Mscict ns&i telecom fundamentals

Barcelona School of Management
Master of Science in IT Strategic Management – MSCIT
Networking Services & Infrastructures
1.- Telecom Fundamentals
ramon.palacio@gmail.com
September 2014

Network Infrastructures and Internet Technologies
1.- Telecom fundamentals
Index
 Signals
 Frequency domain & spectrum
 Transmission
 Modulation
 Multiplexing
 Transmission media
 Switching: circuit & packet
 Architectural layers: OSI & TCP/IP
 Protocols
 Standardization bodies

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures
Signals
 Analog
 Digital

Signal parameters
 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Wavelength
 Phase

Frequency domain

Spectrum,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency
 Frequency Bands
 VHF
 UHF
 Microwave
 Infrared
 Visible

Acoustic spectrum

Transmission & channels
 Transmission modes
 Simplex
 Half duplex
 Full duplex
 Digital aggregation
 Bit
 Byte
 Frame
 Packet
 Cell

Transmission parameters
 Transmission parameters
 Asynchronous & Synchronous
 Attenuation,
 Noise,
 Delay,
 Results
 Analog degradation
 Digital errors

Channel parameters
 Chanel parameters
 Fourier analysis – Frequency domain
 Spectrum – Bandwidth
 Data rate – Bandwidth
 Channel capacity, Nyquist Bandwidth (without noise)
 For binary signals, the data rate that can be supported by B Hz is 2B bps
 With multilevel signaling, the Nyquist formula becomes: C = 2B log2M
 Shannon Capacity (with noise)
=10 log10 (signal/noise)
 SNRdb
 Capacity C = B log2(1+SNR)

Addition of frequencies

Modulation
Analog & Digital
Amplitude, Frequency & Phase
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem

Modulation

Analogical modulation
 AM Amplitude Modulation
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation
 FM Frequency Modulation
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation
 PM Phase Modulation
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_modulation
 QAM Quadrature AM
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation

Amplitude and Frequency Analogical modulation

Digital modulation
 ASK Amplitude Shift Keying
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying

 FSK Frequency Shift Keying
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying

 PSK Phase Shift Keying
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying

 Digital QAM
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation

Digital modulation

QAM two-bit (PSK)

QAM three-bit (ASK + PSK)

QAM four-bit (ASK + PSK)

Multiplexing
TDM & FDM
 TDM Time Divison Multiplexing
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing
 FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Synchronous TDM

Asynchronous TDM – ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

Synchronous TDM vs ATM

Plesyochronous TDM multiplexing - PDH

Synchronous TDM multiplexing - SDH
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)
and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are
standardized protocols that transfer multiple
digital bit streams synchronously over optical
fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from
light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

SDH Hierarchies

SDH Synchronous Ring

Asynchronous vs. Synchronous multiplexing

Multiplexing (other)
 OFDM Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing

 CDMA Code Division MA
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access

 DWDM- Dense wavelength multiplexing
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing

OFDM - Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
 OFDM is a method of encoding digital data on multiple
carrier frequencies (used in adsl & 4G)
 A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier
signals are used to carry data on several parallel data
streams or channels.
 Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional
modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude
modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate,
maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier
modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

OFDM

CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access

CDMA

DWDM – (Dense) Wave length multiplexing

TDM vs. WDM

TDM vs. WDM vs. OFDM

Mixed TDM & OFDM

Transmission media

Cupper pair cable

Twisted-pair cupper standards
 Class A: link/channel up to 100 kHz using Category 1 cable/connectors
 Class B: link/channel up to 1 MHz using Category 2 cable/connectors
 Class C: link/channel up to 16 MHz using Category 3 cable/connectors
 Class D: link/channel up to 100 MHz using Category 5e cable/connectors
 Class E: link/channel up to 250 MHz using Category 6 cable/connectors
 Class EA: link/channel up to 500 MHz using Category 6A cable/connectors
(Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
 Class F: link/channel up to 600 MHz using Category 7 cable/connectors
 Class FA: link/channel up to 1000 MHz using Category 7A cable/connectors
(Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
 Class I: link/channel up to between 1600 MHz and 2000 MHz using Category
8.1 cable/connectors (specification under development)
 Class II: link/channel up to between 1600 MHz and 2000 MHz using Category 8.2
cable/connectors (specification under development)

Coaxial cupper cable

Optical fiber. Refraction and total reflexion

Optical fiber - types

Optical fiber – refraction index

Optical fiber windows

Switching (and Routing)
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Datagrams
Virtual circuit

Switching

Circuit switching

Packet switching (datagram & virtual circuit)

Datagram

Virtual circuit

Virtual circuit process

Architectural Layers
 OSI Model
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model

 TCP/IP Stack
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite

OSI (open systems interconnection) Layers

OSI functions

OSI communication

OSI Network

OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Stack

OSI vs. TCP/IP vs. Ethernet models

Network protocol functions (at different layers)
Establishing and closing connections
Addressing
Sequencing
Data error control
Flow control

Network protocol meaning
Layer 2: Local link, with local meaning (many circuits a t a time)
Layer 3: Local link with end to end meaning (only one circuit)
Layer 4: End to end communication (one circuit)

Virtual circuit establishing and closing

Error detection & correction
 Detection and retransmission used in communications
 Correction used in memory writing
 Always with redundancy
 Parity check
 Polynomial check with CRC (cyclic redundancy check)

Error detection & correction. Example

Error detection. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

Error detection. CRC generation

Flow control

Flow control at diferent levels
Can be at
 Layer 2: All the channels in the link , when this layer 2 has
congestion
 Layer 3: a channel in the link (because other “distant
layer 2” may have congestion that affects this circuit)
 Layer 4: end to end congestion

Standardization Bodies (1)
UIT – ITU
http://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx
ISO
http://www.iso.org/iso/home.html
IEEE
https://www.ieee.org/index.html
3GPP
http://www.3gpp.org/

Standardization Bodies (2)
 ETSI European
http://www.etsi.org/
 FCC USA
http://www.fcc.gov/
 OFCOM UK
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/
 ISOC Internet Society
http://www.internetsociety.org/

Networks ….
 Types: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN,
 Topologies: Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, Mesh,
 Signals: Voice, Data, TV, Sensors,
 Fixed services, mobile services,
 …..to be continued…..

Mscict ns&i telecom fundamentals

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