Novel techniques for induction of flowering

2. 0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Export Quantity (MT)
Export Quantity (MT)
Source: DGCI & S Annual ExportAPEDA, 2017
• India has a large domestic market for
lime consumes more than 98%.
• Accounts for 21.4% of the global market
share and 20 % share in the Asia-Pacific
region.
• USD 6530.3 million worth market value
in 2015.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2013 2014 2015
Qty
Value

3. UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT
SEMINAR - I
Name of the Student : OBADIYA RAI
I.D. No. : UHS16PGM760
Degree Programme : Sr. M.Sc. (Hort.)
Department : Fruit Science
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, BAGALKOT
Crop Regulation in Citrus; A special reference
to acid lime

4. BAHAR SELECTION
METHODS OF CROP REGULATION
CONCLUSION
FLOWERING BEHAVIOUR OF
CITRUS
CONSTRAINTS AND FUTURE THRUSTS
TOPICS

5. Regulate literally means ‘Bring into conformity with
rules, principles or usage’.
Principle of crop regulation is to manipulate the natural flowering
and fruiting of the plant in desired season of the year that
contribute to increased fruit yield, quality, profitability and
sustainability of the environment by reducing the frequency of the
usage of pesticides.
5

6. To force the tree for rest and
produce profuse blossom and fruits
during any one of the two or three
flushes.
To regulate a uniform and good
quality of fruits and to maximize the
production as well as profit to the
grower.
To reduce cost of cultivation.
6

7. SELECTION OF BAHAR......HOW???
• Climate of the area
• Availability of the irrigation water
• Quality of produce
• Occurrence and extend of the damage by the diseases
and pests
• Market demands
• Availability of fruits in the market
• Comparable yields
7

8. Bahar preferences in different
crops
SI. no. Fruit crops Fruit availability (month) Preferred Bahar
1. Citrus
Nov-Dec (Sweet orange)
HastaDec-Jan (Mandarins)
August-Nov (Lemon and
lime)
2. Guava Jul-Aug Mrig
3. Pomegranate Jan-Feb Ambe or Hasta
Lal et al., 2017
8

9. ADVANTAGES OF CROP REGULATION
Better quality fruits
Better market and
high demand
More profitability
Increase the
economical
production
Avoids some biotic
stress
To reduce imports and balance the trade.
To provide
employment
throughout the year.
9

10. A STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF ARRIVALS AND PRICES OF
CITRUS
IN NARWAL MARKET OF JAMMU, INDIA
Anil Bhat, Jyoti Kachroo and S.P. Singh
Division of Agricultural Economics and Statistics,
SKUAST (Jammu) FoA, Main Campus, Chatha – 180009,
India
Indian J. Agric. Res.., 48 (1) : 23 - 28, 2014

11. Particulars
Fruit wise Arrivals (q) Fruit wise Prices (Rs/q)
Orange Kinnow Lemon Orange Kinnow Lemon
April 4916.60 - 1833.33 3002.50 - 2562.33
May 2383.33 - 3788.80 3779.00 - 2274.40
June 2735.00 - 7293.00 3400.00 - 1707.75
July - - 4430.40 - - 1515.20
August 2980.20 1929.60
September 3778.67 - 2115.80 2441.67 - 2498.40
October 2593.40 - 2601.00 2323.50 - 2312.00
November 4093.00 3010.25 1759.00 2435.50 1422.00 1710.00
December 8895.40 10116.00 1695.80 2266.75 1308.60 1413.80
January 7005.80 6671.00 1947.00 2499.75 1487.00 1897.60
February 12339.40 7679.00 6460.00 2601.75 1604.20 1960.20
March 5930.40 2545.00 2328.00 2832.75 1829.20 2565.60
Table 1 # Average monthly arrivals and prices of orange, kinnow and
lemon in Narwal market of Jammu (2005-06 to 2009-10)
11

12. Acid lime cultivation in Vijaypur district: growth prospects
and problems
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 28(4): (633-635) 2015
R. THEJESWINI & M. Y. TEGGI
Department of Agricultural Economics
College of Agriculture, Vijaypur - 586 101,
Karnataka, India
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580
005, Karnataka, India

13. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Prices *
Arrivals**
*Base year for prices (100%) = 561.11 `/bag
* * Base year for arrivals (100%) = 16,788.24 bags
1 Bag = 40 kg
Fig#1 Seasonal indices of acid lime prices and arrivals in Vijaypur
district market.
13
. (Thejeswini and Teggi, 2015)

14. Performance of Acid Lime Varieties for Hasta Bahar under
Akola Conditions
Deshmukh G.N., Alekar A.N. and Hirve P.S.
OBJECTIVE:
To assess the performance of eight varieties of acid lime viz., V1-Chakradhar,
V2-Pramalini, V3-Vikram, V4-Tenali, V5-Sai-Sharbati, V6-Kagzi Lime, V7-
Mangali Pattu, V8–PDKV lime grown at “All India Co-ordinated Research
Project on Tropical Fruits (Citrus) Dr. PDKV, Akola for growth, yield and
quality parameters.

15. Table #2 Performance of different varieties of acid lime for hasta bahar under Akola conditions
for growth, yield, quality and biochemical attributes.

16. Performance of acid lime cultivars for hasth bahar under semi arid
condition of Vidarbha
Journal of Progressive Agriculture, Vol.6, No. 2: October 2015
AIM: To evaluate the “Performance of different acid lime
(Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cultivars for hasta bahar
was conducted at “All India Co-ordinated Research
Project on Tropical Fruits” (Citrus) Dr. PDKV, Akola.
Mahantesh Kamatyanatti, Vikas Ramteke, Murli Manohar Baghel and D.H. Paithankar

17. Table # 3 Plant growth and yield attributes of acid lime cultivars (Pooled data for 2
years)
Cultivar Pl. Hgt.
(m)
Pl. Vol.
(m)
No. of
flowers per
shoot
Fruit set
(%)
Duration
of
flowering
(days)
Fruit/pl. Yield/pl.
(kg)
Pramalini 3.81 37.45 134.94 30.77 26.18 602.67 28.51
Vikram 3.76 42.68 146.33 31.86 27.83 518.00 27.35
Tenali 3.24 29.15 96.94 32.95 29.53 454.67 25.00
Sai Sarbati 4.33 75.16 117.18 31.61 27.47 608.00 33.68
Kagzi lime 3.21 43.17 115.16 31.67 27.57 617.67 32.24
Mangali Pattu 4.22 60.12 143.20 31.02 26.55 483.33 22.00
PDKV lime 4.28 67.60 136.28 33.81 30.97 661.33 37.73
Chakradhar 3.52 42.46 134.06 27.69 21.60 280.00 12.86
S.E.(m)±
C.D.(P=0.05)
0.11
0.34
0.69
2.09
2.09
6.30
0.73
2.27
0.75
2.274
5.83
17.61
0.74
2.22
Kamatyanatti et al., 2015

18. Table # 4 Fruit quality attributes of acid lime cultivars (Pooled data for 2 years)
Cultivar
Fruit
wgt.
(g)
Fruit
Vol.(m3)
Fruit
dia.
(cm)
No.
Seeds
per
fruit
Juice
content
(%)
Peel
thickness
(mm)
TSS
(˚Brix)
Acidity
(%)
Ascorbic
acid
(mg100
ml)
Pramalini 48.23 45.33 3.63 11.38 48.20 1.57 7.83 7.97 29.13
Vikram 51.74 48.32 3.48 8.35 46.30 1.77 7.67 7.53 28.17
Tenali 46.89 43.42 3.69 8.44 41.67 1.45 7.46 7.40 27.45
Sai Sarbati 55.53 51.06 3.56 10.66 45.21 1.79 8.20 8.41 31.43
Kagzi lime 52.68 50.36 3.58 12.11 43.73 1.41 7.51 7.60 28.53
Mangali
Pattu
45.52 42.33 3.44 9.80 44.30 2.23 7.33 6.95 25.42
PDKV lime 58.24 54.27 3.79 10.26 46.63 1.72 8.25 8.66 32.80
Chakradhar 46.19 42.51 3.01 1.50 49.57 1.67 7.75 7.41 30.22
S.E.(m)±
C.D.(P=0.05)
0.22
0.65
0.31
0.93
0.08
0.24
0.48
1.45
0.29
0.87
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.05
0.36
1.10
Kamatyanatti et al., 2015

19. EVENTS IN
BUD
LEADING TO
FLOWERING
1. INDUCTION
2. EVOCATION3. INITIATION
Metzger, 1987
19

20. INDUCTION
Induction as
physiological condition is
initiated by external
influences as
photoperiod.
Citrus is considered to
be auto-inductive, with
no known single
stimulus.
Induction therefore might
not be fundamentally
dependent on temperature
or even dormancy but on
cyclic internal factors.
In sub-tropical regions,
the inductive period in
citrus starts in winter.
20

21. Evocation is described as the process occurring in the apex essential
for the formation of floral primordia.
Immunological or electrophoresis analyses of evoked apices of the
photoperiodic plants demonstrated alteration of protein compliment
after induction and prior to initiation of flower primordia.
Other differences were reported between juvenile and adult Satsuma
mandarin buds and between field marked vegetative and
reproductive Eureka lemon leaf auxiliary buds.
Evocation
21

22. INITIATION
At this stage,
the evoked
buds become
recognizable
as a flower
bud and is
thus
committed to
reproductive
development.
It is evident
from the
broadening
and flattening
of the
growing point
with
concurrently
developing
lobes when
viewed in
section.
For example,
Dormant
apices of
‘Valencia‘
orange trees
flattened as
soon as they
commenced
growth in
spring.
22

23. FLOWERING BEHAVIOUR IN ACIDLIME
 Lemon, lime and citron are considered as continuous bloomers,
particularly under tropical climate.
 The acid lime blooms through out the year but main blooming period
is Feb-March, with lean period from July-August.
 The inflorescence developed in citrus may be either
leafless or leafy.
 Usually, less than 1% flowers become mature fruits
(Monselise, 1977).
23

24. Bahar and flower intensity
Bahar/ season Flowering period Fruiting Flowering (%)
Ambe Feb- March May- July 47
Mrig June-July Nov- December 36
Hasta Oct- November April- May 17
Pawar et al., 2016
24

25. FACTORS
INFLUENCING
CITRUS
FLOWERING
1. CLIMATE
2. STRESS
3. NUTRITION
4. PATTERN AND
TYPES OF
INFLORESCENCE
5. PGRs
25

26. Methods
of C.R.
1. Low
temperature
stress
2.Water
stress
3.Shoot
pruning
4. Root
pruning
5. De-
blossomi
ng
6.
Nutrition
7.PGRs

28. AIM: To understand the relationship between GAs and other
plant hormones during the flower-bud inductive and
developmental period.
Scientia Horticulturae, 99 (2004): 301–307
Yoshiko Koshita and Toshio Takahara
Effect of water stress on flower-bud formation and plant
hormone content of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.)

29. Table # 5 The effect of drought treatment on flowering characteristics and sprouting
in the following spring for vegetative branches and leaf fall ratio of Satsuma
mandarin.
Drought
treatment
%tage of
flowering
node/ total
node
%tage of
vegetative
node/ total
node
%tage of
leafless
Inflorescence
/total node
%tage of
leafy
Inflorescence
/total node
%tage of
sprouted
node/total
node
Leaf fall
ratio
Severe 75.6 ± 10.2a
24.4 ± 10.2 18.4 ± 1.1 57.2 ± 9.4 96.5 ± 4.2 43.3 ± 8.4
Moderate 98.7 ± 1.0 1.26 ± 1.0 62.5 ± 9.2 36.3 ± 8.2 99.9 ± 0.2 13.9 ± 6.5
a Mean ± S.E., n = 3. Koshita and Takahara, 2004
3 -fold higher
29

30. Fig. # 2 Differences in the content of GA 1/3 (A), GA 4/7 (B), IAA (C) and ABA (D) contents in the
leaves of trees under severe (○) and moderate (●) water stress. (Koshita and Takahara, 2004)
30

31. Effects of Air and Soil Temperature on Vegetative
Growth and Flower Bud Differentiation of Satsuma
Mandarin Trees
Roedhy Poerwanto, Hiroshi Inoue, Yoshinori Ikoma and
Ikuo Kataoka
J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 60 (6) : 739-745, 1990.
AIM: To investigate the effects of air and soil
temperatures on vegetative growth and flower
bud differentiation.

32. Materials and Methods
 Plants used - 2 year old Satsuma mandarin budded on trifoliate orange.
 Experiment I : ( May 21 to Nov 10)
Constant Air temperature - 25˚c.
Soil temperature – 15˚c, 20˚c, 25˚c, 30˚c.
Treatments – 25/15, 25/20, 25/25, 25/30.
 Experiment II : (April 21 to Nov 30)
Air temperature – 15 ˚c and 30 ˚c.
Soil temperature – 15˚c, 20˚c, 25˚c, 30˚c.
Treatments - 15/15, 15/20, 15/25, 15/30.
30/15, 30/20, 30/25, 30/30.
32

33. Table # 6 - Effect of soil temperature on bud development of Satsuma
mandarin in Exp. I
Soil
temperature Y
(˚c)
Flower buds Vegetative
shoots
Total
Ratio of flower
buds to total
sprouting
15 48.33a 41.33b 98.67ns 53.68a
20 25.67b 51.67b 77.33 33.24b
25 16.67b 95.00a 111.67 15.20c
30 0.67c 84.00a 84.67 0.75d
Poerwanto et al., 1990Y – air temperature of 25˚c 33

34. Fig. 3 # Effect of soil and air temperature on the
number of sprouting buds per node (a), number of
flower buds on spring shoots per node (b), and the
ratio of flower buds to total sprouting buds (c).
Poerwanto et al., 1990

35. Table # 7 Effect of soil and air temperature on bud development on each cycle of shoot of
Satsuma mandarin in Exp. II
Air/soil
temp.
Flower Buds Vegetative buds
Spring Summer Autumn Total Spring Summer Autumn Total
15/15˚c 95.33 - - 95.33 67.67 - - 67.67
15/20˚c 143.33 - - 143.33 65.00 - - 65.00
15/25˚c 48.00 3.67 - 51.67 31.67 39.33 - 71.00
15/30˚c 38.33 3.00 - 41.33 35.00 39.33 - 74.33
30/15˚c 29.67 - - 29.67 40.67 - - 40.67
30/20˚c 12.33 - - 12.33 26.00 6.67 7.00 39.67
30/25˚c 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.33 20.67 13.33 47.34
30/30˚c 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.33 25.00 17.00 61.33
Significance
Air
Soil
Interactn
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
ns
ns
Poerwanto et al., 1990* Significant @ 5%, ** Significant @ 1% 35

36. Characterization of Water Stress and Low Temperature Effects on
Flower Induction in Citrus
STEPHEN M. SOUTHWICK AND THOMAS L. DAVENPORT
AIM: To investigate the effects of air and soil
temperatures on vegetative growth and flower
bud differentiation.
Plant Physiol. (1986): 81, 26-29

37. Materials and Methods
 Plants used- 2 year old ‘Tahiti lime’ budded on C. macrophylla rootstock, grown in
green house condition in 16 cm black plastic pots in a mix of 1 peat:1 perlite and 1
sand with fertilizer dose of 20:20:20 NPK.
 Water stress treatment:
a.) Continuous.
b.) Cyclical.
 Low temperature stress: Grown in growth chambers at 18/10˚c (day/night)
temperature with 12 hours photoperiods.
Control: grown at 29/24˚c (day/night) inside growth chambers.
Leaf xylem pressure potential were measured
at pre-dawn and mid-day by the pressure
bomb technique ( Scholander et al., 1965)
37

38. Table 8 # Effect of Continuous or Cyclical Water Stress on Flower Induction
in Containerized 'Tahiti' Lime
Water Stress Treatment Shoots/Plant
Shoot Type Flowers per
Plant
Vegetative Mixed Generative
Experiment 1 - (Feb. 2 to Mar. 17) (%)
Control 5.7b ± 0.5 13.0 0 87.0 5.0 ± 1.4
Continuous 41.7 ± 8.0 23.3 17.4 59.3 145.7 ±48.5
Cyclical 29.5 ± 4.4 44.1 16.1 39.8 44.2 ± 14.3
Experiment 2 - (May 11 to June 12) Repeat
Control 0.3 ± 0.5 0 0 100.0 0.3 ± 0.5
Continuous 37.7 ± 5.0 11.3 53.6 35.1 75.7 ± 18.1
Cyclical 29.0 ± 5.0 19.0 48.3 32.7 78.5 ± 51.9
Southwick & Davenport, 1986b – values represents mean ± SD 38

39. Table # 9 Effect of moderate water stress (-2.1 to -3.0 MPa) over
time on flower induction in 'Tahiti' Lime
Duration
of Water
Stress
Shoots per
Plant
Shoot Type Flowers
per Plant
Flowering
Shoots a
Vegetative Mixed Generative
Weeks (%)
Control 4.50c ± 1.9 100.0 0 0 0 0
2 6.25 ± 2.2 68.0 16.0 16.0 3.0 ± 0.82 32.0
3 8.00 ± 2.6 46.9 21.9 31.2 5.0± 2.16 53.1
4 9.75 ± 3.0 43.6 20.5 35.9 9.0 ± 2.16 56.4
5 9.75 ± 1.5 10.3 56.4 33.3 21.0 ± 8.04 89.7
Southwick & Davenport, 1986
a = sum of mixed and generative shoot percentage
c= means of 5 tree replicates/treatment ± SD 39

40. Table # 10 Effect of Severe Water Stress (> -3.5 MPa) over Time on Flower
Induction in 'Tahiti' Lime
Duration
of Water
Stress
Shoots per
Plant
Shoot Type Flowers per
Plant
Flowering
Shoots a
Vegetative Mixed Generative
Weeks (%)
Control 3.25b ± 2.0 100.0 0 0 0 0
2 70.50 ± 18.0 16.0 23.7 60.3 246.75 ±15.8 84.0
3 45.00 ± 12.0 8.9 36.7 54.4 97.2 ± 33.2 91.1
4 49.00 ± 25.0 6.9 26.6 66.5 144.6 ± 41.6 93.1
5 49.80 ± 10.2 6.4 34.1 59.4 168.8 ± 22.8 93.5
Southwick & Davenport, 1986
a = sum of mixed and generative shoot percentage
b= means of 5 tree replicates/treatment ± SD
40

41. Table # 11 Effect of low temperature over time on flower
induction in 'Tahiti' Lime
Duration
of Water
Stress
Shoots per
Planta
Shoot Type (%) Flowers
per Plant
Flowering
Shootsb
Vegetative Mixed Generative
Weeks (%)
Control 5.20± 0.4 100.0 0 0 0 0
2 6.20 ± 3.8 54.84 12.90 32.26 5.60 ± 4.03a 45.16
3 9.80 ±3.8 44.90 18.37 36.73 14.20± 6.67 55.10
4 13.20 ± 3.7 33.33 36.37 30.30 25.40 ± 10.02 66.67
5 15.20 ± 5.8 22.37 14.47 63.16 30.0 ± 9.97 77.63
Southwick & Davenport, 1986 41
a = means of 5 tree replicates/treatment ± SD
b= sum of mixed and generative shoot percentages

42. Research Journal of Agriculture and
Biological Sciences, 3(4): 239-241, 2007
Studies on Regulation of Flowering in Acid Lime (Citrus
aurantifolia Swingle.)
A. Thirugnanavel, R. Amutha, W. Babyrani, K. Indira, P. Mareeswari,
S. Muthulaksmi and S. Parthiban
AIM:
To study the effect of plant growth regulators viz.,
GA and cycocel, chemicals viz., KNO3, thiourea
and salicylic acid on flowering and fruiting in acid
lime.

43. TREATMENTS COMBINATION
• T1 - Control – Water spray.
• T2- GA @ 50 ppm in June + Cycocel 1000 ppm in September.
• T3- GA @ 100 ppm in June + Cycocel 1000 ppm in September.
• T4 -T2+ KNO3 1% in October.
• T5- T2 + KNO3 @2 % in October.
• T6- T2 + Thiourea@ 1% in October.
• T7- T2 + Thiourea@ 2% in October.
• T8- T2 + Salicylic acid @100 ppm in October.
• T9- T2+ Salicylic acid @200 ppm in October.
• T10- T3 + KNO3 @1% October.
• T11- T3 + KNO3 @ 2% in October.
• T12- T3 + Thiourea @ 1% in October.
• T13- T3 + Thiourea@ 2% in October.
• T14- T3 + Salicylic acid @100 ppm in October.
• T15- T3 + Salicylic acid @200 ppm in October. 43

44. Table #12 Effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on flowering & fruiting of
acid lime
Treatments Days to first
flowering
(Days)
Number of
flowers /shoot
Initial fruit
set
Fruit
retention at
harvest
Number of
fruits/tree
Yield /tree(kg)
T1 63 3.42 2.42 1.12 152 5.04
T2 107 5.52 3.53 1.88 188 7.16
T3 126 5.85 3.85 1.95 197 7.48
T4 109 6.07 3.97 2.82 203 8.62
T5 114 7.01 4.49 3.21 224 11.15
T6 113 5.99 4.13 2.8 201 9.02
T7 111 5.94 4.17 2.13 196 9.27
T8 112 5.94 4.14 2.53 194 7.74
T9 109 6.02 4.06 2.13 189 7.17
T10 123 6.09 4.3 2.56 197 8.14
T11 126 6.2 4.34 2.50 195 8.33
T12 127 6.17 4.11 2.89 187 8.07
T13 125 6.08 4.04 2.82 204 8.43
T14 128 6.16 4.03 2.86 199 7.99
T15 129 6.21 4.07 2.73 191 8.17
SE d
C D @0.05%
0.46
0.98
0.04
0.07
0.04
0.09
0.01
0.03
0.62
1.33
0.02
0.03
Thirugnanavel et al., 2007

45. Effect of Growth Regulators and Chemicals on Fruit Yield
and Quality of Hasta Bahar Flowering in Acid Lime (Citrus
aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Balaji.
Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 2014
Mukunda Lakshmi L, K.T. Venkata Ramana, V.N.P. Sivarama Krishna, K.M.
Yuvaraj, T. Naga Lakshmi, G. Sarada, T. Gourisankar, V. Gopi, and K. Gopal.
AIM: To investigate the effect of different
combinations of plant growth regulators (GA3
and Cycocel) and chemicals (KNO3 and Salicylic
acid) on fruit yield and quality of acid lime.

46. Table #13 Effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on summer fruit yield of acid lime at
Tirupati
T1- Control (water spray), T2-GA3 50 ppm June + Cycocel 1000 ppm September, T3-GA3 100 ppm June +
Cycocel 1000 ppm September, T4- T2 + KNO3 1% in October, T5- T2 + KNO3 2% in October, T6 -T2 +
Salicyclic acid 100 ppm in October, T7- T2 + Salicyclic acid 200 ppm in October, T8- T3 + KNO3 1% in
October, T9-T3 + KNO3 2% in October, T10- T3 + Salicyclic acid 100 ppm in October, T11- T3 + Salicyclic
acid 200 ppm in October.
Lakshmi et al., 2014
46

47. Table #14 Effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on summer fruit quality of acid lime
at Tirupati
T1- Control (water spray), T2-GA3 50 ppm June + Cycocel 1000 ppm September, T3-GA3 100 ppm June +
Cycocel 1000 ppm September, T4- T2 + KNO3 1% in October, T5- T2 + KNO3 2% in October, T6 -T2 +
Salicyclic acid 100 ppm in October, T7- T2 + Salicyclic acid 200 ppm in October, T8- T3 + KNO3 1% in
October, T9-T3 + KNO3 2% in October, T10- T3 + Salicyclic acid 100 ppm in October, T11- T3 + Salicyclic
acid 200 ppm in October.
Lakshmi et al., 2014
47

48. Majority of the farmers (69.00%) were found to have medium level of knowledge about improved production
technology. The study shows farmers possessed maximum knowledge about “varieties” and “plantation” while
minimum knowledge was reported in “manure and fertilizer” and “plant protection measure”. Majority of farmers
(64.00%) were found to have medium level of adoption of mandarin production technology.
 The knowledge of the farmers about improved production technology of mandarin cultivation was positively
and significantly associated with their caste, occupation, educational level, social participation, size land holding
while their market distance and irrigation potentiality were negatively and non significantly co-related with their
knowledge level.

49. Constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of improved production technology of mandarin
cultivation.
Yadav et al., 2013
49

50. FUTURE THRUST .......??? Physiology of mechanisms involved in
responses of citrus to various kinds of stresses
such as water stress, low temperature stress,
salinity stress, girdling stress etc.
Identification of growth regulators as an
alternative to abiotic stress.
Biotechnological approaches to discover the
phenomena involved in flowering gene
expression at molecular levels.
Studies on the role of the phyto-hormones
especially gibberellins along with auxins and
cytokinins in the process of flowering, fruit set
and fruit retention.
50

51. Breaking the
seasonality of acid
lime for commercial
production would
not only substitute
the importance of
fresh fruits, but also
provide the
incentive prices to
the lime growers.
Location specific
technologies needs
to be developed
along with the use
of new varieties
having high
summer crop which
would help
cultivation a
profitable option.
51

52. Thank You