General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
Unit 21 Assignment 1 Part A
1. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Editing
technique
Example Purpose/function of technique Effecton storyand audience
jumpcut The functionof a jumpcut is
to speedupa scene,add
energyorcommunicate a
character’sfellingtothe
audience.
The purpose of the jumpcut
inthe modernexampleisto
create the disorientatedand
chaoticstate of mindof the
character inadditiontothisin
the modernexample itcreates
a fasterpaced feel tothe
scene.
In the olderexample the
purpose of the jumpcut is
mainlybecause of hownew
the editingtechnique is,soit
was usedmore as a gimmick
than forany symbolicor
metaphoricreason.
We can see thatsince the
1960s the jumpcut has
evolvedfrombeingusedasa
gimmicktoin the modern
example beingusedformore
metaphorical andsymbolic
reasons.
The effectthatthe use of jump
cut has inthe modernexample
isthat it makesthe state of
mindof the character clearto
the audience andthishas a
positive effectonthe story
because ittranslatesmeaning
withouthavingpointless
dialogue ornarration. Italso
makesthe scene whichisof the
character’ssuicide goby at a
fasterpace whichmakesit more
bearable forthe audience.
In the olderexample the use of
the jumpcut has no real effect
on the story for the audience it
may feel polarizingasithasno
meaningitisjustusedas a
gimmick.
2. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
CUTTING
ON
ACTION
The purpose of the editing
technique cuttingonaction in
boththe modernandolder
example istoomake the
actionset piece lookmore
streamlinedandcontinuousin
additiontothisithelpsthe
actionbecome more engaging
and entertainingtothe
audience andinadditionto
thiscuttingon actionis
effectiveincreatingcontinuity
whichtherefore helps create
realism.
We can clearlysee that
between1977 and 2010 the
mainthingthat has changed
whenitcomesto the cutting
on actiontechnique isthatit
has become fasterandmore
streamlined.
The effectthatcuttingon action
inboth the modernandolder
example isthatitgivesthe
scene a fasterpacedfeel andit
alsomore so for the older
example helpscreate tensionas
it makesthe fightscenesseem
more realisticasthe way in
whichitcuts makesthe action
as I have saidbefore seem
continuous.
The effectthatcuttingon action
has on the audience isthat it
makesthe actionseemmore
entertainingandfunto watch
and more engagingasit iseasier
to followasitdoesnot break
continuity,forexample inthe
modernexample fromIron-Man
2 the fightsequence withBlack
Widowcuts ina veryseamless
matterand we can still see all of
heractions.
3. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
graphic
match
The purpose of the use of the
editingtechnique graphic
match isthat it isusedto
match twovisualstocreate a
meaningora visual metaphor.
More specificallythe purpose
of graphicmatch inboth
examplesIhave chosenisthat
it isusedto create meanings
and linksbetweencharacters
and objectsthroughthe
imageryusedwithoutthe
hindrance of unneeded
dialogue orexposition. It
couldalsobe usedasan
entertainingtransition
betweenscenes.
The onlyway inwhichthishas
changedbetween1960 and
2008 isthe qualityin which
the editsare made for
example the modernexample
iscut quicklyandtransitions
seamlesslywhereasthe older
example isata slowerpace
althoughitcouldbe argued
that thishelpsthe tensionand
the emotional weightof the
scene.
The effectthatthe use of
graphicmatch has on the story
and audience isthatitcreates
meaningthroughsymbolism.
For example, inthe older
sequence Ihave chosenfrom
Psychowe see the blooddrain
inthe bathsinkand thenitcuts
to a close up of the dead
woman’seye,thissymbolises
the life drainingoutof herand
for the audience givesthe scene
more weightasit creates
symbolismwithoutneeding
dialogue.Inthe modern
example graphicmatch,itis
mainlyusednotonlyasan
entertainingtransition for
comedyor a light relieffrom
the overall serioussubject
matter of the show butalso,we
couldargue that it createsa link
betweenthe twocharactersfor
the audience aswe see the
husbandreviewingthe dripping
pipe andthenwe cut to the wife
pickingupthe tea.
4. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
parallel
editing
The purpose of the use of parallel
editing is to show two separate
locations in thesame scene to
link them together to create
meaning or to link them together
in order to reach the climax.In
the older example we can see
that the two separatelocations
are being shown to us in order
for us to know that they will
eventually meet whereas the
more modern example we can
see that parallel editing is being
used in order to create tension
and intrigue.
The main difference between
the older example (1937) and the
more modern example of parallel
editing (1991)is that the older
example creates a link between
both places through not only cut
back and forth between the
locations butalso through heavy
dialoguewhereas the more
modern example does this with
very little dialogue and also
tricks the audience.
The effectthatparallel editing
has on the storyis that it
createsa link betweenthe two
eventsortwo people.For
example, inthe olderexample
from‘Snow White and The
SevenDwarfs’ we go between
twolocationsthe house andthe
dwarfsworkplace and there isa
clearlinkthat iscreated
betweenbothplacesthrough
the dialogue sothe audience
knowsthat at some pointthey
will eventuallymeetandthe
conflictwill come toa climax.
In this scene from silence ofthe
lambs we see the FBI going into
one house whichthe audience
think is the killershome and we
see the main character going to
another house we cut back and
forth and it is eventually
revealedthat it is vice versa
and the main character is at the
serial killershome and the
effectthat this has on the story
and the audience isthat it
changes the course of the story
as everythingisn’t as clean as
the audience thoughtit would
be and this adds to the tension
6. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Tonal
Montage
The purpose of the tonal
montage isthat it ismeantto
create a tone andatmosphere
for the scene additionallyitis
meantto at timesreflecthow
the characters inthe scene
are feelingaswe can see in
the more modernexample the
scenery,imageryandmusic
usedexpresseshowthe
characters feel sadandare
grieving.
There has beennoreal change
inthe use of tonal montage
between1925 and 2009 as it
isstill usedtoconveythe
emotionsof the characters
withoutusingdialogueor
usingverylittle dialogue.
The effectthatthe tonal
montage hason the story in
bothexamplesisthatit
effectivelywithouthaving
dialogue communicatestothe
audience the tone of the scene
so whetherthe scene ishappy,
sad,etc.
The olderexample shows us
some shots of the oceanand
shipsandplayingoveritis
sombre musicandthis
communicatestothe audience
that thisscene isor is settingup
a sad scene or istryingto create
a sombre atmosphere.
The modernexample has again
a sombre tone as we see shots
of the dark cloudysky,the
school and studentsgrieving
withlittle tonodialogue and
thisisagain done sothat the
characters emotions andthe
impact this has is it helpsthe
audience immerse themselves
in the scene and givesthe
scene more emotional weight.
32-34 mins
7. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Metric
Montage
The purpose of the metric
montage isto buildtension
and excitementanditalso
usespace to create mood.
As we can see inthe modern
example editsare all the same
lengthbutthe use of close ups
and midlongshotsand the
excitingmusichelpsbuild
boththe excitementand
tension,thisalsoappliesto
the olderexample asthe
musicand the editshelp
emphasise the excitement and
tensionof the race.
In thissense there hasbeen
no drasticchange in the use of
the metricmontage inthe
past andmore recentexample
as it isstill usedtobuildup
tensionandexcitement
throughusingmusicand
variousclose ups.
In bothexamplesmetric
montage isusedto give the
scene a more excitingand
personal feel itreallyinthese
caseshas no effecton the story
otherthan itmay subliminally
communicate tothe audience
howimportantthiseventis but
otherthan that itdoesmake the
scenesmore engagingand
entertainingforthe audience.In
the olderexample thisis
archivedthroughthe use of
close upsand pan outs.In the
more modernexample thisis
achievedthroughavarietyof
midclose up shots,andlong
shotsin additiontothisthe
musicchoice.
8. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Slow
motion
The purpose of usingslow
motionisthat itis an
interestingandentertaining
visual choice butitalsohelps
buildtensionormake certain
eventsclearertothe
audience.
It was usedfamously inThe
Matrix (1999) duringthe
famousbullettime scene.
The olderexample usesslow
motiontobuildtension and
suspense andthe more
modernexample usesslow
motionas notonlyas a more
interestingvisual choice but
alsoto establishorhighlight
the speedinwhich the main
character isthinkingat.
In termsof the change that
has occurredin slowmotion
betweenthe olderexample
and the newerexamplethere
has notbeena drastic change
otherthan maybe the wayin
whichitis shotbut the use of
the actual technique isstill
usedto capture the attention
of the audience and help
them see certainthings in a
scene at a certain seenin
The effectthatthe use of slow
motionhason the story in
modernexample isthatisthatit
helpsdevelopthe audience ‘s
understandingof the main
character. Aswe can see inthe
scene Sherlockisina brawl with
anotherfighterandwe inthis
scene see the fightunfoldin
slowmotionashe narrateshis
technique tothe audience and
the effectthishason the story
isthat not onlydoesthe slow
motionhelpdemonstratehis
skill italsohelpsestablishthat
hisdominance asthe main
character and forthe purposes
of the storyit helpsestablish to
the audience thathe is a really
intellectuallysmartcharacter
there forthe audience would
become more acceptingof him
as the maincharacter.
The effectthatthe use of slow
motionhason the story and the
audience intermsof the older
example isthatithelpsbuild
tensionandsuspense aswe do
not knowwhatisgoingto
happentocause the mass
hysteriaadditionally ithelps
9. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
order for it to have a certain
effectinterms of adding
more excitementordrama to
a scene.
keepthe audience engagedwith
the story. In termsof how
modernaudiencesviewthe
technique I wouldsay they
probably think thiseffectis
more cliché as since then it has
beenusedmultiple timesin
filmand some might say in a
betterway not that that it’s not
good in Carrie but that it was
just handledbetteras
technologyimprovedover
time.
10. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Intellectual
Montage
The purpose of the use of an
intellectual montage is that
certainimagesor scenesare
cut togethertocreate a
meaningthatthe audience
can pick upinferencesfrom.
For example, inthe modern
sequence we cansee thatthe
scenesthatare takingplace in
the church representreligion,
puritywhichwe can inferis
hownormal people see him
and the assassination
locationsrepresenthistrue
identity.The olderexample is
justusedto give a blunter
visual metaphorof people
flockinglike sheep.The wayin
whichwe can say thisediting
technique haschangedinthe
time betweenthe olderand
newerexampleisthatithas
beenusedtoconveymore
symbolicanddeepermeaning.
The effectthe use of the
intellectual montage hasonthe
storyIs that through imagesit
and little ornodialogue itgives
meaningforthe audience to
interpret.Forexample, inthe
oldersequence Ihave chosen
we see a flockof sheepwalking
out quicklyandthenwe cut to
people walkingoutof a factory
and the effectthishason the
storyis that the audience could
inferthatthe people are like
sheepinthe waythey move or
that that theyare like sheepin
the way that theythink.
Whereasinthe modern
example we see the main
character ina church havinghis
babybaptisedaswe cut to
numerouspeople being
assassinatedandthroughthe
juxtapositionof the churchand
the cross representingpurity
and thencuttingto people
beingkilled andgunsand
violence the audience caninfer
that maybe the maincharacter
ismore of a villain andthis
wouldputthe story intoa
12. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Following
&
Breaking
the 180-
degree
rule
The purpose of followingthe
180- degree line rule is to
helpthe audience followthe
scene easilyfrom one
perspective that neverfully
change.
The purpose the use of
breakingthe 180-degree line
rule isto create a feelingof
confusionanddisorientation
to the audience and alsoused
to create differentmeaningto
a scene.For example,asthis
scene from‘The Shining’ does
by cuttingbehindandinfront
of the character to create the
disorientatedandconfusing
fellingtothisscene andcast
doubton whetherthe
character of Jack is of sound
mental state.
In terms of a change in the
way the editingtechniques
are usedbetweenthe
modernand olderexamples
there is virtuallyvery little
change as the rule is followed
to create continuityin both
examplesand it isbroken to
The effectthe use offollowing
the 180- degree line rule has on
the story in this scene from
‘Heat’ is that it makes the story
as a whole more engagingas
the scene dose not try to
distract or pull the audience
out through camera work it
keepscontinuitythrough
keepingusin their & around
theireye linesandthe camera
simplygoes back and forth
betweenthese twocharacters
as they speak and thus keeps
the audience’sfocuson the
conversation.
The effectthe use of breaking
the 180-degree rule has onthe
storyIs that it givesthe scene a
more confusinganddisorienting
feel.Forexample, inthe
sequence Ihave chosenfrom
The Shining(1980) we can see
that by thispointthe main
character Jack has become
more unstable andinsane and
we see himinthe bathroom
talkingtoa workerof the hotel
and the use of breakingthe 180-
degree rule givesthe scene a
more disorientatedand
13. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
give the audience a cue that
the scene isbecomingintense
or to emphasise ormake
clear a characters emotion.
confusingfeel andthis
communicatestothe audience
not onlythe state inwhichJack
isin mentallybutalsothatthis
personhe istalkingto maynot
evenbe real.
This scene from the Jokerboth
followsand breaks the 180-
degree line rule.For the
majority of the scene follows
180-degree line rule thisis
probably to keepcontinuity
and to almost put us in the
audience’sperspective asifwe
are watching a talk show and
this adds to the realismof the
scene but later on in this clip
the 180-degree rule is broken
and this is done latter on in the
conversationwhen the
character of ‘Joker’is becoming
more agitated and deranged
and the breakingof the 180
degree rule helpsemphasise
this as it givesus a different
perspective onthe scene and in
this case bringsus closer to his
character and this helps
communicate to the audience
the emotionsofthe character
15. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
L-Cut The purpose of the L cut is
that itis whendialogue from
one scene overlapsintothe
other.In the modernexample
it isusedto be able to deliver
expositionwithoutholdingup
the filmandthishelpskeep
the pacingof the filmquick
and consistent. The older
example alsousesthe Lcut in
orderto keepthe pacingof
the scene quick and to make it
clearthat he isaddressingthe
audience.
The main difference between
both examplesisthat
because during the older
sequence the L cut was new
and unique at the time in the
modernexample the L cut is
not as impactful as it is in the
oldersequence as it has been
usedmultiple timessince
then and it has become
common place so it mightnot
be as impactful or unique to
some audiences.
The effectof the use of the L cut
has on the storyis that itallows
the scene to have more context
withouthavingtostayin the
same scene or itmay evenbe
usedto keepthe pace of the
storyconsistent.Forexample,in
the oldersequence we see a
man on stage gettingreadyto
performandthenwe cut to the
audience andwe can still hear
himtalkingtothemeven
thoughhe is notin the shot,the
effectthishason the storyand
audience isthatit helpskeep
the pacingof the story
consistentandthe audience
engaged.Inthe modern
sequence we gofroma speech
fromone character and thenwe
cut to the othercharacter
suitingup and gettingreadyfor
hisfirstflightbutthe speechis
still heardinthe background
eventhoughhe isno longerin
the shot or on screen,the effect
thishas on the storyis that it
givesthe scene more emotional
weightandmakesthe scene
more excitingforthe audience.
16. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
J-cut The purpose of the J cut is
whensoundsbegintogrow
off camera, thenthe camera
cuts to the shot togive us
contextforthe sound and this
isdone to at timesputthe
audience inthe character’s
positionduringthe scene, as
we discoverthingsatthe
same rate as the character or
it isto reveal certainthingsto
the audience ata certain point
intime.
The difference intermsof
how the J cut is usedbetween
both scenesis that in the
olderexample it is usedto
give the scene more
atmosphere and to keepthe
audience engagedby having
us here what isgoing to
happenwhile we can still see
the character insteadof
cutting away from him
whereasin the newer
example it isused as more of
a transitionrather than
informationfor something
occurring in the scene.
The effectof the use of the J cut
has on the storyis that itgivesa
more realisticfeel forthe scene
and the audience wouldbe
more in the shoesof the
character. For example, inthe
sequence Ihave chosen from
‘Raidersof the Lost Ark’ we see
the character start to walkaway
and we hearthe rubble fall then
we cut to the rocks startingto
fall downthe effectthishason
the story andaudience isthatit
createsa more immersive feel
to the scene and itputs the
audience inthe character’s
shoesas we are findingoutat
the same time as the character.
The other example from‘wolf
of wall street’use the l cut to
transition us from scene to
scene as we go through one
location to the otherand inthis
case the effectthe use of J cut
has on the story is that it keeps
a steadypace to the scene and
almost feelslike one
continuousscene and the effect
this has on the audience isthat
it keepsthemengaged with
the story and the reason I say
17. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
this is because the fact that the
J cut was usedhere givesthe
implicationthat these two
scenesare linkedand instead
of an abrupt fade to black
which wouldhave disengaged
the audience the editorinstead
went withthis to give the
feelingofa seamlesstransition.
18. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Split
Screen
The purpose of splitscreenis
to showus twoevents
happeningsimultaneously and
thisisto showus the
relationshipsbetweenboth
locations. The purpose of the
use of splitscreeninboth
examplesisthatithelpsshow
twodifferentplacesatthe
same time.
The way in which this
technique isused hasnot
really changedovertime
betweenbothexamplesas
splitscreenisstill usedto
showus twodifferentscenes
or locationonthe screen
simultaneously inorderto
make the scene feel biggeror
more immersive forthe
audience.
The effectof the use of split
screenhason the story isthat it
helpsthe audience be more
engagedwiththe scene oreven
allow themto selectwhat they
want to viewfrom the scene
almost as if they are the editor,
and intermsof storyit allowsus
to see to eventshappeningat
the same time inorder keepthe
pacingof the scene quick.Inthe
olderexample we seea
character watchinga race take
place and thenwe see multiple
imagesof people whoare racing
and the horses,etc.This
emulatesthe excitement
watchinga race whichas to the
realisminthisscene and is
engagingtothe audience.Inthe
modernexample we seea
character tryingto solve a
problemwithadevice andas he
ismanuallytryingtofix itwe
see onthe splitscreen a
computershowingthe danger
levelsare high,the use of split
screenhere helpsbuildmore
tensioninthe scene andhelps
the audience have abetter
20. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Cut away
1.00 – 1.06
1.55-2.06
The purpose of the cut awayis
to highlightsomethingthatis
spokenaboutor to drawthe
audience’sattentionaway
fromthe mainfocusof the
scene andthiscan be done to
achieve acertaintonal effect.
The purpose of the cut away
inthisscene from‘American
Werewolf inLondon’ isthatit
isusednot onlyto give the
audience abreakfrom this
transformationscene butalso
because itgivesthe scene a
comedictone.
The purpose of cut away in is
scene from ‘Eternal sunshine
of the spotlessmind’isto
take us away from one
location and to another.
Looking at both exampleswe
can see that cut away is still
usedto achieve a tonal effect
in both past and present
examples.
The effectof the use of cut
away hason the story and
audience isthatit helpsputthe
audience’sattentionon
somethingelseinthe same
scene or location.Forexample,
inthe scene Ihave chosenfrom
‘AmericanWerewolf inLondon’
we can see thishorrific
transformationtake place and
the scene isfor some intense
and hard to watchbut we then
cut away to a MickeyMouse toy
and thisnotonlyjuxtaposes
withwhatis happeninginthe
scene butit isusedfor comedic
effectalsoandto give the
audience abreakfrom the
intensityof the scene whichthe
effectithason the audience but
inthisexample there isaslight
example onthe storywhichis
that itmay highlightthe more
comedictone of the story.
The effectthe use ofcut away
has on the story and the
audience inthis clip of ‘Eternal
sunshine ofthe spotlessmind’
is that it helpsemphasise the
characters emotionsand how
21. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
he isfeelingtothe audience as
we are in hismind where we
can see himshouting and in
distressbut then we cut back to
the apartment where he is
unable to move as he’s
memoriesare beingwipedbut
we can see he is clearlyin
distressand on the verge of
tears but he is unable to do
anything and this givesthe
audience more of an
understandingof the scene and
how helplessthe main
character is and also givesthis
scene and the story more
emotional weight.
22. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Cut in The purpose of cut in isto
showthe audience whatthe
character islookingator
talkingaboutbycuttingin on
it andthiswouldhelpgive the
scene more contextand
meaningasit expandson
whatthe scene hasalready
established.The purpose of
the use of cut induringthis
scene isthat ithelpsthe
audience knowwhatthe
character islookingat.
There has beenno change in
the way that thistechnique is
usedin both examples.
The reason why findingolder
exampleswas a problemis
because it would have been
harder to achieve this editin
the past due to thingssuch as
equipmentsuchas cameras
beingheavier,this can be
seenin the older example I
eventuallyfoundwe can see
the cut in looksmore rough
and not as smooth as the
modernones.
The effectof the use of cut in
fromthisscene from‘Iron-Man
2’ has on the story isthat it
helpsgive the audience more
contextonthe scene and what
istakingplace.For example, in
the scene I have chosenwe can
see the character lookingat
somethingandthenwe cutin to
a close up of the device thathe
isusingthe effectthishason
the scene isthat it helpsengage
the audience withwhatisgoing
on and helpsputus(the
audience) inthe positionof the
maincharacter and thisalsohas
an effectonthe story as itputs
contexttothe scene.
The effectthat this edithas on
the story in this scene from
‘Batman Begins’ isthat it gives
us more contextas we see
what is beingtalked about in
the scene as well as positions
us in the perspective ofthe
main character and this
engagesthe audience withthe
story.
In this scene from ‘The
Terminator (1984)’ we can see
that cut in is usedto show off
24. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Dissolve The purpose of the editing
technique dissolveisthatit
can be usedtoindicate the
state of mind of character and
to showcase a moderate jump
intime,italsoat timescreates
an almostdreamlike,
disorientated atmosphere
withthe scene. The purpose
of the dissolve editing
technique inthe older
example isthatitcreatesan
almostdisorientatedand
dazedatmosphere tothis
deathscene andthiscreates
the feelingthatthe scene is
almostnot real anda dream.
The purpose of the use of
dissolve inthe modern
example isthatithelps
transitionthe scene smoothly
and alsoit helpsshowthe
jumpintime betweenboth
scenes.
As we can see betweenboth
techniquesthe use of the
dissolve editlookssmoother
and lessrough and thisis the
main way in which this
editingtechnique has
changed overtime.
The effectthatthe use of the
dissolve transitionhasonthe
storyin the olderexample is
that ithelpscreate a link
betweenthe twoimageswe see
and italso helpscreate an
almostdreamlike atmosphere
to the scene as the audience
spendsa majorityof the
beginningof the filmfollowing
the character whois murdered
so thisdeathisveryshocking
and thistransitionhelps
emphasise the surreal feelingof
the scene. The use of the
dissolve transitioninthe more
modernexample hasnoeffect
on the storybut it doeshelpthe
audience see the passage of
time betweenthe scenes.
25. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Wipe The purpose of the editing
technique istohelpthe scene
have a smoothand seamless
transitionandto helpkeep
the pace of the scene feel
consistent.The earliestknown
example of awipe was in
George AlbertSmith'sfilm
Mary Jane'sMishapof 1903
but arguablythe mostknown
or most famoususe of this
technique isinthe StarWars
films, itisalso notable that
throughout the years even
the newerStar Wars films
and now T.V. shows (The
Mandalorian) maintain the
same overall editing
technique and the wipe is
presentin these properties.
The purpose of the wipe
editingtechnique inthe older
example isthatitis usedas a
visuallyentertainingtransition
fromthe openingcreditsto
the beginningof the film.The
purpose of the wipe editing
technique inthe modern
example isthatitisnot only
usedas an entertainingvisual
transitionbutitalsois usedto
The use of the wipe transition
has no real effectonthe storyin
the olderexample, itisjustused
as an entertainingvisual
transitionforthe audience.On
the otherhand,the use of the
wipe transitionforthe modern
example hassomewhatof an
effectonthe storyas ithelps
showus the passage of time
betweenscenesandthismay
helpshowthe scope of the
scene thatis takingplace or the
storyitself asit emphasisesthat
time ispassingbetweenscenes
and thishelpsaddrealism,
otherthan that itcouldbe said
that ithelpsthe audience create
a clear distinctionbetweenthe
timesinthe scene.
27. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Freeze
Frame
The purpose of the editing
technique freeze frame isto
focusthe audience’sattention
on a specificpartof the scene.
The firstknownuse of the
freeze frame editing
technique wasindirector
AlfredHitchcock's1928 film
Champagne. The purpose of
freeze frame inthe older
example istostopthe scene
on a specificimage that
relatestothe narrationthat is
takingplace.The purpose of
the freeze frame inthe more
modernexample isthatitis
usedto the endthe scene and
the filmas a whole ona
powerful orimportantimage.
Freeze frame is different
betweenbothexamplesas it
is usedto end one filmin the
modernexample and to begin
another in the older example.
The effectthatthe use of freeze
frame has on the storyin the
olderexample isthatit helps
make it clearto the audience
that the narrationthat istaking
place isreferencingthe main
character George and soit’s
purpose isto clarifythe
narration.The effectthe use of
freeze frame hasonthe story of
the more modernexample is
that itendsthe filmonan
importantor powerful image
the effectthishason the
audience isthatit maygive the
scene more emotional weight.
Guide:
28. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
Purposesof editingtechniques:
Eye Line Match The purpose of eye line
match isto put the audience
in the positionof the
protagonist of the scene so
it is as if we are looking
from theireyes.The
purpose of the use of the
eye line match edit inboth
these clipsis simplyto as I
have said before to position
the audience withthe
character.
There has beenreallyno
change in termsof the
purpose of this editing
technique overtime and
how it is usedor has been
usedas it is still usedto give
us the character’s
perspective andto position
the audience withcertain
characters.
In terms of the effectsthe
use of eye line match has
on the story and audience
in this scene from‘Joker’ is
that the use of the eye line
match while he is being
attacked almost places the
audience intothe
perspective ofthe
character and this
establisheshimas the
protagonist of the scene
and also positionsthe
audience ina way inwhich
will helpthem inferthat
this killingthat takes place
is justified,thisisfurther
emphasisedas throughout
all the other killsthat the
character of Arthur Fleck
is responsible forinthe
filmthe eye line match
editis not used and this
probably to helpthe
audience distinguishwhich
parts inthe filmwe should
side with Arthur.
In the olderexample from
Rear Windowthe effect
29. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
manipulate time,includingspeedup,slowdown,compresstime,stretchtime
flashbacks,flashforwards,e.g.tofitaspecifiedrunningtime
control the perceptionof space to create a logical andbelievable space betweencharactersorobjectsnotsharingthe same shot
controllingrhythmandpace to control the flowof the production
Functionsof editingtechniques:
that eye line match has on
the story is that it helps
move the plot along as it
givescontext to the scene
as it shows us what the
character is lookingat and
the whole plotis about
what this character see’s
outside his windowand in
this sense we are being
givena viewfrom his
perspective.
30. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
ShotReverse
Shot
Shot reverse shot is when
the camera is shown looking
at a character, thenwe cut
to a shot of the other
character lookingback, and
then back again. Typically
usedto showthe
relationshipbetweentwo
people,usuallyinconflict or
during a conversation as we
move from one side to the
other, and back again to
show the audience the
reaction that a character is
having to what isbeingsaid.
The technique has not really
changed overtime as it is
still usedto make
conversationsmore
engagingto the audience.
The effectsthe use of shot
reverse shot has on the
story and audience inthis
scene from ‘Spider-Man
(2002)’ is that it helpsthe
audience not only Norman
Osborne’ssplitpersonality
but it also helpsshow us
the reactionthat both of
these characters are
having to what isbeing
said and this helps
emphasise the tensionof
the scene and the effect
this has on the audience is
that it helpsthembecome
more intrestedand
engagedwith what is
going on inthe scene.
Similarly,to the modern
example the older
example usesthis editing
technique inorder to
emphasise the emotions
of the character as they
have theirback and forth
dialogue and again the
effectthishas on the
audience isthat it adds to
the emotional weightof
the scene and helpsthem
32. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
creatingmotivationtofurtherthe narrative (motivatedediting)
developmentof drama
providingandwithholdinginformation
2. create continuitybetweenshots(continuityediting) –
followingthe action
changinglocation
Continuity
Editing
Continuityeditingisthe
most common style of
editing;it is specifically
whenshots are joined
togetherin a continuous
flowto give the audience a
real time viewof the actions
that are taking place but
through different
perspectives.
This style of editinggivesa
smooth feelingtoa scene.
Typically,this type of
editinghelpsto create a
sense of realismbecause it
has a natural flow and this
helpsadd to the
audience’sengagementin
the scene whilst
simultaneouslyaddingto
the realismof the story.
Examplesinclude cross-
cutting, shot-reverse-shot,
eye-line match,and action
match.
Most Forms of Editing
33. Unit 21: EditingTechniques
7/10/2019
Assignment1a
Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV
Name:Omar Rasoul
changingtimeframe,includinguse of flashbacks
3. create audience reactionandengage the viewer
creatingsuspense
creatingpace
4. create meaning
juxtaposingelementswithinediting
creatingempathywithacharacter
creatingbiasinfictionor documentaryediting.
Montage Kuleshovwasone of the
pioneersof montage editing.
In hisshortexperimental
film,he cuttogethershotsof
differentimageswiththis
neutral facial expressionto
create differentmeanings.In
thisexample he cutthe
image witha deadchild,a
bowl of soup,and a woman,
all communicatingdifferent
moodsto the audience.
The effectthishason the
storyis that the two
imagescan create a
meaningforexample the
man and thenwe cut to a
deadgirl so we can assume
he is a grievingfatherora
murdererandthe effect
thishas on the audience is
that itcauses usto view
the character in different
ways.
