1. Building infoways
Bridging distances

2. By:
Sagnik Mukherjee & Shubham Goswami
(BE - 2ND YEAR
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & TEL.COMM ENGG.
JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY )
Project Guide : Mr. C.B. Tiwari & Mr. A.K. Singh

3. PowerGrid: An Overview
 A Navaratna Company
 Incorporated in 1989 for transmitting bulk power across the
country
 Central Transmission Utility of India
 Second Largest Transmission Utility in the World
 Carries more than 51% of India’s total power generation
 Transformation capacity- 1,51,303 MVA
 Cumulative Inter-regional power transfer capacity of National
Grid 28,000 MW

4. POWERGRID- “DIVERSIFICATION INTO
TELECOM BUSINESS”
 In 2001, PowerGrid diversified into telecom business under the
brand name PowerTel
 PowerGrid had certain projects (viz ERP and NTAMC) in
mind in order to leverage its Transmission business
 These required fast broadband optic fiber communication
network internally
 Therefore, POWERGRID diversified into Telecom business in
the year 2001 to utilize the spare optic fibre capacity of its
Unified Load Dispatch Centre (ULDC) schemes, leveraging
its country wide transmission infrastructure.
 Significant revenue with respect to insignificant Incremental
Investment

5. PowerTel at a GLANCE
 Only Telecom Service provider
in the country having Pan India
overhead optic fiber network
on its Extra High Voltage
transmission lines.
 One of the few to have a reach
to Srinagar (J&K) and North
Eastern States.
 Implementing Agency for major
Telecom Projects of Govt. of
India Viz. National Knowledge
Network (NKN) & National
Optic Fiber Network(NOFN)

7. Telecom Equipment And
Familiarization
SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)
 Converts 3-Ph A.C. input power supply to D.C. by virtue
of programmable rectifiers present in it.
 Charges the battery Van which in turn provides the power
supply for all the other telecom equipments.
Suppliers of SMPS for PowerTel: Huawei, AmaraRaja

8. Telecom Equipment And
Familiarization
Battery Van:
 Charged by D.C. Power Supply from SMPS
 Generates a -48V voltage supply (standard voltage supply
for telecom equipments)
Suppliers: AmaraRaja
 System Rack:
 Contains the Fiber Optic Distribution Panel (FODP)
Suppliers: SER&M, Tellabs, HCL,ZTE

9. Telecom Equipment And
Familiarization
System Rack Battery Van

10. Digital Transmission Systems
The two modes of transmission used are:
I. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
II. DWDM(Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

11. Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy(SDH)
SDH is a transmission protocol or it is a set of rules
for transmitting the data from source to destination
via optical fiber.
In a set of Synchronous signals, the digital
transitions in the signals occur at exactly the same
rate. There may be a phase difference between the
transitions of the two signals, and this would lie on
specified

12. The Network Elements of SDH :
 Regenerator (Reg.): Regenerates the clock and
amplifies the incoming distorted and attenuated signal. It
derive the clock signal from the incoming data stream.
 Terminal Multiplexer (TM): It combines the
Plesionchronous and synchronous input signals into
higher bit rate STM-N Signal.
 Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM):Extraction from &
insertion into high speed SDH bit streams of
Plesionchronous and lower bit rate synchronous signal.
 Digital Cross Connect (DXC):Equipment which has the
capability of interconnecting tributaries

13. DWDM
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology
which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a
single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors)
of laser light. This technique enables
bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well
as multiplication of capacity.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) refers
originally to optical signals multiplexed within the 1550 nm
band so as to leverage the capabilities (and cost) which are
effective for wavelengths between approximately 1525–
1565 nm (C band), or 1570–1610 nm (L band). DWDM
replaces the old SDH/SONET technology.

14. Various Components
Node View - TJ100MC1
Node view - TJ100MC4
ZTE System Rack: (Has
40 channels each having
STM-64 or 10Gbps
capacity ie 40X10 Gbps
capacity)

15. Comparative Analysis
SDH DWDM
1. Works on the principle of
TDM(Time Division
Multiplexing)
2. Information carrying capacity is
lower
3. Each wavelength component
requires a pair of fibres, hence
setup is expensive compared to
that of DWDM.
4. Cross connections are made
using software simulation
5. Mainly used for intra-city
connections, for low bandwidth
usage.
1. Works on the principle of
WDM(Wavelength Division
Multiplexing)
2. Information carrying capacity is
higher
3. Multiple wavelength components
can be simultaneously
transmitted in a single fibre over
multiple channels, hence
cheaper.
4. Cross connects are manually
made.
5. Mainly used for inter-city
connections, for high bandwidth
usage.

16. Comparative Analysis
SDH DWDM

17. Bandwidth Management
 Bandwidth in a digital communication system is the
number of bits of data transmitted or received per second;
(expressed in bps, kbps, Mbps,etc) hence it is often
referred to as Digital Bandwidth.
*STM=Synchronous Transport Module DS=Digital Signal
Link Nomenclature Speed
E1 2 Mbps
E3 34 Mbps
DS-3 45 Mbps
STM-1 155 Mbps
STM-4 622 Mbps
STM-16 2.5 Gbps
STM-64 10 Gbps

19. Fibre Management
Principle :
 Optic Fibre is a transparent fiber made of high quality
extruded glass (silica) or plastic
 Can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light
between the two ends of the fibre
 Works on the principle of TIR(Total Internal Reflection).
 Photons, the units of optical energy are used to transmit, store
and process information
 Power over Fiber (PoF) optic cables can also work to deliver
an electric current for low-power electric devices

20. Fibre management
Construction:
There are 3 functional components :
 Core: (8micron)
• Silica glass with
Germanium(typical)
• Purpose: Signal transmission
 Cladding: (125 micron)
• Silica glass(typical)
• Purpose: Signal containment
 Buffer(250 micron) &
Jacket(400 micron):
• Dual layer, UV cured acrylate
(typical)
• Purpose: Mechanical Protecion

21. Fibre Management
The broad two types of optical fibres are:
a) Single Mode: Supports only one stable mode of
propagation.
b) Multi Mode: Supports more than one stable mode of
propagation.

22. Fibre Management
Single Mode Fibre Multi Mode Fibre
1. Typical Core Diameter:8.3
micron
2. Lower attenuation
3. Lower Dispersion
4. Longer reach with high data
rate transmission(greater than
50km with STM-4)
5. Expensive(LASER is used)
6. Used in telecom CATV at
1310 and1550 nm
1. Typical Core Diameters:
62.5micron & 50 micron
2. Higher attenuation
3. Higher Dispersion
4. Shorter reach with high data
rate transmission(less than
0.5km with STM-4)
5. Cheaper(LED is used)
6. Used in LAN under 2km at
850 and 1300 nm.

23. Fibre Management
Types of Fibre Connectors

24. Fibre Management

25. Fibre Management
Advantages of Optic Fibre Technology:
 Extremely high Bandwidth ie high information carrying
capacity
 Very low attenuation(0.02db/km), no cross talk and
disturbances
 Low Cost as compared to copper
 Immune to EMI(Electromagnetic interference) and
RFI(radiofrequency interference)
 Dielectric in nature, so not susceptible to electrical
surroundings
 Small size, light weight, easy to install and difficult to tap
(hence secure)

26. Fibre Management
Technology deployed:
 UGOFC(Under-Ground Optic Fibre Cable) has been
provided to create PoP (Point of Presence) where s/s or
overhead line is not available
 OPGW – (Optical Fibre Ground Wire )over high voltage
Transmission line
OPGW:
Installed about 29,279 Kms of Telecom Network (OPGW
- 19,656 Kms & UGOFC - 9,623 Kms).

27. Fibre Management
OPGW Technology:
• Used in the construction of electric
power distribution and transmission lines
• Functions in both grounding and
communications
• Optical fibres within the cable can be
used for high-speed transmission of data
• Conductive part of the cable serves to
bond adjacent towers to earth ground, and
shields the high voltage conductors
from lightning strikes
• Free from vandalism and rodents(due to
overhead connection)

28. Fibre Management
 Investigation of the soil before using trenchless
techniques
 Methods for inspecting and repairing underground plastic
ducts
 Fast mapping of underground Networks
 Low environmental impact trenching technique
Mini-trench installation technique
Micro-trench installation technique
Low impact trenching technique for FTTx networks
Steps for Installation of Optical Fibres

30. Trouble-shooting and
Maintenance
OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) :
• Optoelectronic instrument used to characterize
an optic fiber. It is the optical equivalent of an
electronic time domain Reflectometer.
• Injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber
under test.
• Extracts, from the same end of the
fiber, light that is scattered (Rayleigh
backscatter) or reflected back from points
along the fibre.
• The strength of the return pulses is measured
and integrated as a function of time, and
plotted as a function of fiber length.
Application :
• Provides us the distance of line-fault from a
given end.

31. Trouble-shooting and
Maintenance
OPM(Optical Power Meter)
 Used to measure the power in optical signal.
Measures average power in fiber
optic systems.
 Consists of a calibrated sensor,
measuring amplifier and display. The sensor
primarily consists of a photodiode selected
for the appropriate range of wavelengths and
power levels.
 Power is expressed in dBm measured wrt
1mW power(0dBm)
 Sensors are semiconductor materials like
Silicon, Germanium, GaAs, etc each having a
specific operating wavelength range.[Eg:
GaAs sensors are mostly used for single-mode
fibre testing at 1270 - 1650 nm.

32. Troubleshooting and
Maintenance
Splicing:
[ Process of jointing optical fibres with each other ]
• Done by controlled melting of optical fibres resulting in
softening of glass after which fibres are fed together
• Uses heat created from an electrical arc
• Melting Point: around 1600-2000 degree Celsius

33. Network Management
System(NMS)
 Real time monitoring of the
telecom network through state
of the art National Telecom
control centre at Delhi
Fault Management in a 24x7
basis
Customer support HELPDESK
Technical support
Dedicated and focused
approach on RTCC’s at
Kolkata,Delhi,Mumbai&Benga
luru.

35. Marketing and Commerce
Telecom Licenses:
 National Long Distance(NLD) license
 ISP Category A license to provide internet services in the country
 IP-I to provide Telecom Infrastructure
Customers
 Unified Access Service Providers
 NLDO’s( eg. NIC,RailTel, BSNL ,Airtel, Prasar Bharati )
 ILDO’s
 ISP’s (eg. AMTRON,NEEPCO,HPSEB)
 Call Centres
 Govt Agencies
 Corporate Customers & MNC’s

36. Marketing and Commerce
BUSINESS ASPECTS:
STRENGTH:
 Only service provider with OPGW.
 Having Pan India presence.
 No twisting, Vandalism proof.
 Free RoW (Right of Way).
 Existing Transmission line maintenance and monitoring team
can take care of the O&M of OPGW.
 Healthy financial condition.
 Highly technical manpower.
 Full support from Government of India ( as POWERGRID is a
Govt. Company)

37. Marketing and Commerce
WEAKNESS:
 As POWERGRID’s transmission line & Substations are away
from the city/town, connecting to main cities is a challenge.
OPPURTUNITY:
 Possibility to gather most of the telecom bandwidth business.
 Penetration in interior and hilly areas.
 Telecom business in NER and J&K (disturbed areas) region.
 Monopoly in Telecom Infrastructure with OPGW technology

38. Marketing and Commerce
Relevance of Telecom Business:
 Implementation of System Coordination and Control
(SC&C) projects for better overall coordination and
effective management of interconnected grid networks.
 Real time monitoring & better management of grid
through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) & Energy Management System (EMS)
technologies which require dedicated wideband
communication networks.

39. Marketing and Commerce
Ongoing/Upcoming Projects:
National Knowledge Network(NKN):
 NKN is Multi-Gigabit Pan-India network designed to ensure the
highest level of availability, quality of services and robust, secure
and reliable connectivity for extending network based services.
 Consists of an ultra – high speed core links (10 Gigabits per
second), DHQ Links (1 Gigabit per second), and edge links (100
Megabit/1 Gigabit per second).
 Connects approximately 1500+ educational, governance,
healthcare and research institutions with connectivity upto district
level with NIC as the nodal agency
Tower Infrastructure Business:
• Towers leased to companies and for laying their transmission
lines .
• Around 1500 towers present currently.
• PowerTel is planning to double this number in the recent future

40. Marketing and Commerce
National Optic Fibre Network:
 Govt of India Project to connect 2,50,000 Gram Panchayats
(GP) in the country to form a seamless optical fibre network,
utilizing the existing optical fibre network of BSNL,
POWERGRID and RAILTEL. Allocation of Gram Panchayats
to BSNL, POWERGRID, Railtel in 3:1:1 ratio
 Estimate cost of the project- Rs 20,000 Cr
 Schedule Time Line for completion 24 months
 NOFN will be executed by an SPV named “Bharat Broadband
Network Ltd (BBNL).”

41. Marketing and Commerce
Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP):
 Integrated Information System across the organization to ensure smooth
operation through deployment of various resources (Man, Material,
Machine etc.) in effective manner.
 Integration of different functional and geographically dispersed
regions/sub-stations through cross-functional, process-oriented and virtually
integrated enterprise resulting in improved decision making in day-to-day
business transactions and reduction in transaction & coordination costs.
 Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) :
• High-performance telecommunication networks that direct data
from one network node to the next based on short path labels
rather than long network addresses, avoiding complex lookups
in a routing table.

42. Marketing and Commerce
National Transmission Asset Management
Centre(NTAMC)
• Aim is to have a completely unmanned substation except
security personnel.
• Operations will be done from a remote centralized
location i.e. NTAMC. The RTAMC will co-ordinate the
maintenance aspect of the substation from a centralized
location and will act as a backup to the NTAMC for
operation. The maintenance activities would be carried out
by maintenance service hub (MSH) in coordination with
RTAMC’s.

43. Marketing and Commerce
Business Strategies of
PowerTel:
 Conservative Marketing, not
aggressive like other private
players
 Does not participate unless
considerable profit margin(
Revenue: Investment>2:1)
 Since it is a B-B service
provider, relationships with
customers are critical
 PowerTel is looking forward
to increase its network by
another 33,000 kms. 0
50
100
150
200
250
2012 2013
Quarter
End
Year End
T
O
T
A
L
I
N
C
O
M
E
NOTE: All figures in Rs. Crores

44. Acknowledgements
The project would not have been possible without the kind
co-operation and assistance of the following :
Telecom Equipment and Familiarization:
Mr. Mukesh Rajput & Mr. Sushil Kr. Shukla
Marketing and Commerce:
Mr. C.B. Tiwari & Mr. R.K. Singh
 Projects
Mr. J.K. Jalaj & Mr. A.K. Singh
Special Thanks to Mr. C.B. Tiwari for
supervision and mentorship