doordarshan kendra training raipur

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Branch/sem.
Electronics & Communication Engineering
6th
sem.
Submitted to Submitted by
HOD NAME
Mr. JAYANT KUMAR RAI OMPRAKASH SAHU
AMAN KUMAR KHUTE
RATNMALA KARIYARI
SHIKHA SINGH YADAV
SURAJ KUMAR KARIYARE
SHIV RAM KAHAR
HEMANT AJAY
YOGENDRA NATH KOSHRIYA
MANISH SAHU
KULVINDRA SINGH
AKSHAT TIWARI

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Electronics & Communication Engineering 6th
sem.
ALL Student

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to thanks to Mr. R. sahni and Mr. B.S. chaudhary because he
give me right concept to complete this training .Also I want to thanks
doordarshan Kendra because different types of metterials are present
there help me a lot .
Doordarshan Kendra has provided such a big support in making
this training work because it would be possible without the books
available in the industry.

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INDEX
1. Introduction.
2. History.
3. TV Camera.
4. Lighting.
5. Transmitter.
6. Receiver.
7. Satellite Communication.
7.1 Satellite orbits.
7.2Antenna.
8. Propagation modes.
9. DD Direct+ DTH.
10. Conclusion.

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Abbreviation
CCVS COLOR COMPOSITE VIDEO CHAIN
ENG ELECTRONICS NEWS GATHERING
LOS LINE OF SIGHT
MSR MASTER SWITCHING ROOM
VM VIDEO MIXER
CG COMPUTER GRAPHICS
PDA PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNA
IRD INTEGRATOR RECEIVER DECODER
LNA LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER
LNBC LOW NOISE BLOCK CONVERTER

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Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION
Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar
Bharti, and nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest
broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and
transmitters.
Doordarshan Kendra is amilestone in the field of entertainment and education
media source. Doordarshan, muzaffarpur is the Program Production Center and
transmition .. The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located
at the muzaffarpur.
AIR and Doordarshan aims to provide information, education and entertainment
for the public. Its network of 1400 terrestrial transmitters cover more than 90.7%
of India's population.

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Chapter 2- HISTORY
India in collaboration with P&T department broadcasts a musical programme. In
the year 1930 radio broadcasting started operating under the Indian broadcasting
company. The birth of broadcasting in India has started on an experimental basis in
year 1921 whenTimes Government took over the charge of broadcasting in March
1935, a separate office of the controller of broadcasting was created. The land
mark in the history of broadcasting is change of name of the Indian broadcasting to
AIR in 1936 and in same year Delhi station was formed. From 1936 onwards the
development of AIR was very slow, nine stations were opened up in different
places like Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay, madras, lucknow and tiruchi. From 1956
onwards AIR was popularly known as akashwani.
On 12th
November 1947 the voice of Gandhi ji was broadcasted in AIR and since
then it is celebrated as broadcasting day. Television (Doordarshan) started in India
in the year 1959 with black and white transmission. The black & white
transmission was converted fully into colour in 1982 during Asian games.

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Chapter 3 - TV CAMERA
A TV Camera consists of three sections:
a) A Camera lens and optical block
b) A transducer or pick up device
c) Electronics

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Chapter 4 - LIGHTING
Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative talent. There is always a
tremendous scope for doing experiments to achieve the required effect. Light is a
kind of electro magnetic radiation with a visible spectrum from red to violet i.e.
wavelength from 700 nm to 380 Nm respectively.
Basic three pointing lighting
Key light:- It gives shape and modeling by a casting shadow. It is treated as a
“sun” in the sky and should cast only one shadow.
Fill light:- Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide
catch lights in the eyes.
Back light:-Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to the
subject and reveals texture.
Background lights:- Separates person from the background and reveals
background interest and shape.

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Lighting equipments:-
HMI lights compared to standard incandescent lights deliver five times the light
output per watt. They generate less heat, which is an important consideration when
shooting inside in a confined space. (HMI stands for Hydrargyrum Medium Arc-
length Iodide). The light on the left side of this picture is a HMI light; the one on
the right a standard quartz light.
Cycs (large, seamless, neutral backgrounds) can be lit from the top and bottom with
cyclights.The one here sits on the studio floor and is directed up at the background.

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Chapter 5 - TRANSMITTER
The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is
generally a paraboloid of revolution. For full earth coverage from a geostationary
satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are also used as feeds for reflector antennas.
A small earth terminal, the feed horn is located at the focus or may be offset to one
side of the focus. Large earth station antennas have a sub reflector at the focus. In
the Cassegrain design, the sub reflector is convex with an hyperboloid surface,
while in the Gregorian design it is concave with an ellipsoidal surface. These
antennas are used to transmit signal from earth station to satellite.

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Chapter 6 - RECEIVER
The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is
generally a paraboloid of revolution.
1. For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used.
Horns are also used as feeds for reflector antennas.
2. They are basically used to receive signals from the satellite which were
transmitted by transmitter.
3. All the waves which fall on receiver are being focused on the feeder which is
placed at the center of receiver antenna.
4. This feeder collects all the waves and sends to master switching room through
cable sand wires.
5. After that again down conversion and decoding of signals takes place and in this
manner we receive our information.

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Chapter 7- SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
In telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication
links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in
the global telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites
orbiting Earth relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to
and from one or many locations worldwide.
Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which
consists of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and
the space segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link
involves the transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a
satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back
to Earth, where it is received and re-amplified by Earth stations and terminals.
Satellite receivers on the ground include direct-to-home (DTH) satellite
equipment,mobile reception equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones, and hand
held devices.

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7.1 SATELLITE ORBITS:
a) GEOs = Geostationary Earth Orbits.
b) LEOs -= Low Earth Orbits.
c) MEOs = Medium Earth Orbits.
1. Geostationary orbit
A circular orbit 35,785 km (22,236 miles) above Earth’s Equator in which a
satellite’s orbital period is equal to Earth’s rotation period of 23 hours and 56
minutes. A spacecraft in this orbit appears to an observer on Earth to be stationary
in the sky. This particular orbit is used for meteorological and communications
satellites. The geostationary orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit,
which is any orbit with a period equal to Earth’s rotation period.
2. Low- Earth-orbiting satellites

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A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 400 kilometers above
the earth’s surface and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the
earth) of about 90 minutes. Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only
visible from within a radius of roughly 1000 kilometers from the sub-satellite
point. In addition, satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the
ground position quickly. So even for local applications, a large number of satellites
are needed if the mission requires uninterrupted connectivity.
Satellite communication
· Started in 1960.
· Uses Geo Stationary Satellite.
· Operates in C-Band & Ku-Band.
· Started in India in 1975.
· First Indian Satellite INSAT launched in 1982.
· Gulf War brought satellite television to prominence

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7.2-Antennas:-
Antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves.
In other words,antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electrical current, or
vice versa. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio
waves.
Types of antenna:
Isotropic antenna (idealized)
· Radiates power equally in all directions Dipole antennas
· Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
· Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)
Parabolic Reflective Antenna
A parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and
datacommunications, and also for radio location (radar),on the UHF and SHF parts
of the electromagnetic spectrum. The relatively short wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation at these frequencies allows reasonably sized reflectors to
exhibit the desired highly directional response for both receiving and transmitting.
A typical parabolic antenna consists of a parabolic reflector with a small feed
antenna a tits focus. To find the focus, reflect the light of a flashlight off of the
dish. When the reflected beam is parallel, the flashlight is at the focus. The

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reflector is a metallic surface formed into a paraboloid of revolution and (usually)
truncated in a circular rim that forms
the diameter of the antenna. This paraboloid possesses adistinct focal point by
virtue of having the reflective property of parabolas in that a point light source at
this focus produces a parallel light beam aligned with the axis of revolution. The
feed antenna at the reflector's focus is typically a low-gain type such as a half-wave
dipole or a small waveguide horn.

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Chapter 8– PROPAGATION MODEDS
 Ground-wave propagation
 Sky-wave propagation
 Line-of-sight propagation

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Chapter 9 - DD Direct+ DTH
DD Direct:
Carries all channels of DD directly to homes.
Also carries few private channels and radio channels of AIR.

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Features:-
 Cost effective alternate to cable TV.
 One time expenditure for procuring receive system by viewer.
 No monthly/activation charges from subscriber.
 No smart card/CAM module required for reception.
 Receive Eqpt. consists of a 60/90cm Dish Antenna, a Block converter and a Set
Top Box (STB). STB readily available in the open market.
 Dealers of the equipment available all over the country.
 Indicative cost of the receive system ± Rs 3000 to Rs 3500.
 Cost likely to come down further with volumes.
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my
Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur, I have gained useful knowledge
which will surely be of great help in future. This training gave me an opportunity
to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of my field of interest, Electronics
and communication.

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Chapter 10 - conclusion
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my
Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, muzaffarpur, I have gained useful
knowledge which will surely be of great help in future.
This training gave me an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the
knowledge of my field of interest, Electronics and communication.