the

National Birth Defects Registry
The Birth Defects Registry is operated by the US by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). Besides the CDC, there are other non–profit institutions that monitor birth defect data, an
example of these organizations is the National Birth Defect Registry.
The main function of the Birth Defect Registry is to: "(i) collect information on birth defect
incidence by state; (ii) monitor annual trends in birth defect occurrence and mortality; (iii) conduct
research studies to identify generic and environmental risk factors for birth defects; and (iv) promote
educational activities for the prevention of birth defects" (Bowie & Green, 2016).
Most of the birth defects occur during the first three months of pregnancy when the baby's organs

Birth Defects in differenct Cultures
In many cultures, birth defects are considered a curse and are sought to be removed by some
method: spiritually or by simply ignoring them. However, as science is improving and eyes are
opening towards the topic of birth defects, more research has been conducted to understand and
accept them. Since the 1960s, the federal government introduced ways that mentally ill patients
could live outside a mental hospital, where they were confined from the general public, and live a
normal life. Many communities and mental centers were built to allow continuous and efficient care
for those patients from their homes. Yet, the question remains whether or not the whole world has
accepted mental illnesses. Many believe that the mentally ill should be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Canada is one of the many countries to improve mental health conditions culturally and medically,
another leading country is Australia. In Australia, a two–day event was held at the University of
Melbourne called Try Walking in My Shoes. Try Walking in My Shoes, "look[s] at how empathy
can be boosted and community awareness raised by," (Sun–Herald 5) depicting what life is like for
the mentally ill. Included in the event was a symposium that explored the on–screen portrayals of
people with a mental illness. In an effort to end the comical relief and violent killer stereotypes of
the mentally ill, Australian films like The Sunnyboy, a documentary of the life of a singer suffering
from schizophrenia, and Hypothesis, a film about the director's twelve year battle with bipolar
disorder, were presented at the symposium. Canada's latest project and the symposium in Australia
encourage equality in care and behavior towards these patients. Equality is not seen in other parts of
the world as people in other countries continue to classify people with mental illnesses as a disgrace.
Furthermore, despite all the awareness and campaigns to get people to sympathize and empathize
with the mentally ill, many people believe in ignoring and even neglecting these illnesses to avoid
public ostracization. This is widely seen in developing countries or in

Essay On Birth Defect
It is hard for family to be informed that a child is born with some kind of birth defect. Parents are
under tremendous stress once they are informed about a defect and then have to decided what they
should do to help fix their child's defect. The day a parent finds out they are pregnant, most people
are very excited. No one ever wants their baby to be born with a birth defect. A special group of
parents must be chosen to have a child with a defect. There are only a few options to choose from
when a parent has to pick what they should do to care their baby. Most parents are willing for their
child to have surgery if the surgery will help, but there is always some who fear for their baby to
undergo surgery. For the parents who are against the options of their baby having surgery they
choose abortions or getting their child prescribed medicine. Parents wanting their child to have
surgery trust surgeons to operate on their child and are okay that their child may be a little different
than other children. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today the world is blessed to have many intelligent doctors and surgeons to help fix an infant's
defect. The most common birth defects are a cleft lip or palate and a heart defect. To fix these
common defects surgery is usually an option. To let a child undergo surgery is a very scary thing to
do. When any parent makes the choice of surgery to help fix their child's defect they have to also
think about the risks the child can have during surgery. To be put to sleep is always dangerous there
is always a chance the patient may not wake up, although the chance is slim. Anyone who makes the
choice of surgery has to be strong and believe in the doctors and surgeons to operate on their child.
Depending on how bad a child's birth defect is determines the level of help a child needs to mend
the defect.. The two common birth defects to have surgery on is, a cleft lip or palate or a

Birth Defects Discrimination
The stigma and discrimination of living with severe birth defects
Birth defects are health problems that occurs when a baby is developing in uterus (in the womb) of
an individual (Healthline Editorial Team, 2017). This defect may be caused by genetic disorders,
problems with chromosomes, or environmental factors; disorders such as mandibulo–facial
dysostosis, cleft palate and spina bifida. The lives of people with severe birth defects conditions are
often contributed by stigma as well as discrimination. Stigma is a major cause of discrimination
which leads to rejections, being scorned and gossip at; isolated socially, bullied; and even labelled.
The book, Palacio, R.J Wonder, 2012 demonstrated the story of a boy named August or "Auggie"
Pullman, a ten–year–old boy living in Manhattan who was born with severe birth defects
(mandibulo–facial dysostosis and a cleft palate) which left him severely disfigured. It was difficult
for him to make friends. He lives with his parents, his older sister Via; and his dog Daisy. August
was homeschooled up until the fifth grade but his parents decided it was time for him attend a real
school. They enrolled him in Beecher Prep, a neighborhood private school. There August (Auggie)
was faced with many obstacles during the school year because of his appearance. He dealt with
many stigma and discrimination from both students and parents.
Do you know what it is like to experience, shame, isolation and rejection? World Health
Organization (WHO),

Antidepressants Cause Birth Defects
The main argument being made is that some antidepressants can cause birth defects, the article
provides us with a study to help prove this. The study looked at data on more than 38,000 women
who had given birth in 1997–2009 and compared what the mother's antidepressants are and the
child's number of birth defects (Neighmond, 2015). One concept or idea that ties into child
development is epigenetics, where the environment influences or alters gene expression (Berk,
2018), which makes me wonder if in some cases the child being exposed to an environment of a
depressed mother, it may cause some genes to alter. This also ties into the concept of passive gene
environment, where parents who are genetically related to the child set up the environment ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example could be, if the mother or father is showing signs of depression, they may neglect to
take proper care for the child. Maybe because they are depressed, they may not focus all their time
into the child, rather focusing on their depression. A woman who avoids taking antidepressants
during her pregnancy to try and ensure her baby is born without defects could still have a child with
some sort of birth defect, other things can cause birth defects, such as current or prior drug use
illegal or prescribed, or in other cases that child is just genetically predisposed to it. Birth defects
can happen due to genes malfunctioning or even when there are problems with a chromosome
(Berk, 2018). So, it is impossible to say that a pregnant mother can avoid birth defects by not taking
antidepressants. This idea is further reinforced by Jennita Reefhuis in her abstract video when she
cautions us that antidepressants are not the only thing that can cause birth defects, other possibilities
such as pre–existing conditions in the mother who takes antidepressants or other unknown
influences may have a large impact on birth defects as well (Reefhuis,

Birth Defects Of Babies Are Serious Functional Or...
Birth defects in babies are serious functional or structural abnormalities that are present at birth in
3%("approximately 120,000"(Simeone 1104) ) of infants in the United States each year. There are
quite a few different types of defects that you may not even be able to see on the infant at first. It
could be something developmental that will only get worse as they get older. If you believe that
birth defects are only caused by women doing illegal drugs and drinking while pregnant, you're
wrong. It could be a complete genetic disorder that the baby has inherited or a chromosome problem
where the baby is missing even just a part or a whole chromosome and in some cases gains an extra.
Sometimes before the baby, is born you are able to do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It could be very mild and be solved with therapy, or there are some extreme cases that need surgery
as soon as the child is born. Spina Bifida is another common structural defect that is very serious
and it messes with spine. There is a three different types of spina bifida; the first type is
Myelomeningocele which is where the baby 's spine doesn't completely close. "With this condition,
a sac of fluid comes through an opening in the baby's back. Part of the spinal cord and nerves are in
this sac and are damaged. This type of spina bifida causes moderate to severe disabilities." (CDC)
The next type is meningocele this has some similarities to the first type with the sac but with this the
spine isn't in the sac, this type will only have some minor disabilities. The final type is Spina Bifida
Occulta which is the more mild out of the three. This is where there is only a small gap in the baby's
back with no sac. This is harder to find in infants usually is isn't even discovered until people are
young adults, not many disabilities are caused by this type. There is not only common structural
defects, but also developmental or functional defects. A well known type that affects the nervous
system is Down Syndrome. This is when people either have an extra piece on a chromosome or they
have a whole extra chromosome number 21. "It is the most common chromosomal cause of mild to
moderate intellectual disabilities. People

Case Study on Birth Defects
1. How does the class–presented case study of birth defects draw together and demonstrate each of
the goals of epidemiologists (15 points)? During class lecture on 4/4/2014, I learned about a case
study regarding neural tube defects (NTD). The instructor, Amy Ham, discussed this study as well as
various ways professionals apply the goals of epidemiology:
" –To determine the extent of disease found in the community –To trace the etiology of disease –To
study the natural history of disease in a specific population –To evaluate the research –To provide
the foundation for developing policy (Ham, 2014)"
Researchers in the case study aimed to determine the extent of NTD within the community, trace the
etiology of NTD, and study the natural history of NTD in the specific population. In evaluating their
research, they found that there were no real differences between women with NTD births and those
who had healthy births. The only correlation was that women who did not graduate high school were
twice as likely to have NTD pregnancy (Ham, 2014). It can be speculated that this is because
women who finish high school may have learned more about health, may be older, or better
prepared for pregnancy. The study left many questions about NTD unanswered, however, which
provides the foundation for further research. Additional studies on NTD have demonstrated that
enzyme transformation failures which increase homocysteine levels are responsible for preventing
closure of the

The Birth Of A Baby With Genetic Defects
Science has evolved rapidly, from paternal test, to vitro fertilization (IVF) and testing embryos for
genetic defects; and recently talks of designer babies. The first genetically tested embryo was in the
US in 2000 . With his birth, came a law in the UK, (which was where this baby was born)
prohibiting the creation of more of these babies. This law was created since the British Medical
Association, Dr Vivienne Nathanson, said that these babies would feel as "medical products". This
law still remains today, but the UK has allowed "the creation of babies with DNA from two women
and one man" (Gallagher), to prevent the birth of a baby with "mitochondrial diseases ". After the
world discovered that the Chinese found a way to edit genes, ... Show more content on
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Why is this? Why is it alright to wish for our child to look a certain way, but when presented with
the technology to choice how a child will look like, it is seen as morally wrong? Improvement or
enhancements made for health related issues are seen as acceptable but non health related
modifications are not acceptable.
To understand what a designer baby is, genetics also has to be understood. Generics is the study of
heredity, discovered by Gregor Mendel (also known as the father of genetics) and his pea plants
experiment. In Mendel's experiment "he described the unit of heredity as a particle that does not
change and is passed on to offsprings" (Mandal). This means that a living being gets half of their
genes from one parent and the other half from the second parent. These genes are what get modified
in designer babies. The term designer babies is the media's name for eugenics. Eugenicists believe
that it is in our society's best interest to encourage families with "good genes" to reproduce, and to
condemn the "unfit" families. These genetically modified children are considered as the "new
eugenics"; "today's version is 'positive': it allows for the creation of more desirable babies" (Tuhus–
Dubrow, 40), also the original version deprived people of their rights and liberties.
The process used to modify genes is called CRISPR/Cas9. It was discovered in china in 2013;
before CRISPR, scientist would

Birth Defect Effect

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