Effectiveness Of The Treatment Before And After The...

Effectiveness Of The Treatment Before And After The...
To analyze the effectiveness of the treatment before and after the surgical revascularization
intervention procedures in PAD patients who may have microvascular dysfunction, we studied the
change in oxygen concentration at the walls of capillaries.
Oxygen transfer in a vascular network that is essential for the tissue metabolism takes place at the
level of microvasculature and capillaries through convection and diffusion. Oxygen delivery or
convective flow of oxygen to the capillaries and oxygen extraction or diffusive transport of oxygen
from hemoglobin (Hb) to tissue cells are the two limiting factors associated with oxygen transfer in
a vascular network (Pittman, 2000).
In order to quantify the transfer rate of oxygen from capillaries to the surrounding tissues, micro–
circulation in the vascular network was modeled in a virtual simulation software using the chemical
reaction module. Two mechanisms associated with the oxygen transfer; oxygen from the blood is
transferred to the inner wall through convection and from inner capillary wall to the surrounding
tissue via diffusion phenomena, are shown in Figure 1.
Microcirculation includes both delivery and extraction that is governed by the equation from Fick's
Principle (conservation of mass).
〖Q_(O_2 )〗^Diff= 〖Q_(O_2 )〗^Conv (upstream)–〖Q_(O_2 )〗^Conv (downstream)
Equation 1
The inflow would be the blood pumped from the heart through arterioles and incoming flux of blood
flow releases the blood cells with Hb
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

What Are Gel Electrophoresis?
Gel electrophoresis is a gel technique that separates DNA and proteins based on their mass, by
means of an applied electrical field that passes through an agarose or polyacrylamide gel. The
concentration of agarose in the gel is commonly 0.8% to 1.0%, since agarose is expensive. The gel
is embedded on a buffer, pH of 8.3, which keeps the pH of the solution at equilibrium. Assuming
that at typical pH, DNA is negatively charged, denatured protein samples are placed in the wells
located on the negative electrode side; hence the positive electrode side is located at the other end of
the gel. As the positive and negative electrode sides are connected to a power source, protein sample
migrates to the positive side of the gel. Migration of proteins is not necessarily based on their mass
or mass to charge ratio; protein migration across the gel is based on their size. In other words
smaller molecules will travels further than bigger molecules. Since the SDS gel contains agarose or
polyacrilamide, molecules have to be small enough to migrate to the other end of the gel without
getting stuck on the way. Protein samples separated by size via SDS–Page can be identified using
mass spectroscopy; which will require proteins from the gel to be treated using trypsin; which is an
enzyme that digests proteins. Assuming that samples were treated and storaged properly, the
digestion of peptides begins with the rehydration of proteins using trypsin, followed by the
incubation of proteins using a

Reaction Paper On Hydrazones
2.1. Hydrazones:
Hydrazones are a special class of organic compound in the Schiff base family. They are
characterized by the prescence of azomethine (>C=N–N=C<15 min). The hydrazones obtained are
tested for their DNA cleavage properties and some of them are found to show good chemical
nuclease activity in the presence of both oxidizing agent (H2O2) and reducing agent (MPA). Some
of them exhibited hydrolytic activity and their antioxidant activity was found to be very low.
2.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Though aryl hydrazones of aryl aldehydes, known as Schiff bases, are well known, the study of any
hydrazones (28) of 2–chlororquinoline–3–carbaldehydes (26) is scanty. Srivastava et al, have
synthesized the phenyl hydrazone 28a in 50% yield, by refluxing a ... Show more content on
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S. Rollas, Ş. G. Küçükgüzel, Molecules., 2007, 12, 1910–1939.
8. (a) P. Barbazan, R. Carballo, B. Covelo, C. Lodeiro, J. C. Lima, E. M. Vazquez–Lopez, Eur. J.
Inorg. Chem., 2008, 2713; (b) S. Banerjee, S. Mondal, W. Chakraborty, S. Sen. R. Gachhui, R. J.
Butcher, A. M. Z. Slawin, C. Mandal, S. Mitra, Polyhedron., 2009, 28, 2785; (c) N. Ghavtadze, R.
Frohlich, E.–U. Wurthwein, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2008, 3656; (d) K. Inamoto, M. Katsuno, T.
Yoshino, Y. Arai, K. Hiroya, T. Sakamoto, Tetrahedron., 2007, 63, 2695; (e) T. T. Dang, P. Langer,
Tetrahedron Lett., 2007, 48, 3591.
9. P. P. T. Sah, S. A. Peoples, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 1954, 43, 513–524.
10. S. Rollas, N. Gülerman, H. Erdeniz, Farmaco., 2002, 57, 171–174.
11. A. P. Rajput, S. S. Rajput, Int J PharmTech Res., 2009, 1(4), 1605–1611.
12. R. Pundeer, P. Ranjan, K. Pannu, O. Prakash, Syn Comm., 2012, 39(2), 316–324.
13. (a) T. Severin, H. Poehlmann, Chem.Ber., 1977, 110, 491; (b). M. Huisman, R. Have, van A. M.
Leusen, Synth. Commun., 1997, 27, 945.
14. A. Alexakis, N. Lensen, P. Mangeney, Tetrahedron Lett., 1991, 32, 1171.
15. (a) M. Katcka, Rocz. Chem. 1977, 51, 1455; (b) A. Reliquent, R. Besbes, F. Reliquent, J. C.
Meslin, Synthesis., 1991, 7,

Melting Point And Boling Point
Introduction: Melting point and Boling point are two fundamental physical properties that are
commonly used to identify unknown compounds, to verify already known compounds, and to
determine the purity of compounds.2 If the compound is a solid, the procedure for melting point
determination is followed. However, if it is a liquid a boiling point technique must be performed,
such as distillation or refluxing.2
The melting point determination consists of five major steps: obtain the sample and make sure it is
grinded, fill 2–3 capillary tubes with the sample, ensure that the sample is tightly packed, insert the
tubes into the Melting Point Apparatus to run a fast and a slow ramp, and finally record the data.3
Grinding the sample could be done by several methods. A large stainless steel spatula could be used
to directly crush the tiny crystals into fine powder, or the sample could be first placed within a
folded piece of filter paper and then pressed with the spatula.2 A mortar and pestle are also an
appropriate instrument to grind the sample.4 Next, the adequate amount of sample, which is 1–2mm,
should be collected with each capillary tube.2 If less sample is collected, it is much harder to see
when the first and last droplets form, making it difficult for the chemist to record melting range
temperatures.6 If the capillary tubes are filled with larger sample, this could cause uneven heating
during the fast and slow ramps and could also provide inaccurate melting range that is

Purification Of Purification And Purification
When examining the purification data in Table 4, we can analyze the different methods of
purification of LDH and determine how effective each methods is in order to ultimately purify LDH.
Unfortunately, there are two different definitions of purification: one is have a high end yield of the
protein, while the other is having a high end concentration without any contaminating proteins.
Furthermore, in order to achieve one type of purification, the other one has to be given up. The very
first purification step involved the 65% ammonium sulfate cut that resulted in a highest protein
concentration out of all the purification steps. The protein concentration went up from 3.925mg/ml
from the clarified homogenate to 28.11mg/ml, which is resulted of the pelleting out of the LDH and
reducing the volume from 114mL to 5.7mL. Furthermore, the 65% pellet cut was able to recovery
46% of the LDH, while purifying it by 6.8 fold. Also, this step was able to remove 65% of the total
proteins, while retaining 35% of it. Due to the increased purity and 46% recovery of LDH we can
conclude that most of the removed total protein was non–LDH, contaminating protiens.
Unfortunately, since this was only the first purification step, the amount of comtaminating proteins
is still fairly high as depicted in Figure 14, where the 65% cut pellet contains several dark bands
besides the one at 35kDa. The second purification step involved the affinity chromatography column
that resulted in a sharp decrease

Gel Electrophoresis Lab Report
Title – Gel Filtration and SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (P.A.G.E) Gel Filtration, SDS–
PAGE Objective – The purpose of this lab was to separate a mixture of Hemoglobin, BSA, Blue
Dextran, and yellow food coloring by size into fractions using gel filtration. Also simple non–
quantitative assay was performed to determine the fractions that contained proteins. Another
objective was to analyze the protein content of being BSA or Hemoglobin and estimate the
molecular weight of the proteins collected. Methods – Gel Filtration: A glass column with inner
diameter of 1 cm, was packed with Bio–Gel P–100 (BIO–RAD) beads suspended in equilibrium
buffer of 20 mM phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.0 – 7.4. The height of the total content was kept at
5cm. The sample mix with total volume of .1ml contained 2 mg/ml Blue Dextran (blue, 2 MDa), 5
µl yellow food coloring (yellow, ~500 Da), 2 mg/ml Hemoglobin (red), 2 mg/ml of BSA in
phosphate buffer. As soon as the sample mix was added to the column, 0.25 ml (~2 drops) of
fractions were collected in the Eppendorf tubes until all the colored bands eluted the column
because it was assumed that the colored band represented protein content. Approximately 1 µl of
each of the fractions collected were spotted on to nitrocellulose filter using capillary pipet. After the
filter was dried, it was incubated in 50% methanol for 5 minutes then it was incubated in Amido
Black (0.1% amido black 10B in 30% methanol) for 5 minutes. Next, the filter was

The Multicultural Academic Opportunities Program
Section I. Position Information
Position Title: MAOP Intern
The Multicultural Academic Opportunities Program (MAOP) of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University led by Dr. Jody Thompson–Marshall held a 10 week summer research internship
where there were 46 interns who all held a different focus in academics. The 46 interns were each
assigned to a mentor who they would work closely with over the course of 10 weeks in a lab. There
would also be activities and seminars planned throughout the 10 weeks to help the interns grow as
individuals but also closer together. Some of the activities include: networking luncheons, Camp
Alta Mons, graduate school preparation, personal statement writing, GRE pre and post testing, and
GRE prep courses in between.
I was assigned to the College of Veterinary Medicine where I was mentored by Dr. Andrea Bertke. I
also had the opportunity to shadow the vet school rounds on Wednesdays which were led by Dr. Ed
Monroe. In Dr. Bertke's lab I was given the task of running Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays
(EMSAs) to gather preliminary data on how Herpes Simplex Virus contributes to neuron specificity
of infection. I worked in the lab for approximately 40 hours per week.
II. Duties/Responsibilities Throughout the internship I grew in a tremendous amount of ways.
Because this was my first research experience, I had a hard time adjusting to all the different duties
of being in a lab. As the time progressed, I embraced all the duties I

Analysis Of Blood Exo DNA
Blood Exo DNA ProTeck™
Vacutainer blood collection tube for stabilizing extracellular vesicle DNA in a whole blood sample
Research Use Only.
Store at room temperature (18 to 25⁰C)
Catalog #
0019273 9 × 10 mL tubes
0019273 100 × 10 mL tubes
Intended Use
Blood Exo DNA ProTeck™ is a 10 mL vacutainer blood collection tube for stabilization of
extracellular vesicle DNA in a whole blood sample at room temperature for at least 30 days.
Extracellular vesicle DNA is extensively used for in vitro noninvasive prenatal and cancer
diagnostic assays. This product is intended to provide a means of inhibiting post–phlebotomy
extracellular vesicle release from blood cells in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This increased non–target background DNA may severely hamper the detection of target DNA
within a blood sample. Chemical composition present in Blood Exo DNA ProTeck™ will prevent
blood cells from releasing extracellular vesicles after blood draw stabilizing extracellular vesicle
DNA in a blood sample for more than 30 days at room temperature. This will enable clinics and
small laboratories to ship blood samples to central laboratories for blood processing and DNA
analysis.
Storage and Stability
1. This product, prior to blood draw, is stable until the expiration date written on the tube when
stored at room temperature (18 to 25⁰C).
2. Once blood is drawn into Blood Exo DNA ProTeck™ tube, extracellular vesicle DNA is
stabilized for at least 30 days when stored or shipped at room temperature (18 to 25⁰C).
Instructions for use
Blood Collection
1. For blood collection by venipuncture follow guidelines given by CLSI H3–A6 (3).
2. Take all possible precautions to prevent backflow since Blood Exo DNA ProTeck™ contains
chemicals. Follow the given instructions to prevent backflow.
(i) Patient's arm should be in a downward position.
(ii) Should hold the tube with the stopper uppermost.
(iii) Make sure to release tourniquet once blood starts to flow into the tube.
(iv) Make sure to fill the tube completely. Short draws may cause hemolysis.
(v) Remove the tube from the adaptor

The Cation Exchange Gel Samples
The cation exchange gel samples are labelled IEX 19–22 as these were the tubes with the highest
activity as shown in the above table. The other IEX fractions had significantly lower specific
activities so were less likely to contain the protein of interest and more likely to contain unwanted
proteins than the higher specific activity fractions. Only the higher specific activity fractions were
chosen for this reason. All the fractions that were analysed by gel electrophoresis have the same
banding patterns which means that they can be combined to get a combined total for the yield
calculations. This has then been used to calculate the amount that there would have been if the entire
solution was used for this process. However, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is seen in the gel electrophoresis where there is a greater number of bands for dye 9–11 than
there is for the IEX tubes. The fold purification was expected to be between 3–7–fold as found on
the "BRENDA web page" (2017), for this experiment a 1.4–fold (492404/349710) increase in
activity was seen after dye ligand chromatography. The retrospective yield was like cation exchange
which also gave an impossible result considering the after–dialysis yield. It is difficult to say which
yield is more accurate. The after–dialysis yield measured may be lower than its true value or the
error created by averaging the different tubes and treating them as if the entire sample has
overestimated the amount of LDH present. Although there are more bands on the gel there is a lower
retrospective total protein for dye ligand than there is for cation exchange 43.2 mg and 55.9 mg
respectively. This could indicate that although there is a greater number of bands the ratio of LDH to
unwanted proteins may be higher. This technique has gotten rid of the band that was present in
cation exchange but has different bands present which shows that the two purification techniques are
targeting LDH in different ways.
Affinity chromatography relies on the protein ability to bind to specific molecules tightly but not
covalently. This technique uses a ligand bound to the matrix that is capable of specifically binding to
the protein. When the impure solution is passed through the

Pcr Lab Analyzing The Alu Pv92 Genetic Sequence
PCR Lab Analyzing the Alu–PV92 Genetic Sequence
Author: Thomas Fasano
Abstract
I hypothesize that there will be a strong deviation between the genotype frequencies of the two lab
sections combined and that of the US. This experiment consisted of 26 individuals, of varying
ethnical backgrounds, ages, and genders, who amplified their own DNA through the use of PCR.
Their DNA was examined for the presence [(+/+) or (+/–)] or absence [(–/–)] of the Alu insertion
through the use of gel electrophoresis.
Based on the hypothesis, the objective of this experiment is to prepare and perform a polymerase
chain reaction to determine the amount of students between the two lab sections that present at least
one copy of the Alu allele in the genome and compare this number to that of the U.S.
Using the results, it was possible to determine that the FBBS class data had genotype frequencies
that strongly differed from those of the USA sample. Using this information, we were also able to
determine that more than half of the FBBS class expressed the presence of the Alu insertion in their
genome. This further agrees with the USA sample data, as the presence of the Alu insertion was
expressed in about three–fourths of the sample population.
Introduction
The Alu sequences epitomize the largest family of repetitive elements found in humans with over
5000 copies found in each genome1. They are widely considered to be a strong source of genetic
variation, even possibly being the

Symptoms And Treatment Of The Hemangioblastoma
gene. One of these tumors is the hemangioblastoma. These tumors most commonly occur in the
retina, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Hemangioblastomas are well–circumscribed, benign neoplasms
containing capillary vessels. They do not invade or metastasize but do cause symptoms from
increased pressure and hemorrhage. In the retina, they occur in the periphery or the juxtapapillary
region and they can result in vision loss from tumor edema, exudation, and/or traction. Hemorrhage
can also result in glaucoma, retinal detachment and vision loss. Retinal capillary hemangioblastomas
occur by age 60 in up to 70% of von Hippel Lindau patients.1
These CNS tumors have complex morphological features with many sources citing that the
histiogenesis is uncertain about their cells of origin. The 2006 text Tumors of the Eye and Ocular
Adenexa states that these tumors are capillary hemangiomas and are "endothelium–lined capillaries
interspersed with pale, vacuolated stromal cells" and that these stromal cells are "believed to be
astrocytes that have imbibed plasma lipids."2 In 2008, the Intraocular Tumors: An Atlas Textbook
2nd Edition reports that "[t]here is little information available about the pathology of this rare
neoplasm. It is a diffuse vascular mass composed mostly of small–caliber vessels believed to be
derived from endothelial cells of uveal blood vessels."3 The 2011 Eye Pathology: An Atlas and Text
2nd Edition, states that these retinal hemangioblastomas are "composed of capillaries

An Experiment On The Chemical Toxicity And Analgesic...
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize, isolate, purify and characterize
acetanilide. Acetanilide was purified via recrystallization and its purity was checked using its
melting range and thin layer chromatography. Our results yielded a very pure product.
Introduction: This molecule is primarily noted for its antipyretic and analgesic properties because
the human body metabolizes it mostly to paracetamol. However, due to its high toxicity it is no
longer administered as a drug on its own, it is mainly used in the synthesis and manufacture of other
drugs. Hazards include: acute oral toxicity, reproductive toxicity and it is also found to be harmful to
aquatic life. Its IUPAC name is N–phenylacetamide. The synthesis below, depicts aniline reacting
with acetic anhydride yielding acetanilide and acetic acid (amine to amide).
Solubility in H20 25 ° C Solubility in water 75 ° Molar mass g/mol Mass (g) Density g/ml # of
moles M.P
Acetic Anhydride .12 g/mL 102.09 1.08
Aniline .036 g/mL 93.12 .31 1.02 .00333
Acetanilide <.0056 g/mL 135.16 .41 1.22 .00303 114.3
Safety Hazards
Acetic Anhydride Irritant (eyes/skin). Toxic by inhalation, flammable
Aniline Irritant (eyes/skin). Harmful if inhaled/ingested. Possible carcinogen
Acetanilide Acute oral toxicity. Eye irritant. Reproductive toxicity. Harmful to aquatic life
Results and experimental observations:
The following results were gathered from the sample synthesized

Capillary Electrophoresis Essay
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS Quartez O. Buckley Falcon High School/Striebel Author Note
First paragraph: History behind Capillary Electrophoresis. Second paragraph: The theory behind its
creation. Third paragraph: Cost of the items and it as a whole. Fourth paragraph: How's it's used in
modern times and the value of it. Abstract Electrophoresis is the separation of proteins by the
electric sequence. Electrophoresis has older and now a new technology. Gel electrophoresis is the
older form, while now there is a newer one called Capillary Electrophoresis. Capillary
Electrophoresis is a machine used to get bigger molecules but mainly DNA sequence. Capillary
Electrophoresis is the more efficient way of the two, do to the cost and the "new technology" ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.). Retrieved February 01, 2017, from
https://www.chromatographytoday.com/article/electrophoretic–
separations/35/david_perrett/200_years_of_electrophoresis_–_david_perrett/831 A short history of
electrophoretic methods. (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2017, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/813778 Arne Tiselius – Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved February 01,
2017, from https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/tiselius–facts.html
Functional Integration of PCR Amplification and Capillary Electrophoresis in a Microfabricated
DNAAnalysis Device. (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2017, from
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac960718q Gel–electrophoresis. (n.d.). Retrieved February 01,
2017, from http://gel–electrophoresis.wixsite.com/gel–electrophoresis/history Karger, B. L., &
Guttman, A. (2009, June). DNA Sequencing by Capillary Electrophoresis. Retrieved January 18,
2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782523/ Quantitative chromatography
methods (LC, GC, CE). (n.d.). Retrieved February 02, 2017, from

Artriovenous Anastomosis
Arteriovenous anastomosis (AVA) is a condition where direct connections form between an arteriole
and a venule. A circuit is created between the two and shunts blood straight through without passing
the capillary beds (Stedman, 2012). The kidneys and liver are greately affected as they are highly
vascular. When blood flow through these capillaries are compromised, it may lead to serious issues
in the organ and further the whole body.
Up to 1200ml of blood is filtered through the kidneys every minute in average adults (Jenkins,
Kemnitz and Tortora, 2010). Blood from the aorta flows into renal arteries of the kidney then
through vessels that become progressively smaller towards the nephron. Nephrons are functional
units of the kidney which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP): hydrostatic pressure exerted by fluid within the capsular space
of the glomerular capsule, and blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP): osmotic pressure resulting
from plasma proteins, oppose the GBHP and create the net filtration pressure (NFP) of 10mmHg
under normal conditions. This pressure promotes filtration of water and solutes (Jenkins, Kemnitz
and Tortora, 2010). However with the drop of GBHP, the NFP will drop and even the small supply
of blood that had not bypassed and entered the capillaries will not be filtered. Change in pressure
and levels of solutes will affect other levels such as concentration gradients of solutes and osmotic
pressure within the peritubular capillaries, interstitial fluid and renal tubules, which are vital during
tubular reabsorption and secretion. As a result, nephron function will

Camptothecin: An Experimental Study
Figure 3. The measured distance migrated and calculated size of each DNA band from the
experimental DNA sample treated with camptothecin and from a control which was not treated with
camptothecin. The mean difference between the calculated size of the bands shows the size of the
nucleosomal DNA on average with respect to the number of base pairs within one piece of linker
DNA and connected to each histone.
Results
The relative band size of the DNA bands influences the distance that which it travels along the gel.
The less base pairs within each band, the further it travels on the gel. This is confirmed in table 1
which was created by analyzing Lane 1, the molecular weight markers on agarose gel #2. The
distance migrated was compared to the size of each band. Table 1 confirms this assertion as the band
with 1517 bp only traveled 25 mm on the gel where as the band ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Campotothecin is a known apoptotic stimulator therefore, it is expected that the DNA would behave
differently on the cell (Biology 225 lab manual, S2016). DNA in cells that undergo apoptosis
typically appear differently on the agarose gel, appearing similar to a ladder. Therefore, in the lanes
containing the DNA treated with camptothecin, we observe this laddering pattern and visible,
measurable bands become apparent. However, in the lanes of the agarose gel that contained control
DNA (not treated with camptothecin), we observe one solid visible band indicating that the
molecular weight DNA is still fully intact and the cell has not undergone apoptosis. Accordingly, our
results affirm that camptothecin causes apoptosis in cells which therefore results in the molecular
weight of the cells no longer being attached. Finally, subsequent fragmentation of DNA and the
appearance of a ladder on the gel caused the DNA to appear in "multiples of 180–200 base pairs"
(Biology 225 lab manual,

Measuring the Melting Points of Compounds and Mixtures Essay
TECH0701: Measuring the Melting Points of Compounds and Mixtures
Introduction
This exercise dealt with the melting points of pure mandelic acid and benzoic acid. The eutectic
temperature and composition of mandelic and benzoic acid mixtures were determined. And finally,
an unknown was identified by its mixtures and melting point.
The melting point of a compound is used by organic chemists not only to identify the compound, but
also to establish its purity. To determine the melting point two temperatures were noted. The first
was the point at which the first drop of liquid formed among the crystals; the second was the point at
which the whole mass of crystals turned to a clear liquid. And the melting point was recorded from
this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An unknown compound was obtained and the ID number was recorded. A capillary tube was loaded
with the unknown powder and inserted into the melting apparatus. The temperatures at which the
crystals first started to liquefy and when the entire sample became liquid were recorded. The melting
point was then compared with previous known mixture samples to identify the unknown compound.
Results
Table 1. Melting point range for benzoic acid and mandelic acid. Note: Mandelic acid first seemed
to liquefy at 116.0˚C but was concluded that it might have been sweating that occurred from
droplets. | Temperature that crystals first started to liquefy | Temperature where entire sample
liquefied | Benzoic Acid | 122.0˚C | 123.1˚C | Mandelic Acid | 117.1˚C | 118.9˚C |
Table 2. Determining the eutectic temperature and composition of a benzoic acid–mandelic acid
mixture. Tube # | Temperature that crystals first started to liquefy | Temperature where entire sample
liquefied | 1 | 113.6˚C | 115.7˚C | 2 | 92.6˚C | 94.7˚C | 3 | 92.1˚C | 93.8˚C | 4 | 91.9˚C | 95.2˚C |
Table 3. Determining melting range for the unknown compound. Unknown #7 | Temperature that
crystals first started to liquefy | Temperature where entire sample liquefied | Orientation melting
point | 152.0˚C | 153.3˚C | First trial | 149.4˚C | 150.3˚C | Second trial | 150.0˚C | 151.2˚C |
Table 4. Identifying an unknown compound by mixture melting point. | Temperature that crystals
first

Neoplasm Essay
The neoplasm is assumed to have a nonaggressive nature; however, data regarding the course in
HIV immunocompromised persons is scant. A case of orolabial bowenoid papulosis caused by
HPV–32is noted.[63]
Histopathology: reveals features of an intraepithelial carcinoma. Secondary amyloid deposition has
been reported histologically in one case of BP.[64]
Differential diagnosis Lichen planus, common warts, seborrhoeic warts, naevi and condylomata lata.
A biopsy is indicated in instances where the clinical diagnosis is uncertain.
Treatment and follow up Treatment depends on many factors. Circumcision removes a major risk
factor for cancer and provides extensive tissue for histology. Topical 5–fluorouracil as a 5% cream is
a well established conventional option for the treatment of BP,[65–67] but there have not been any
clinical trials. Other treatments include cryosurgery, curettage and electrocautery, excisional surgery,
glans resurfacing, Mohs micrographic surgery, laser and photodynamic therapy.[ 65–69]
Radiotherapy should be avoided. Topical imiquimod may help some patients.[70–72] Patients
presenting with these conditions should be counselled and screened for HPV and other sexually
transmitted diseases, including HIV infection. They should stop smoking. Sexual ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only 25% are extraocular and the majority of these appear on the head and neck. One–half of
periocular tumors arise from Meibomian glands. The neoplasm appears as a firm, skin–colored, or
yellowish papule that slowly grows into a nodule. Metastasis occurs in 14 to 25% of patients.
Several cases reported in HIV–infected patients achieved unusually large sizes and were not present
on the

Hemoglobin Synthesis Lab Report
This experiment was completed in order to test the dependability of agarose gel electrophoresis on
identifying normal (HbA) and mutant (HbS) β–globin in blood protein samples. The procedure of
native gel electrophoresis was utilized, because normal and mutant β–globin have negative and
positive charges, respectively. The samples in the agarose gel were exposed to an electric field
inside the agarose gel apparatus for one hour. Our samples included purified normal hemoglobin,
purified sickle trait hemoglobin, and purified sickle hemoglobin, a student sample, and an unknown.
The migration of each sample informed us of the intrinsic charge of the hemoglobin proteins. Thus,
we were able to name the hemoglobin that composed each sample and name the amino acid
associated with the β–globin. Our results showed that the sample of normal hemoglobin (HbA HbA)
traveled the most because of its overall negative charge caused by the amino acid glutamate. The
sample of sickle hemoglobin (HbS HbS) traveled the least because of its overall positive charge
caused by the amino acid valine. Because of its intermediate nature, the sample of sickle trait
hemoglobin (HbA HbS) displayed a migration band coinciding with the migrations of normal and
mutant hemoglobin. Through gel electrophoresis, we were visually able to detect normal ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cause of SCA is traced back to codon 6 of 147 in the β–globin gene. A base pair substitution
causes the codon's amino acid to be changed from glutamate to valine. Valine's chemical
composition is what causes the terrible effects of sickle cell anemia. Since it is nonpolar and cannot
form hydrogen bonds, it is hydrophobic and wants to associate with other hydrophobic valine
molecules. The association of valine containing proteins forms fibers inside red blood cells and
gives red blood cells it its sickle shape. Valine also causes the hemoglobin to take a positive

Electrophoresis: Separation And Analysis Of Macromolecules
Introduction Gel electrophoresis involves separation and analysis of macromolecules like
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and various proteins. In electrophoresis an
electric current is passed through a solution or gel from one electrode to the other. Ions, molecules,
and molecular fragments in the solution or gel are drawn to one of the electrodes according to their
charge. When charged molecules are placed in a gel, the speed they travel toward the electrode is
influenced by both their charge and size. Molecules can be identified according to which direction
and how fast they travel. (Lab #3 Handout)
Western blot is used to separate and identify proteins by taking mixtures of proteins and separating
them based on molecular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting mixtures were set at room temperature for five minutes. These were then poured into
screw cap labeled tubes and heated to 95℃ for another five minutes. While they were being heated,
we created a solution of 1x Tri–Glycine solution equaling 1500 mL out of distilled wter and 10x
Tri–Glycine solution.
Assembly, loading, running, and disassembly of Gel Boxes: Assembly of the Tetra Cell requires
following procedures outlined by the manufacturer's protocol. Once the Tetra cell was assembled,
the solution was added to the chambers of the apparatus. The experiment then requires loading 10
l precision plus protein kaleidoscope prestained into well #2, loading wells #3–7 with the 5 l
prelabeled fish protein solutions into their own wells, and loading well #8 with 10 l of actin &
myosin standard after rising the wells. (See Table 1 in the appendix) The lid was placed on to the
vertical electrophoresis apparatus, set the Bio–Rad power supply to 175V, and then the gel was set
to run. After 45 minutes, all bands were at the bottom of the gel and the Tetra cell was disassembled.
The gel was then placed into a labeled tray with 50 ml of coomassie stain for on hour after being
rinsed with distilled water for five minutes. Once done, the gel was wrapped in plastic

Biochemistry Pre-Lab Assignment
Biology 3601 Biochemistry Gel Filtration Laboratory Pre–Lab Assignment Instructions This Pre–
Lab assignment accompanies the laboratory exercise on gel filtration chromatography. The Pre–Lab
includes 10 questions. You must complete each question in your own words and show all work as
necessary. The answers to each question must be typed, however, you may submit scanned copies of
handwritten calculations. This Pre–Lab assignment is worth 40% of the total Lab Submission grade.
The Pre–Lab must be submitted as a single file (.docx or .pdf only) on Blackboard by the start of the
laboratory session. No late Pre–Lab assignments will be accepted. Questions 1. What are the two
molecules you will separate in this laboratory exercise?

Abstract. Taq Polymerase Is Essential In Polymerase Chain
ABSTRACT Taq Polymerase is essential in Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) experiments to obtain
a PCR amplification of an unknown gene. The unknown gene is then ligated into a vector plasmid,
which is placed in a bacterium Escherichia Coli to transform and multiply. Ultimately, identification
and characterization of the unknown gene is done using electrophoreses and gel imaging. Cloning
techniques such as the one performed have been used for many years to isolate genes from a variety
of species. Isolation of unknown genes serves many purposes. Nucleic acid sequence of the
unknown gene can be derived which can be compared to other known gene sequences and the
function of the gene can be derived. The clone made can be used to study the ... Show more content
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The active monomer form of Taq polymerase has a molecular mass of 94 kD with a full length of
832 amino acids. (2) Mainly, Taq polymerase catalyzes the incorporation of dNTPs into DNA and
contains a polymerization dependent 5'–3' DNA polymerase activity. (1) Although there are many
advantages towards the use of Taq polymerase in the amplification reaction, Taq polymerase does
not possess 3' to 5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity.
Taq polymerase is purified and tested using SDS–PAGE gel electrophoresis to separate and identify
the purity of the sample. The recombinant protein is purified from an E. coli strain containing the
pTTQ18 plasmid that contains the Taq DNA polymerase I gene that is cloned downstream Ptac
promoter. After purification through a "salting out" method containing (NH4)2SO4, a small sample
of Taq polymerase will be used to be identified through electrophoresis. After enrichment of the
protein, the sample of Taq polymerase will be saved to be used in further experiments involving
PCR amplification, cloning, and DNA sequencing.
Polymerase Chain Reaction is a method developed in the 1980s by Kary Mullis. The main objective
to PCR is the ability of the DNA polymerase, in our case Taq polymerase, to synthesize a new strand
of DNA that is complementary to the unknown gene offered in the template

Detection Techniques Used By Capillary Electrophoresis,...
Amperometric detection (AD) For more see journals 109. Amperometric detection (AD) is the
widely reported electrochemical detection technique in capillary electrophoresis, flow analysis, and
liquid chromatography [Art. No. 108]. This technique carried out by supplying a constant potential
to the working electrode and resulting current measured as a function of time. At the surface of the
working electrode, the redox reaction of the analytes takes place by the application of potential,
whereas output current is proportional to the analytes concentration. Furthermore, the response of
current is directly proportional to the number of analyte moles that oxidize or reduce at the working
electrode surface as given by Faraday's law: I_t=dQ/dt=nF dN/dt where I_t is the yield current at
working electrode surface at given time t, Q is the charge at the working electrode surface, t is is the
time, n is the number of electrons transferred per mole of analyte, F is the Faraday constant (96485
C/mol), and N is number of moles of analyte oxidized or reduced [33: Art. No. 101]. Advantages
There are some unique advantages make amperometric technique more popular such as higher
sensitivity, very good selectivity in the direction of electroactive compounds, simple instrumentation
easy to handle and economical [Art. No. 105], minimal contribution of background current, and easy
to operate [Art. No. 108]. Voltammetry For more see

Glomerular Filtration : The Major Function Of The Glomerulus
Glomerular filtration
The major function of the glomerulus is to produce an ultrafiltrate from the blood using the
glomerular capillary wall(GCW) as a filter by a process differs from the transcapillary exchange
process as in other organs in two ways. First, the GCW almost completely excludes plasma proteins
of the size of albumin (radius 36Å) or larger from the filtrate. Second, the glomeruli exhibit an
extraordinary high permeability–surface area productto water and small solutes and also a very high
capillary filtration capacity (Anderson et al. 2000)⁠
.
Fluid movement across the glomerulus is, similar to the conditions in other capillaries, governed by
the Starling forces, i.e. the effective hydrostatic pressure gradient minus the effective oncotic
pressure gradient. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can thus be described by:
GFR = LpS × ( ∆ P − ∆Π )
Where, Lp represent the hydraulic conductivity of the GCW, and S is the surface area available for
filtration. ∆ P denotes the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries minus the hydrostatic
pressure in the Bowman's space, and ∆Π the effective oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
minus that in the Bowman's space. If LpS is 4 ml/min/mmHg/100g of kidney weight in humans, and
∆ P ≈ (52–15) mmHg, while ∆Π ≈ (28–0) mmHg, then, the GFR in man equals 4 x 3 x [(52–15) –
(28–0)] ≈ 120 ml/min. GFR can be measured clinically using molecules that are freely filtered
across the glomerulus and that are not bound to

Proteins Of Bovine Red Blood Cell
Protein Composition in Red Blood Cells in Humans using Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Name: Emma Claypole
Date: Wednesday March 16, 2016
Lab Group: W08, Wednesday morning
2
Abstract
The proteins of Bovine red blood cell (RBC) membranes were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis. After analyzing Bovine RBC they were then compared to human RBC counterpart.
Following finding the log of each molecular weight of each band, band one showed the highest
molecular weight. All five bands viewed were from humans. There are typically 7 bands visible
however, in our case only five were visible due to implications within the gel sample.
Introduction
Proteins are important elements in cellular membranes and give the membranes many of their
characteristics. In red blood cells, the meshwork of proteins in and around the membrane gives it
strength and flexibility, allowing a cell to squeeze through small capillaries without bursting. Other
proteins play roles in transporting material in and out of the cell (Lab Manual, Cell Biology).
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), with all of its different modifications is probably the
most widely–utilized procedure in contemporary biochemistry and molecular biology (Mordacq and
Ellington (1994)). In this experiment, we will attempt to determine the molecular weights of the
major proteins in the plasma membranes of bovine red blood cells (RBCs). The predictions made
are if our protein has similar weights as proteins

Osmoregulation: The Hypothalamus In The Brain
There are important systems that are involved in the control for homeostatic of osmoregulation
which occurs in a negative feedback control cycle. To prevent the loss or gain of water from the cell
in the body, the water potential of the blood is regulated which is controlled by the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus in the brain is able to notice changes in the water potential through a type of
neuron that is permanently present called osmoreceptors (– negative feedback 'receptor' for
osmoregulation) that are capable of detecting water concentration/ water potential of blood as it
passes through the hypothalamus through the osmoreceptors that they send out. The hypothalamus
(– negative feedback 'controller' for osmoregulation) receives the message ... Show more content on
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When a heathy individual doesn't consume ecstasy the endocrine system that is link with the
hypothalamus regulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature. The osmoreceptors detected the
osmotic pressure in the red blood cells and sends the osmotic pressure signal to the hypothalamus in
the brain and detects the change of water in red blood cells. In order to keep the internal
environment stable at an optimum water potential, the hypothalamus will decided whether to
produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or not into the pituitary glands that is transported to the kidney
tubles. ADH will only increase the permeability of the kidney tubles for water to be reabsorbed into
the blood if the red blood cells have a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm in the red blood
cells. Whereas, on the other hand ADH can decrease/ inhibit when the solution outside of the red
blood cells has a higher osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm in the red blood cells. This is done to
maintain the osmoregulation internal environment at an optimum level for a heathy person in this
case leahs friend Sandy who did not experience a huge amount of thirst compared due to the
hypothalamus controlling the amount of ADH needed in

Agkistrodon Contortrix: The Copperhead Snake
The DNA extraction results, along with the PCR product, did not fare well. There was not enough
product produced to be viable in the later stages of the experiment, so a backup was used in place of
the original product.
The result of the sequencing showed that the unknown tissue originated from an Agkistrodon
contortrix, commonly known as the copperhead snake, with an accession number of KY747498. The
E–value was 0.0. The accession number for the closest match was EF669477.1, known as
Agkistrodon piscivorus, or the cottonmouth.I am confident in the results of the experiment. As the
E–value was shown to be 0.0, indicating that there is almost no uncertainty in the data. The DNA
extraction and PCR were not successful; there was DNA present in both gels tested, however it did
not amplify due to not being cycled long enough. In the end, a backup was required to identify the
tissue in BLAST due to errors. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1993). Due to the errors in performing DNA extraction and PCR, a backup product was used in the
latter stages of the experiment. However, although a backup was used, it does not necessarily mean
there were not mistakes made later in the experiment. The backup was used due to the lack of viable
DNA in the samples. The lack of usable DNA before sequencing more than likely assisted in the
unsuccessfulness in sequencing, as in the forward sequence only 36bp were received with a 69.4%
GC content, and none in the reverse with 0% GC content. The reverse was replaced in Geneious
with a backup

The Respiratory System And The Digestive System
For the human body to operate it must acquire new materials and get rid of waste. The exchange of
materials plays an important role in ensuring the body is functioning and each system within the
body follows common principles for this exchange, but adapts to suit its own requirements and
function. The human body has a smaller surface area to volume ratio in comparison to smaller
organisms, which are able to gain all gases that are needed though simple diffusion, and therefore is
not able to complete all of the exchanges of the materials it requires in the same way. To ensure that
it obtains all of the materials that are needed, specialised systems are present within it to allow this.
This essay will be focusing particularly on the respiratory system, the renal system and the digestive
system and how they have adapted to allow efficient exchange of materials.
The cells within the human body require a constant supply of Oxygen and through cellular
respiration it is able to receive this and supply these materials to the blood at the same time as
removing carbon dioxide. Human skin is not suitable for this exchange as it has evolved to conserve
water and therefore the respiratory system is needed to enable this. For diffusion to occur there
needs to be a moist surface and the lungs enable this vital gas exchange to take place without losing
too much water. The air from the atmosphere is warmed and filtered once inhaled through the nose
and travels through the trachea

Hemoglobin Lab Report
The main objective of this experiment was to identify the different bands present in each
hemoglobin samples. Based on electrophoresis of hemoglobin, the purpose was effective. The three
samples of hemoglobin with appearance of blue pigment were normal hemoglobin (AA), sickle trait
hemoglobin (AS), and sickle cell hemoglobin (SS). The different bands of hemoglobin samples were
showed with an orange pigmentation on the gel. On the first well, it is found the normal hemoglobin
that showed only one band. The normal hemoglobin has one polypeptide chain and one heme group
and carry the same heme group iron that are associated with polypeptide chain of 141 (alpha) and
146 (beta) amino acids residues (Marengo, 2006). The normal hemoglobin have two kinds of chain
known as alpha and beta chains. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the second well, it is present sickle cell trait that showed two different bands on the gel
(heterozygous). One band represents normal alpha chain in hemoglobin (bottom) and the other band
represent the beta abnormal in hemoglobin (top). People who were heterozygous (AS) were much
more likely to survive an infection than people carries a homozygous for sickle cell disease
(Wallace, 2003). The normal beta has glutamic acid, and sickle beta has valine. So, the alpha chain
has more negative charge than beta chain, and beta chain move faster than alpha chain. Analyzing
the third well, the sickle cell hemoglobin showed one band on the top. The sickle cell mutation
results in substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position of the beta
globin chain, causing formation of hemoglobin ¨S¨ (National, 2014). Glutamic acid has more
positive charge and valine has more negative

The Method Of Separation Of Charged Molecules Based On...
INTRODUCTION
Electrophoresis is the method of separation of charged molecules based on different migration in an
electric field. Applicable features of the electrophoresis technique such as high effectiveness, high
resolving power, high speed, fully automation and a variety of injection based pre–concentration
schemes and detection modes have all been broadly examined. (Tavares, et al., 2003). It is a
developed systematic and micro preparative instrument. The method provides faster separations, at
higher resolution and with greater separation efficiencies (Swerdlow & Gesteland, 1990). Capillary
electrophoresis has applications in several areas like clinical/forensic, cosmetological,
environmental, nutritional and pharmaceutical. (Tavares, et al., 2003). For forensic applications it
has exceptional separating power, rapid analysis times, and high mass sensitivity, in terms of
reagents and consumables, requiring only least quantities of sample (Tagliaro, Pascali, & Lewis,
2013)
MATERIALS
Instrumentation
Model P/ACE 5510 from Beckman Instruments (Fullerton, CA, U.S.A.) or model HP3DCE from
Agilent Technologies (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.)
The P/ACE unit was equipped with a filter–carrousel UV detector, while the HP3DCE unit was
equipped with a diode array detector. Both systems had temperature control devices, maintained at
25 – 30 °C and data achievement and treatment software supplied by the manufacturer. (Tavares, et
al., 2003)
Samples
Clinical/forensic samples:
1. Serum

Disadvantages Of Pharmaparticles As A Drug Delivery System
INTRODUCTION Drug delivery Systems Drug delivery systems (DDS) have been developed in
order to control pharmacological parameters such as bioavailability, biodistribution and
pharmacokinetics of the administered substances. Bioavailability is defined as the percentage of an
administered dose of therapeutic agent that becomes available in the systemic circulation in its
active form. Drug delivery systems can enhance bioavailability by increasing in–vivohalf–lives of
fragile pharmaceuticals e.g. protection of proteins from enzymatic degradation or by changing their
chemical characteristics – e.g. improving solubility of hydrophobic moieties. Biodistribution is
defined as the percentage of an administered drug that becomes deposited into specific organs
throughout the body at specific time points. Drug delivery systems can alter the biodistribution of a
drug by active targeting of specific cell types, passive targeting (accumulation in certain tissues),
retention at the injection site or by helping to cross biological barriers. ... Show more content on
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They control and sustain release of the drug during the transportation and at the site of localization,
altering organ distribution of the drug and subsequent clearance of the drug soas to achieve increase
in drug therapeutic efficacy and reduction in side effects. Controlled release and particle degradation
characteristics can be readily modulated by the choice of matrix constituents.Drug loading is
relatively high and drugs can be incorporated into the systems without any chemical reaction; this is
an important factor forpreserving the drug activity. Site–specific targeting can be achieved by
attaching targeting ligands to surface of particlesor use of magnetic

Colon Cancer: A Brief Summary
As cancer becomes an increasingly threatening foe to human life, scientists strive to understand
more about the disease. In the hope that they can improve detection and treatment, researchers study
the formation, proliferation, and migration of cancerous cells. One such scientist, Dr. Kristi Neufeld,
is faculty member at the University of Kansas and the Co–Leader of the Cancer Biology Program at
the University of Kansas Cancer Center. She focuses her research on the effects of the APC and
Musashi proteins on the development and progression of colon cancer. From her adolescence, Dr.
Neufeld desired to pursue a career in the sciences. She was raised in Newton, Kansas which, being a
small community, meant the only science professionals she ... Show more content on
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Neufeld and her fellow scientists, the threat of colon cancer has drastically declined. Between 1975
and 2009, the five–year colon cancer survival rate increased from 48.6% to 66.4% (National Cancer
Institute). Despite these improvements, colon cancer remains the fourth most diagnosed cancer,
following cancers of the breast, lung, and prostate. Moreover, it causes the second most deaths, with
colon and rectal cancers combining to cause over 51,813 fatalities in 2013 (CDC). Scientists' work
to improve the diagnosis of colon cancer is particularly crucial, as it is commonly referred to as a
"silent killer". Oftentimes, it has no accompanying symptoms and people decide not to be tested via
a colonoscopy. Once symptoms arise, the cancer tends to be in an advanced stage, at which point
survival rates plunge from 90% to 10% (American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy). Should
a novel, noninvasive method be developed to predict and diagnose colon cancer, it is likely the
survival rate would increase exponentially in the

Keeping Up with the Jones Essay
Keeping Up With the Jones's Case Study Directions: Complete Parts 1–6 of this case study.
http://www.sciencecases.org/jones/jones.asp Submit Answers to the Following Questions: Part I: 1.
What two parameters are responsible for creating the movement (filtration and reabsorption) of fluid
across the capillary wall? The hydrostatic pressure (or blood pressure) and osmotic pressure (water
pressure) are responsible for balancing and creating the movement of fluid across the capillary wall.
2. Find a diagram of a capillary – copy/paste and cite the source. [pic]
http://cikgurozaini.blogspot.com/2011/01/fluid–exchange.html 3. Under normal circumstances, what
components of the blood cross the capillary wall? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She has always been neglected by her parents because they pay more attention to her brother. She
ran a lot but didn't eat anything and passed out. She also weighed herself for fun. 2. Why did Suzie
pass out when she stood up? She ran a lot the day before but then didn't eat anything for breakfast.
3. Why did Suzie's mother place Suzie's feet on a chair? She wanted to increase the blood flow to
her head and decrease it in her feet. This is why she passed out in the first place, because there was
not blood flow to her head. 4. Why did Suzie feel as if she had no energy at the doctor's office? She
has not eaten anything all morning and she had drained herself the day before. 5. Make an initial
speculation about Suzie's condition at this time. Assuming that your speculation is true, what do you
think the doctor will find in the results of Suzie's physical examination? I believe Suzie may be
anorexic because she didn't eat in the morning and she was weighing herself for fun. She also
fainted and her mom didn't seem to think it was a big deal. I think the doctor will find out she is not
getting the nutrients she needs. Part III: 1. What new signs and symptoms does Suzie exhibit that
would concern you if you were the doctor? She does not want to take her shoes off when she weighs
and something is abnormal about her blood pressure. 2. Do you wish to

Analysis Of Two Dimensional Electrophoresis ( Ief )
TWO–DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS (IEF)
The different methods of separations of a mixture, to get one particular constitute of the mixture are
available now. The separation methods are based on the charge present and on migration rate and on
applied electric field are known as electro–kinetics methods. Many methods are available which are
based on the electro kinetics method. Methods like electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric
focusing and related techniques are available for the separation the components from the mixture.
This separation of molecules depend upon the many parameters like temperature, pH, ionic strength,
viscosity, applied electric field, concentration of electrolyte, surface charge, net charge of molecule
etc. These parameters are very important for separation.
Electrophoresis is the technique which monitors the charge of the molecule under the electric field
applied and separates the molecule by considering parameters like electrophoretic mobility, charge,
size of the molecule.
Isoelectric focusing requires constant electric charge with the different pH gradient on the gel and
due to this molecules get separated according to their isoelectric point.
Isotachophoresis uses different electric field with the combination of pH gradient for the separation
of the molecules or charged species.
 Electrophoresis:
The basic principle of electrophoresis involves the separation and isolation of charged molecules
due to their differential migration in a buffer

Dna Marker Research Paper
A DNA marker (size standard or a DNA ladder) is loaded into the first well of the gel. The
fragments in the marker are of a known length so it can be used to help approximate the size of the
fragments in the samples. The prepared DNA samples are then pipetted into the remaining wells of
the gel. When this is done the lid is placed on the electrophoresis tank making sure that the
orientation of the gel and positive and negative electrodes is correct. To separate the fragments, the
electrical current is then turned on so that the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel
towards the positive side of the gel. The distance the DNA has migrated in the gel can be judged
visually by monitoring the migration of the loading buffer dye. The electrical current is left on long
enough to ensure that the DNA fragments move far enough across the gel to separate them, but not
so long that they run off the end of the gel. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To visualize the DNA, the gel is stained with a fluorescent dye that binds to the DNA, and is placed
on an ultraviolet trans illuminator that will show the stained DNA as bright bands. The dye can also
be mixed with the gel before it is poured. If the gel has run correctly the banding pattern of the DNA
marker/size standard will be visible. It is then possible to judge the size of the DNA in the sample by
imagining a horizontal line running across from the bands of the DNA marker. The size of the DNA
can be estimated in the sample by matching them against the closest band in the

comparative proteomics Essay
Comparative Proteomics: Protein Profiler Lab by Jonathan Thulson
Biology 113
October 6, 2013
Lab Partner:
Vernon Morris
INTRODUCTION Proteomics is the study of proteins. Their functions, interactions with other
proteins, cellular locations and levels at which they are expressed. The purpose of this lab was to
compare the proteins present in different species of fish to be able to determine which species of fish
have the closest relation. This can be determined based on which two fish species have the most
proteins in common with one another. The Central Dogma of biology is a process in which a gene
made of DNA is transcribed by a messenger RNA and then translated into a protein. Based on the
Central Dogma of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The proteins are also added to a Laemmli sample buffer in order to give each protein a negative
charge so it is able to get pulled through the polyacrylamide gel. The next step is to put the gel into
the electrophoresis module and to run it. It is run until the proteins have almost reached the bottom
of the gel. A blue tracking dye is added to the Laemmli sample buffer in order to track the distance
in which the proteins travel through the gel. If it is run for too long, the proteins will run off the
bottom of the gel and it will mess up your results. Once the protein reach the bottom of the gel, the
gel is stained in order to be able to see the individual bands of the different proteins. When the gel is
stained, the protein distances will be able to be measured and compared. For a detailed procedure,
refer to the Comparative Proteomics Kit I: Protein Profiler Module Lab Manual.
RESULTS
I did not get conclusive data from the gel I made. As you can see in figure 1, the bands that showed
up on the gel were too cluttered to be able to measure them. So I could not compare protein bands
between the fish species based on our gel. Instead, I used a default gel picture that another group did
in the class to get my data. From their gel I was able to compare the different species. Table 1 shows
the number of bands that were similar between the different fish species when they were compared.
I was able to determine that fish species C (Tuna)

Materials And Methods Of Chemicals
Materials and methods
Chemicals used:
Fipronil (Insecto SC 5%) is a product of BASF Company and manufactured by Sinochem Group–
Ningbo Technical Co. Ltd, China. Zinc was obtained (in the form of zinc sulphate heptahydrate)
from October Pharma, Egypt. The kits used for the following biochemical assays were purchased
from Biodiagnostic Company, Dokki, Giza, Egypt: superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1),
catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GPx, EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione–s–transferase
(GST, EC 2.5.1.13), glutathione reduced (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total protein. All
other chemicals were obtained from reputed companies.
Animals and experimental design
Twenty male albino rats, weighing 90 ±10 g were used in this study. The animals were obtained
from the animal house of the National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR),
Dokki, Giza, Egypt. They were housed under normal environmental conditions of temperature and
humidity and allowed to adapt to the new environment for two weeks before starting the experiment.
Animal rooms (23±2 Cº) were maintained on a 12:12h light/dark photoperiod. Animals were
provided with food with free access standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. All animal procedures
were conducted according to accepted standards of animal care following NODCAR Guidelines.
Rats were randomly divided into four groups, five rats in each group. Control group, rats received
drinking water. Zinc group, rats received zinc at

Essay on Btec Unit 18 Sports Injuries
BTEC National Sports injuries
Unit 18
Assignment 2
Physiological & Psychological responses to injury (p3/P4/M2/D1)
Scenario: You have impressed during your work placement at Thornensians rugby club and have
been asked to stay for an additional week. The club physiotherapist has suggested that you look to
improve your knowledge surrounding the rehabilitation of players returning from injury, paying
particular attention to their physiological and psychological responses.
Checklist * Introduction * Psychological Responses– anxiety, frustration, isolation, anger,
depression, drop in motivation, stress * Physiological Responses– inflammation/swelling, scar
tissue/ remodelling, clotting * Strains– Grade 1,2 & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
if his return to training date keeps getting put back, watching his team mates play in important
games your missing out on
* Drop in Motivation – This may be caused by the return date to training seems so far away, he can't
see the light at the end of the tunnel. It would be the responsibility of the Physio and back room staff
to raise his moral levels and keep him motivated. This could be helped by goal setting.
* Isolation– During their recovery from injury, the athlete spends less time with their team mates
and coaches, and may feel left out or isolated. They may experience feelings of depression,
anxiousness, and sadness. Because of their emotions, the athlete may not want to be around others.
Often, an athlete will withdraw, which provides temporary relief from their feelings. Unfortunately,
being away from others, particularly team mates and coaches, keeps the athlete away from the
support and energy they need to recover. The emotional experience from injury may cause the
athlete to be moody, grouchy, and easily irritable.
* Anger– The situation settles in and the athlete is forced by the circumstances to change or even
stop their participation in their sport. Recovery is often not easy and the athlete becomes frustrated
and more irritated with the speed of the recovery process. Realizing the athlete is angry at their loss
of ability to perform, their loss of power over what has happened to them and the situation they now
find themselves in

Gel Electrophoresis Lab
Purpose: Gel Electrophoresis is used to separate macromolecules like DNA and RNA by their size,
or proteins by their charge and size. In this experiment, I used the Gel electrophoresis to determine
the presence of all dyes in a specific dyes mixture. Hypothesis: If all dyes are present in this
mixture, then the dyes in the mixture should travel the same direction as the dyes in it towards the
positive electrode because the negatively charged dyes travel towards the positive electrode while
the positively charged dyes travel towards the negative electrode. Materials and Methods: Material:
Agarose gel (2%) on gel tray, TBE running buffer 1X, 350 mL, 5 micropipettes, metric ruler,
electrophoresis chamber, power supply. The dyes: Bromophenol blue,

Naphthalene And Salicylic Acid Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment is to separate a mixture of salicylic acid and naphthalene using
extraction, recrystallization and sublimation techniques. Extraction is the separation of compounds
from a mixture based on their relative solubilities in different solvents. Sublimation is the process of
separation by which a substance transitions from the solid phase into the gas phase, skipping the
liquid phase. Recrystallization involves dissolving a substance in an appropriate solvent then
crystallizing it as it cools (impurities remain in solution). The melting points of the substances were
determined in order to assess their purity and the percent recovery of pure naphthalene and salicylic
acid were calculated. According to the results, the melting point of pure naphthalene was between
86°C –89°C range, whereas for pure salicylic acid was 167°C –170°C. Both determined melting
points were higher compared to the literature value of 80.26°C and 158.6°C for pure naphthalene
and salicylic acid respectively. Lastly, the percent recovery for pure naphthalene and salicylic acid
were 17.7% and 71.2% accordingly. In this experiment were used three separation techniques:
extraction, sublimation and recrystallization. During the first method, 0.70 g sample of salicylic
acid–naphthalene mixture was dissolved in 10 ml of diethyl ether. The solution was placed in a
separatory funnel and 10 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was added to it. After
the initial gas was

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