Training report on durdarsan

1 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, BIKANER (Raj.)
Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION
Doordarshanis the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharti, and
nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in
the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters.
Doordarshan Kendra is amilestone in the field of entertainment and education media source.
Doordarshan, muzaffarpur is the Program Production Center and transmition .. The studios
are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located at the muzaffarpur.
AIR and Doordarshan aims to provide information, education and entertainment for
the public. Its network of 1400 terrestrial transmitters cover more than 90.7% of India's

Chapter 2- HISTORY
The birth of broadcasting in India has started on an experimental basis in
year 1921 whenTimes of India in collaboration with P&T department broadcasts a musical
programme. In the year 1930 radio broadcasting started operating under the Indian
broadcasting company. Government took over the charge of broadcasting in March 1935, a
separate office of the controller of broadcasting was created. The land mark in the history of
broadcasting is change of name of the Indian broadcasting to AIR in 1936 and in same year
Delhi station was formed. From 1936 onwards the development of AIR was very slow, nine
stations were opened up in different places like Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay, madras, lucknow
and tiruchi. From 1956 onwards AIR was popularly known as akashwani.
On 12th November 1947 the voice of Gandhi ji was broadcasted in AIR and since then it is
celebrated as broadcasting day. Television (Doordarshan) started in India in the year 1959
with black and white transmission. The black & white transmission was converted fully into
colour in 1982 during Asian games.

Chapter 3- SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
In telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication links between
various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global
telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay
analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many locations
worldwide.
Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which consists
of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and the space segment,
which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link involves the transmission or
uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then receives and
amplifies the signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and re-amplified by
Earth stations and terminals. Satellite receivers on the ground include direct-to-home (DTH)
satellite equipment,mobile reception equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones, and hand held
devices.
Figure 1-Satellite Communication

3.1 SATELLITE ORBITS:
a) GEOs = Geostationary Earth Orbits.
b) LEOs -= Low Earth Orbits.
c) MEOs = Medium Earth Orbits.
1. Geostationary orbit
A circular orbit 35,785 km (22,236 miles) above Earth’s Equator in which a
satellite’s orbital period is equal to Earth’s rotation period of 23 hours and 56 minutes. A
spacecraft in this orbit appears to an observer on Earth to be stationary in the sky. This
particular orbit is used for meteorological and communications satellites. The geostationary
orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit, which is any orbit with a period equal to
Earth’s rotation period.
2.Low-Earth-orbiting satellites
A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 400 kilometers above the earth’s
surface and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the earth) of about
90 minutes.Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible from within a radius
of roughly 1000 kilometers from the sub-satellite point. In addition, satellites in low earth
orbit change their position relative to the ground position quickly. So even for local
applications, a large number of satellites are needed if the mission requires uninterrupted
connectivity.

Table 1-Comparion
Satellitecommunication
 Started in 1960.
 Uses Geo Stationary Satellite.
 Operates in C-Band & Ku-Band.
 Started in India in 1975.
 First Indian Satellite INSAT launched in 1982.
 Gulf War brought satellite television to prominence
Table 2-satellite transmission frequency bands

Table 3- Terrestrial television

3.2-Antennas:-
Antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. In
other words,antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electrical current, or vice versa.
Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves.
Figure 2- Antenna
Types of antenna:
€
Isotropic antenna (idealized)
 Radiates power equally in all directions
€
Dipole antennas
 Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
 Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)
€

Parabolic Reflective Antenna
A parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and
datacommunications, and also for radio location (radar),on the UHF and SHF parts
of the electromagnetic spectrum. The relatively short wavelength of electromagnetic
radiation at these frequencies allows reasonably sized reflectors to exhibit the
desired highly directional response for both receiving and transmitting. A typical
parabolic antenna consists of a parabolic reflector with a small feed antenna a tits
focus. To find the focus, reflect the light of a flashlight off of the dish. When the
reflected beam is parallel, the flashlight is at the focus. The reflector is a metallic
surface formed into a paraboloid of revolution and (usually) truncated in a circular rim
that forms
the diameter of the antenna. This paraboloid possesses adistinct focal point by virtue
of having the reflective property of parabolas in that a point light source at this focus
produces a parallel light beam aligned with the axis of revolution. The feed antenna
at the reflector's focus is typically a low-gain type such as a half-wave dipole or a
small waveguide horn.
Figure 3- parabolic anteena

Chapter 4 – PROPAGATION MODEDS
 Ground-wave propagation
 Sky-wave propagation
 Line-of-sight propagation
Figure 6 - LOS

Chapter 5 - TV STUDIO
Doordarshan has two studio halls. One is used as News Room and the other one is
used for shooting various programs. Artificial sets are created in the studio hall
according tor equirements of the program to be shooted.
5.1-PROCEDURE IN REORDING
Set is designed in studio as per conceptual thought of program producer.
Floor plan is envisaged.
Lighting, Audio and placement of the cameras is arranged as per floor plan.
Pre testing of cameras, microphones, VCRs etc. is done before recording.
Recording begins and desired camera / mike are selected through VM/ Audio
console as per command of producer. Program is recorded on VCR.
5.2-PROCEDURE IN TRANSMISSION
The programs are transmitted as per the daily cue sheet.
 Normal transmission hours are 1600-2000 Hrs.
 Cue sheet is discussed daily by program and technical staff for details in it and
for any last moment changes if any.
 After getting D-link caption from Delhi end program is played from
VCR /Server. The program is uplinked by Earth Station.
 The program is also transmitted to transmitter at HPT Nahargarh via MW
link.
During our slot, both live as well as recorded programs are transmitted.
Around 2000 Hrs after getting linking caption from DD# 1, the signal
from DD#1 is selected and accordingly transmitted by HPT/ ES.
5.3-Video signal generation
Video is nothing but a sequence of pictures. The image we see is maintained in our eye
for 1/16sec. So if we see images at the rate more than 16 pictures/sec, our eyes cannot
recognize the difference and we see the continuous motion. In movies camera and movie
projector it is found that 24 fps is better for human eyes. TV system could also use this rate
but in PAL system 25fpm is selected. In TV cameras image is converted in electrical signal
using photosensitive material. Whole image is divided into many micro particles known as

pixels. These pixels are small enough so that our eyes cannot recognize pixels and we see
continuous image. Thus, at any particular instance there are almost infinite numbers of pixels
that need to be converted in electrical signal simultaneously for transmitting picture details.
How ever this is not possible practical because it is no feasible to provide a separate path for
each pixel. In practice this problem is solved by method known as “Scanning” in which
information is converted one by one pixel, line by line and frame byframe.
5.4-COLOUR COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL
Active waveform comprises of 2 signals:
Luminance(Y)-black and white
Chrominance(C)- colour signal
Figure 7- CCVS

5.5-COMPONENTS OF TV STUDIO
 Camera
 Lighting
 Microphones
 Vision mixer and Audio consoles
 MSR
 VCR /Servers
 Acoustics
 Postproductionand video effects
supporting services like AC, UPS

Chapter 6- TV CAMERA
A TV Camera consists of three sections:
a) A Camera lens and optical block
b) A transducer or pick up device
c) Electronics
6.1-CAMERA LENS
The purpose of the camera lens is to focus the optical energy at the face plate of
a pickup device i.e. to form an optical image. The lens has following sections:
1.Main focus section
2. Zoom section with manual or servo mode operation.
3.Servo drive assembly for Zoom and iris control.
4. Aperture section with manual or auto mode.
5. Back focus section with adjustment facilities for back and micro focus.
Figure 8- Camera lens
6.2- TRANSDUCER PICK UP DEVICE
R, G & B signals, as separated by the optical block are converted to electrical signal in the
transducer sectionof the camera. It is then processed in camera electronics to give CCVS (color
composite video signal) output.

Chapter 7- LIGHTING
Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative talent. There is always a
tremendous scope for doing experiments to achieve the required effect. Light is a kind of
electro magnetic radiation with a visible spectrum from red to violet i.e. wavelength from 700
nm to 380
Nm respectively.
Basicthree pointing lighting
Key light:- It gives shape and modeling by a casting shadow. It is treated as a “sun” in the
sky and should cast only one shadow.
Fill light:- Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch
lights in the eyes.
Back light:-Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to the subject and
reveals texture.
Background lights:- Separates person from the background and reveals background interest
and shape.
Lighting equipments:-
HMI lights compared to standard incandescent lights deliver five times the light output
per watt. They generate less heat, which is an important consideration when shooting inside
in a confined space. (HMI stands for Hydrargyrum Medium Arc-length Iodide). The light on
the left side of this picture is a HMI light; the one on the right a standard quartz light.
Figure 9- lighting equipment
Cycs (large, seamless, neutral backgrounds) can be lit from the top and bottom with
cyclights.The one here sits on the studio floor and is directed up at the background

Chapter 8- MICROPHONES
A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound in to an
electrical signal.
8.1- TYPES OF MICROPHONES
1.CONDENSER MICROPHONE:-
In a condenser microphone also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic microphone,
the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce changes in the
distance between the plates.
Insulator very high resistance hantom power
Figure 10- condenser microphone
2. ELECTRETCONDENSER MICROPHONE
An electret microphone is a relatively new type of capacitor microphone invented at Bell
laboratories in 1962 by Gerhard Sessler and Jim West. An electret is a ferroelectric material
that has been permanently electrically charged or polarized. The name comes from
electrostatic and magnet; a static charge is embedded in an electret by alignment of the static
charges in the material, much the way a magnet is made by aligning the magnetic domains in
a piece of iron.

3. DYNAMIC MICROPHONE:-
Dynamic microphones work via electromagnetic induction. They are robust, relatively in
expensive and resistant to moisture. This coupled with their potentially high gain before
feedback makes them ideal for on-stage use. Moving-coil microphones use same
dynamic principle as in loudspeaker, only reversed
Figure 11- Dynamic microphone
4. RIBBON MICROPHONE:-
Ribbon microphones use a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon suspended in a magnetic
field. The ribbon is electrically connected to the microphone's output, and its vibration within
the magnetic field generates the electrical signal. Ribbon microphones are similar to moving
coil microphones in the sense that both produce sound by means of magnetic induction.
magnets
Figure 12-Ribbion microphone

5. PIEZOELECTRIC MICROPHONE:-
A crystal microphone or piezo microphone uses the phenomenon of piezoelectricity -
the ability of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure - to
convert vibrations into an electrical signal.
6. LASER MICROPHONE:-
Laser microphones are often portrayed in movies as spy gadgets. A laser beam is aimed at the
surface of a window or other plane surface that is affected by sound. The slight vibrations
of this surface displace the returned beam, causing it to trace the sound wave. The vibrating
laser spot is then converted back to sound. In a more robust and expensive implementation,
the returned light is split and fed to an interferometer, which detects movement of the surface.
7. FIBER OPTIC MICROPHONE:-
A fiber optic microphone converts acoustic waves into electrical signals by sensing changes
in light intensity, instead of sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields as with
conventional microphones.
Figure 13- fiber optic microphone

Chapter 9- VIDEO CHAIN
The video we see at our home is either pre-recorded in studio or live telecasted. Block
diagram shown in fig illustrates different chains of video recording, video playback, news,
and live broadcasting. In First chain we will understand studio program recording. Camera
output from the studio hall is sent to CCU where many parameters of video signals are
controlled. Output signal of CCU after making all corrections is sent to VM in PCR-1
(production control room).Output of 3 to 4 cameras comes here and final signal is selected
here using VM according to a director’s choice.
Figure 14- VIDEO CHAIN
The final signal from VM is sent to VTR. VTR uses both analog and digital tape recording
system. At the time transmitting this pre recorded program cassettes is played in to respective
in VTR room. Signal from VTR is sent to PCR-2. PCR-2 has one VM, video monitoring
system, and CG (Computer Graphics). From PCR-2, signal travels from MSR to Transmitter
or Earth-station for terrestrial and satellite transmission.
MSR is the main control room between studio and transmitter or receiver.

Chapter 10-AUDIO CHAIN
In studio program, audio from studio microphones is directly fed to the “AUDIO
CONSOLE” place in PCR-1. It is used to mix audio from different sources and maintain its
output. From AC, signal is directly recorded on tape with video signal in VTR. While playing
back audio is extracted from tape and fed to another audio console placed in PCR-2 and then
travels with the video signal.

Chapter 11- VISION MIXER
Vision mixer is the almost final equipment in programme (video) production and its output is
used either for recording or transmission.
Vision mixing is the process of providing a composite signal from various input sources. It
has many input sources such as cameras, VCR/server, Graphics, IRDs. Out of these i/p, any
source can be taken on o/p. It is used to switch or cut between 2 video sources, or to combine
them in a variety of ways.
Figure 16- additive mixing

Figure 17- non additive mixing
11.1 TRANSIT ION/SWITCHING
It involves:
 Cut
 Mix
 Wipe
 Fade
 Keying
 Special effects
CUT
The cut is an instantaneous switch from one picture to another. It avoids the frame roll &
flash evident, on picture at the moment of cutting.
MIX
It uses additive mixing. The transitions here are less pronounced. As the faders are operated,
the established picture fades away, while the new picture progressively.

Chapter 12- MASTER SWITCHING ROOM
Master switching room (MSR) is used for transmission media. It is the engineering co-
ordination center of activity for selecting & routing the signal from various sources to
transmitter and earth station. It is a room where all different sources from the outside studio
comes first here and enroots transmission to different destination like transmitter & earth
station. This room comprises of Routine switcher, Stab amplifier, Video/Audio distribution
amplifier etc.
It is the heart of the studio. Most of the switching electronics are kept here e.g. camera base
stations, switcher mainframe, SPG, Satellite receivers, MW link, DDA & most of the patch
panels. Signal is routed through MSR. Signal can be monitored at various stages.
AUDIO CONSOLE
It has many input sources such as microphones, VCR/server, IRDs, tone generators. Out of
these i/p, any source can be taken on o/p Audio level of Sources can be adjusted and audio
effects can be added.

Chapter 13- EARTH STATION
The digital earth station operates in the frequency range of 5.85 GHz to 6.425 GHz
for transmission and 3.625 to 4.24 GHz for reception of signals. The whole system operates
with DVB/MPEG2 Standards. The base band processor subsystem and base band monitoring
subsystem operates in fully digital domain. An OFC carries digital base band signal from
studio to earth station site to minimize the noise and interference. It is controlled by a PC
called NMS PC.
The compression segment has an MPEG encoder, digital multiplexer and
digital modulator. The monitoring and receiving segment comprises of two digital receivers
for receiving and decoding program. The output of modulator (70 MHz) is sent to an up
converter. The up converted signals are sent to an HPA. Then this signal is given to a PDA
(parabolic dish antenna) for up linking to satellite. The uplinked signal is received again by
the same PDA for monitoring purposes. The signal between earth station and satellite are
given along line of sight which means there must be a clear path from earth to satellite. The
uplink signal is fed from the earth station by a large PDA. The satellite is equipped with its
own dish antenna which receives the uplink signals and feeds them to a receiver. The signal
is then amplified and changed to a different frequency which is downlink frequency. This is
done to prevent interference between uplink and downlink signals. The down linked signal is
then again sent to the transmitter which again retransmits it. Each satellite has a transponder
and a single antenna receives all signals and another one transmits all signals back. A satellite
transmits signals towards earth in pattern called the satellite footprint of the satellite. The
footprint is strongest at centre and the footprint is used to see if the earth station will be
suitable for the reception of the desired signal Converts.
The parts of the DES are Antenna subsystem including LNA Antenna control
unit, beacon tracking unit, beacon tracking receiver and up converter system high power
amplifier and power system. The system operates in 2 +1mode and is compliant with
DVBMPEG 2standards. The base band processor subsystem and base band monitoring
system operates in digital domain. An OFC contains the digital base band signal for studio to
earth station to minimize noise interference.
The network management system or NMS monitors and controls baseband
equipments compression equipments and test instruments like video audio generation and
video audio analyzer. They are provided to ensure quality of transmission and help trouble
shoot.
The base band segment comprises of baseband subsystems at studio site and
base band subsystem at earth station site. This baseband segment processes two video
Programmes.
The base band segment is monitored and controlled using a PC placed near
the base band earth station equipments called base band NMS PC. The compression segments
comprises of Mpeg encoders in 2 +1 configuration for providing redundancy. It also
comprises of digital multiplexers and digital modulators in 1 +1 configuration. The

compression segment is monitored and controlled by compression NMS PC. The receive and
monitoring segment consists of two digital receivers for receiving and decoding of the video
programs and one ASI to SDI decoder for decoding of the transport stream for monitoring
video programs at the multiplexers output. RF NMS PC is placed near the receive monitoring
segment and video audio generator placed in the base band segment. For monitoring of video
programs professional video monitor, LCD video monitor and audio level monitor are
provided in the base band segment. An operator console has one 14” professional video
monitor a video audio monitor unit for quantitative monitor of video programs and a personal
computer for centralized merit and contention of earth station sub system.
13.1 COMPONENTS
 PDA(parabolic dish antenna)
 IRD(Integrator receiver decoder)
 Multiplexer
 Encoder
 FEED
 LNA(Low noise amplifier)/LNBC(low noise block converter)
 Waveguide
 HPA(TWTA, SSTA, Klystron)
 Up Converter
Figure 18- Earth station

Digital Earth Station
Earth station is the main part which communicates with satellite in which up linking and
downlinking of the signal into/ from the satellite takes place for TV transmission. Earth
station is a purely digitization version. The signal is uplinked from the earth station and
received by many downlink centers in TV broadcasting. It is a very important part of satellite
communication system for broadcasting of signals. A ground-based receiving or transmitting/
receiving station in a satellite communications system. The counterpart to the earth station is
the satellite in orbit, which is the "space station." Earth stations use dish-shaped antennas, the
diameters of which can be under two feet for satellite TV to as large as fifty feet for satellite
operators. Antennas for space exploration have diameters reaching a hundred feet.
Multiplex, ModulateandUp convert
An earth station is generally made up of a multiplexor, a modem, up and down converters, a
high power amplifier (HPA) and a low noise amplifier (LNA). Almost all transmission to
satellites is digital, and the digital data streams are combined in a multiplexor and fed to a
modem that modulates a carrier frequency in the 50 to 180 MHz range. An up converter
bumps the carrier into the gigahertz range, which goes to the HPA and dish. Down convert,
DemodulateandDemultiplex
For receiving, the LNA boosts the signals to the down converter, which lowers the frequency
and sends it to the modem. The modem demodulates the carrier, and the digital output goes to
the demultiplexing device and then to its destinations.
EarthStationclassification
 Analog Earth Station
 Digital Earth Station
 ASNG
 DSNG
 C-band or Ku-band
ProblemsofAnalog
 One programme per channel/transponder
 Comparatively noisy
 Ghosts in Terrestrial Transmission
 Lower quality with respect to VCD, DVD digital medium‡

 Fixed reception
Why Digital?
 More programmes per channel/Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient.
 Noise-Free Reception.
 Ghostelimination.
 CD quality sound & better than DVD quality picture.
 Reduced transmission power.
 Flexibility in service planning.
Processinvolved in transmission ofsignal
 Up-Conversion
 High power amplification
 Transmission
Reception Up-Converters
 The up-conversion is required to raise the frequency of the signal in desired band: C- band,
Extended C-band or Ku-band before transmission. The input to up converter is 70 MHz
(output of modulator) and output of Up-converter is fed to HPA.The up-conversion may be
done in stages or in one stage directly. The 70 MHz signal is first converted into L ±band and
then L band signal raised to desired frequency band.
Highpoweramplification
 The high power amplifier is used for the final power amplification of the digital RF signal in
C-band/Ku band that is fed to the antenna. The important parameters of HPAs are:
1. Frequency range
2. Output power at flange
3. Bandwidth
4. Gain variation (1.0db (max.) for 40 MHz (narrow band)
5. 2.50dbforfull bandwidth.

The different types of HPAsare
1. KHPA - Klystron High Power Amplifier
2. TWTA-Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier
3. SSPA-Solid state Power Amplifier

Chapter 14- TRANSMITTER
The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is generally a
paraboloid of revolution.
For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are also
used as feeds for reflector antennas.
A small earth terminal, the feed horn is located at the focus or may be offset to one side of the
focus.
Large earth station antennas have a sub reflector at the focus. In the Cassegrain design, the
sub reflector is convex with an hyperboloid surface, while in the Gregorian design it is
concave with an ellipsoidal surface.
These antennas are used to transmit signal from earth station to satellite.
Figure 19

Chapter 15- RECEIVER
The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is generally a
paraboloid of revolution.
1. For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are also
used as feeds for reflector antennas.
2. They are basically used to receive signals from the satellite which were transmitted by
transmitter.
3. All the waves which fall on receiver are being focused on the feeder which is placed at the
center of receiver antenna.
4. This feeder collects all the waves and sends to master switching room through cable sand
wires.
5. After that again down conversion and decoding of signals takes place and in this manner we
receive our information.
Figure 20- Receiver

Chapter 16 ELECTRONIC NEWS GATHERING
 ENG gather news from different outside locations.
Its components:
1. Camera
2. Tripods
3. Mikes
4. Lights
5. Camera battery
6. Camera charger
7. Camera adapter
8. Headphone
9. Camera cassette
The job of journalists is fulfilled only when their news reaches the viewers, this is why they
long for great challenge ± “ability to be present anywhere, anything´. This means faster news
from anywhere anytime to everywhere. Further there is a need to send news footages in the
shortest possible time and practically from any location. Technologically, Doordarshan has
always been far ahead of its competitors. When it came to remote newsgathering,
Doordarshan has set precedence by using innovative and cost effective methods.

Chapter 17- OB Van
Outside broadcastingis the production of television or radio programmes (typically to
cover news and sports events) from a mobile television studio. This mobile control room is
known as an "Outside Broadcasting Van", "OB Van", "Scanner" (a BBC term), "mobile
unit", "remote truck", "live truck", or "production truck". Signals from cameras and
microphones come in to the OB Van for processing and transmission. A typical OB Van is
usually divided into 5 parts:
 The 1st and largest part is the production area where the director, technical director, assistant
director, character generator operator and producers usually sit in front of a wall of monitors.
This area is very similar to a Production control room. The technical director sits in front of
the video switcher. The monitors show all the video feeds from various sources, including
computer graphics, cameras, video tapes, video servers and slow motion replay machines.
The wall of monitors also contains a preview monitor showing what could be the next source
on air and a program monitor that shows the feed currently going to air or being recorded.
Behind the directors there is usually a desk with monitors for the editors to operate. It is
essential that the directors and editor are in connection with each other during events, so that
replays and slow-motion shot scan be selected and aired.
 The 2nd part of a van is for the audio engineer; it has a sound mixer. The audio engineer can
control which channels are added to the output and will follow instructions from the director.
 The 3rd part of van is video tape. The tape area has a collection of VTRs and may also house
additional power supplies or computer equipment.
 The 4th part is the video control area where the cameras are controlled by 1 or 2 people to
make sure that the iris is at the correct exposure and that all the cameras look the same.
 The 5th part is transmission where the signal is monitored by and engineered for
qualitycontrol purposes and is transmitted or sent to other trucks.

Figure 21- OB van

Chapter 18- DD Direct+
DD Direct:
Carries all channels of DD directly to homes.
Also carries few private channels and radio channels of AIR.
Features:-
 Costeffective alternate to cable TV.
 One time expenditure for procuring receive system by viewer.
 No monthly/activation charges from subscriber.
 No smart card/CAM module required for reception.
 Receive Eqpt. consists ofa 60/90cm Dish Antenna, a Block converter and a
Set Top Box (STB). STB readily available in the open market.
 Dealers of the equipment available all over the country.
 Indicative costof the receive system ± Rs 3000 to Rs 3500.
 Costlikely to come down further with volumes.
Figure 22- DD Direct+

Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my Industrial
training at Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur, I have gained useful knowledge which will
surely be of great help in future. This training gave me an opportunity to learn the
practical aspects of the knowledge of my field of interest, Electronics and
communication.

Chapter 19 : Fututre scope
broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. Doordarshan is the first
ISO certified channel in India. The largest viewer of India ,watching Doordarshan. It has
good future scope in communication world. Because largest network covered by the
doordarshan only.
 As now a days there is a huge competition and everything is getting digitized there is a wide
scope for electronics and communication engineers to show their skills and keep the
technology up to date.
 In Doordarshan, all the electronic devices used are to be operated by skilled engineers.
 It provides with good pay scales.
 The selection for the posts is through UPSC examinations.

Conclusion
broadcasting.
It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my Industrial training at
Doordarshan Kendra, hanumangarh, I have gained useful knowledge which will surely be of
great help in future.
This training gave me an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of my
field of interest, Electrical & Electronics Engineering.
0

REFRENCES
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.4shared.com
 www.electronics4you.com

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