Age Of Enlightenment Research Paper

Age Of Enlightenment Research Paper
The Late 17th and 18th century was a time of many changes. With the new era becoming the Age of
Enlightenment, creative ways of thinking and ideas began to emerge. The main philosophers
consisted of John Locke, Voltaire, Adam Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft. These thinkers
(Philosophers) had many general ideas in common but all had unique ideas. With so many
philosophers in the 17th century, the period began to be known as "The Age of Enlightenment."
Quickly the years passed, thus having more and more ideas. The philosophers created new ideas and
addressed many problems such as equality and government values. Overall, the philosophers of The
Age of Enlightenment helped make better societies and eventually affecting our own , The United
States ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of the philosophers in general believed in freedom and choice and equality. For example, Mary
Wollstonecraft and John Locke all believed in equality and choice but in different ways. John Locke
believed that the government should be run by the people's freedom of choice and their reasoning.
Mary Wollstonecraft still believed in the same ideas as Locke, just in different ways. She believed
that women should be equal to men and education should be for everyone . As a whole, the three
believed in many ideas that could be considered the main ideas of the Enlightenment. Overall, the
Philosophers not only disagreed but had many ideas in common, such as freedom of choice and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

What Was the Main Ideas of Enlightenment Philosophers?
Xavier Jefferson
4–13–13
Mr. Love
What is the Church?
What is the church's purpose?
What is the Church? There are many different churches in America that say to be "Christian" and all
claim to be the church that Jesus built, or say they are a part of it. We need to go back to the bible
and see what it tells us (Christians and non–believers) about the church. The church is "an
assembly" or "called out ones but to me it is the people that make up the church. It isn't as people
think and say today that it is a building; also to me it means a place of tongues and worship. The
church (which comes from the Greek word ecclesia) is "the bride of Christ" and is ready for her
groom. Furthermore, Jesus says there is only one church ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
4:10: Acts 2:42.) The Bible gives us aspects of the purpose of the church that are: to guard the
proper teachings of the church like in 2Tim. 2:1–2, to train up God's children (brethren or disciples)
like in Matt. 18:15–17to, to become more like Christ like in Eph. 4:15–16 and to be unified in Christ
like in Gal. 3:28. What has changed is that the Christians today Christians has a greater motivation,
a greater power, and a greater confidence "to live a life of love," as commanded in Ephesians 5:1–2,
than those in previous ages. Now people has taken God's purpose for the church and turned it
around. Jesus ' first commandment in Matthew 22:37 what was already commanded to His people
back in Deuteronomy 6:5 – "Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and
with all your mind/strength." All that you are and all that you have is to be poured into loving God.
These ties into the purpose of the church like all of the commandments do and its purpose is to
remember communion and the supper before Christ's resurrection. "The church is God's hands,
mouth, and feet in the world", to teach his words to other people that doesn't know him or need him
and his love and care. In the same way, James1; 27, "Pure religion and undefiled before God and the
Father is this, to visit the fatherless and widows

The Reasons Of The Enlightenment, Or Age Of Reason
There was a period in European history when religion did not govern a person's way of life.
Philosophy and science gained forefront and a new belief system took hold. This new belief system
lifted traditional constraints and allowed people to think and act freely. It was a new form of
happiness called The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, was a event that
occurred during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This event or period in time was attributed
to major changes in science, politics, and philosophy in which individuals turned away from
traditional customs to a more modern way of thinking. The Enligtenment "advocated reason as a
means to establishing an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, government, and even religion,
which would allow human beings to obtain objective truth about the whole of reality." This modern
way of thinking freed individuals from religious laws and superstitions. The Enlightenment took
root in the sixteenth century when philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists began to question
Christianity. Nicolaus Copernicus, Sir Isaac Newton, John Locke,
Galileo, and others were part of the scientific revolution that doubted religion and placed truth in
human logic, mathematics, and science. The Enlightenment began with English philosopher Frances
Bacon and ended with
German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Bacon's 1620 Novum Organum laid the groundwork and
Kant's 1781 Critique of Pure Reason

Philosophers In The Enlightenment Age
The three most important philosophers in the "Enlightenment Age" are Thomas Hobbes, John
Locke, and Baron de Montesquieu. These three philosophers has impacted state, church, and the
lives of people. Thomas Hobbes theorized that all humans are inherently selfish and evil. John
Locke made a social contract for the rights and lives of every living person. Those naturals rights
were (Life, Liberty, and Property). Baron de Montesquieu expanded John Locke's theory on the
natural rights. Thomas Hobbes was an Englishman born in England 1588. Hobbes's said that all
humans inherently selfish and evil, and therefore they need an all powerful monarch to keep
anything in order. This means that England needs a monarch (king or queen) to set orders that

Enlightenment Philosophers Dbq Essay
The Enlightenment Philosophers: What Was Their Main Ideas? Big ideas are the start of big
changes. In the 17th and the 18th century in Western Europe, well–educated philosophers or
philisophes came up with ideas to change society and base things off of individual freedom and
individual decisions. Philosophers used natural laws and observation to form their ideas and to
change society. The philosophers believed that great individual freedom would improve society.
This was true in the aspects of political, economic, and gender equality freedom.
John Locke argued that people should have the right as an individual to create a good government.
"Men are naturally in, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose [manage] of their
possessions and persons, as they think fit within the bounds of the law of nature..." (Doc A).
Humans are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She also argued that people should have the same education and social freedom. "To render [make]
mankind more virtuous, and happier of course, both sexes must act from the same principle; ....
women must be allowed to found their virtue on knowledge, which is scarcely possible unless they
be educated by the same pursuits [studies] as men." (Doc D). Wollstonecraft believes women are
seen as ignorant and inferior, but to make women equal to men, they should be allowed to study the
same topics as men. As Wollstonecraft said, "Make them free, and they will quickly become wise
and virtuous..." (Doc D). Women did house chores all day as men would go to school or work.
When the men come home and talk about their day, the women can not have a conversation because
they are not educated. To have an actual conversation, women need to be educated in the same
topics as men. Wollstonecraft's main idea was to have gender equality and social freedom. Everyone
should have the freedom as an individual to be able to get educated and to speak

The Main Features Of Plato Kallipolis
The purpose of this essay is to find central features of Plato kallipolis justice city. In Republic Plato
represent central political thesis which the main central features is Beauty and Goodness, Justice in
society and in the individual, and Theory of Forms. 'Kalli' means beautiful, also 'best', 'highest' and
'polis' represent as "political entity". Kallipolis it is an ideal city – state ruled by philosopher king
and this political city intended by Plato. In kallipolis city will be justice, as Plato will try to
demonstrate concept such as just city–state it might be found in a political entity such as a city. In
essay will be represent the allegory of the Cave meaning, which represent social life in the ancient.
Plato is unable to tell us ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only one thing, the developing individual will come to love beauty and shun ugliness even when are
still young and cannot understand the reason for so doing but one will recognize in this Form all that
is beautiful. Another image that Plato uses for the educational process is of a plant witch flourishes
in the right conditions but withers in adverse ones. Possible to say that beauty is defined by and to
the other, is to surround the child with beauty, truth and goodness order to make the growth of
growth of these qualities in its developing self. In reality, the world is not always beautiful, it is
often ugly; and people are not always virtuous, they are often cowardly, intemperate and injustice.
The Theory of Forms are idea of "one over many" it particular instances of justice. Normally it
appears to include at least beauty, justice and goodness as a central example in the Republic, some
very general nations such as Identity and Differences, Being and non – Being, the one and the Many.
Plato ideas could be considered as a sample of the prevailing classical conception. Plato realizes that
the general run of humankind can think and speak. The allegory of the cave is supposed to explain
this in the allegory; Plato likens people untutored in the Theory of Forms to prisoners chained in a
cave, unable to turn their heads. All people can see is the wall of the cave. Behind them

Siddhartha Summary
At the beginning of the last section of Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse, Siddhartha has previously left
his lover, town, money, and has come to the river. At the river, he has transformed into a person with
new mindsets, behaviors, feelings, and senses. Having resolved to live a new life by the river,
Siddhartha runs into a friendly ferryman named Vasudeva, who has also helped him cross the river
20 years ago. Siddhartha expresses his will to become Vasudeva's apprentice and learn deeply from
the river. With the influence of the ferryman, Siddhartha is able to obtain his ultimate, spiritual
enlightenment and gain peace, wisdom, and patience which he has been aiming for. The river
teaches Siddhartha and gives him several realizations which leads to his great awakening. He first
discovers the true concept of time and timelessness by listening to the river: life is unified by being
in all places at one time and time does not exist. His belief states that time is an illusion, and past,
present, and future are all a one thing. He sees the world similar to a river, because every moment,
including the childhood, early adulthood, and late adulthood is separated by shadows not by reality.
Siddhartha tries to listen to the voices of the river and by the end, he feels extremely absorbed and
listens perfectly. Eventually, the voices come to him into just a single concept of 'Om', in which
signifies the oneness and the unity of all things. Now each sense of voice, river, and word is likened
to another sense, so that Siddhartha's experience is at once diverse and unified. This 'Om perfection'
is only achieved through the pursuit of experience and life and through the understanding of the
world. These are what Siddhartha realizes when he finally achieves Nirvana. In Siddhartha, the
ferryman is an example of an archetype called the wise counselor/ mentor, specifically the Shaman.
The wise counselor is someone who's older, dedicated to good, has the wisdom of experience,
knows secrets, and advises the hero. Mentors represent the Self and are the aspect of personality that
is connected with all things. The ferryman, Vasudeva, has shown similar qualities that links to the
success of the main character, Siddhartha. First of

Enlightened Philosophers (John Locke, Baron de...
John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau were all enlightenment
philosophers. Each of these men had a particular view of government, society, and its citizens and
they were all passionate about their works. Locke (1632– 1704) was an English philosopher, his
ideas had a great impact on the development of political philosophy and he is widely regarded as
one of the most influential enlightenment thinkers. Montesquieu (1689– 1755) believed that all
things were made up of laws that never changed. His most famous work, The Spirit of Laws,
outlined his ideas on how government would work best. Voltaire (1694– 1778) was a poet, an
essayist, playwright, historian, and above all, a critic of society. He was a great ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
People always abuse their powers. No matter how small the amount they have, they will push their
credibility to the edge. "Constant experience shows us that every man invested with power is apt to
abuse it and carry it as far as it will go. (The Spirit of Laws) ". As the renaissance came around,
Montesquieu would definitely not have had such a bad opinion of man. As previously mentioned,
the renaissance was a time for prosperity and there was a focus on humanism. Montesquieu believed
that men will abuse any power that they are given but during the renaissance, people were much
different. As for the Protestant Reformation, Montesquieu would probably feel the same way as his
original philosophy. Nobody liked each other during the Protestant Reformation but the liked the
government/ churches even less. There's no doubt that people would abuse their power and the
government should be split in 3 sections. However, during the Scientific Revolution, Montesquieu
would feel the same about the people and probably would view the government the same way.
During the Scientific Revolution, people were recovering from the Protestant Reformation but it was
the abuse of power that put them there in the first place and they needed a stable government.
Jean Jacques Rousseau was similar to Locke in his belief of a government. Rousseau believes that
government is necessary for

The Enlightenment Thinker, A German Philosopher: Immanuel...
The Enlightenment thinker I have chosen Immanuel Kant. He was a German philosopher who the
farthest most foremost Enlightenment thinker due to his perspective of us humans and the way we
should see the style we live in. In addition, Kant was very known for his view of this world and life
in general. Keep in mind Kant was a unique leader due to people rephrasing him as a indicate
human beings. The three drawings I drew consist in what relates to Immanuel Kant and my
justification for why too. The first drawing I drew which is a dark light bulb with orange and yellow
light coming out of it. I drew this to establish the thought that Kant wasn't the most satisfying leader
with his way of thinking in which many people found every wicked of him but

During The Enlightenment Period, An Italian Social...
During the Enlightenment period, an Italian social philosopher named Cesare Beccaria became
known for his idea of classical criminology. Classical criminology is the idea that criminals choose
to commit the crimes and it can simply be controlled by punishment. This theory had several ideas:
1.) people have the free will to choose to become a criminal in order to meet their needs, 2.) they
will not choose to commit the crime if they feel the punishment is not worth it, and 3.) in order to
decrease the crime rate, the punishment must be able to convince the criminals that it is not worth it.
Throughout the movie, Blood In Blood Out, the main characters struggle throughout their life that is
filled with crime and violence. Miklo, who is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is an ongoing problem with Miklo; he wants to fit in with a gang, weighs out the pros and cons
and then decides to risk the punishment in order to fit in. Paco is different; he eventually wants to
make everything better. At first, he makes poor decisions, but once he realized he was about to go to
prison, he realized that the punishment is not worth it, so he chooses to join the military. After his
injury, Cruz becomes a heroin addict in order to reduce the pain in his back. He made the decision
that the heroin was worth it if it managed to reduce the pain. However, this resulted in the death of
his brother and his family disowning him. Social Learning Theory: The social learning theory is the
idea that observing other 's social interactions will shape the person 's behaviors. These observations
can be from watching someone who is really close to you or can simply be from the media, which
controls everyday life. Albert Bandura was one of the theorists who brought about this idea with his
Bobo doll experiment. In this experiment, he would study the children 's behavior after they watched
an adult act violently towards the Bobo doll. In the end, these children would observe these adults
and would then mimic their actions in violently attacking the doll. This became the basic idea of the
social

The Enlightenment Ideas And Beliefs Of The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a period where many ideas were introduced to culture. Philosophers such as
Locke, Hobbs, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Wollstonecraft worked to usher in new ideas and different
ways of thinking. These ideas and beliefs influenced society in a positive way. Each of these
philosophers had different perceptions and beliefs on how a society should function. What was their
central idea? The philosophers of the Enlightenment believed in equality and freedom and that
society could be improved either economically, socially, politically, or religiously. Adam Smith, a
philosopher during the Enlightenment, believed that each man can pursue economics to make
money for himself. Adam Smith states, "Every man...is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest
in his own way" (Doc C). Smith is explaining that everyone has the freedom to use their own ways
and methods to satisfy their needs and interests. Smith also states, "As every individual, therefore,
endeavors as much as he can both to employ his capital [money] in the support of ...industry, and so
to direct that industry that its produce may be of greatest value; every individual necessarily
[contributes to] the annual revenue of the society as great as he can" (Doc C). This statement
explains that everyone works hard both to support the economy and support themselves. People
shouldn't rely on just their economy to survive. Instead, they should work to both help the economy
flourish and to provide for themselves. He

The Enlightenment Philosopher In The 1600's
Every Enlightenment Philosopher in the 1600's had different views on how a human being was
structured and how it worked, they had different beliefs and opinions that may or may not be true.
Thomas Hobbes believed that Humans are by nature free also equal in faculties of body and mind
and humans are just physical objects and our Human Nature was just like he stated "The natural
state of man's life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", according to Hobbes, human beings are
essentially selfish, we are not essentially good or ethical people because in Hobbes opinion ethics
come with politics and politics are the root of selfishness. Hobbes argued that the essential natural
right was "to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature.
The social contract based on Hobbes was that If you shut up and do as you are told, you have the
right not to be killed or even have the right to not to be killed, for no matter what the sovereign does,
it does not constitute violation of the contract. Hobbes advocated a Sovereign government with a
king with consistent exercise of authority. His views on religion were that "he ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Society makes them lose it, and they recover it only by the protection of laws, The State Of Nature
according to Montesquieu is that individuals "were so fearful of violence and war that it caused the
timid to associate with others and seek to live in a society, but then he loses his sense of weakness,
equality ceases, and then commences the state of war." This philosopher does not normally think of
natural rights, and rarely speaks of them, He did not believe in a social contract but in his opinion
the state of war lead humans to laws and government. Separation of powers was something he
believed in so that the government wouldn't get too powerful and it would never infringe on the
people's

Philosophies Of Enlightenment Philosophers
Philosophies That Take Our World
All of the great thinkers throughout history have the theme of choice evident in their works. The
world in the 17th and 18th century was changing fast with leading science and religious diversity.
The Enlightenment saw this ever changing world and worked on the psychological side of it. There
was thousands of Enlightenment philosophers who met and discussed their ideas of the human
psyche. Great thinkers like John Locke, Voltaire, Adam Smith, and Mary Wollstonecraft's
philosophies still thrive today in western civilization. If fractions of a society cannot function as a
whole, a society will never thrive. The general argument made by Voltaire in his work Letters
Concerning The english Nation, is that all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He argues that if the government fails men can make choices for the good and still thrive. This is
seen when Locke says "The people are at liberty to provide for themselves, y erecting a new
legislative" (Locke). Its is people's natural duty to self preserve, by making the right decisions in
creating a new government.
In Adam Smith's Wealth Of Nations argues that individual decision making make up a government's
economic success. More specifically Smith argues that when people make the choice to better
themselves it will better the society as a whole. Smith shows this when he writes, " Every individual
necessarily [contributes to] the annual revenue of the society as great as he can" (Smith). In this
work Smith is suggesting that when people make the choice to better themselves they also
contribute to the better of a society.
In Mary Wollstonecraft's work A Vindication of the Rights of Women, She argues that if women can
think and contribute to society just like men. Wollstonecraft argues that if women are given and
equal opportunity to get an education they will succeed, " by allowing them [women ] to participate
in the inherent rights of mankind. Make them free, and they will quickly become wise and virtuous"
(Wollstonecraft). This shows that women have the same right to learn and contribute to society if
they are given the choice to an

Summary Of Happy Like God By Simon Critchley
What makes one person feel happy, may not make another person feel the same kind of feeling. All
people around the world look at and feel happiness in different ways than others. Happiness is
something that is extremely personal and very much varies from person to person. For example,
someone who likes thrills and adventures, such as an extrovert, would reach more energy and
happiness more than an introvert would. Whereas an introvert, would find more happiness and
energy when doing more laid back activities, such as reading a book by a warm window, baking
some warm, fresh cookies, or working out indoors on a treadmill or elliptical, instead of going out
for a run in a park or having a night on a town, in a loud night club. Everyone knows, at least one,
activity in their day to day life that they enjoy or find happiness doing.
In Simon Critchley's passage called Happy Like God, Critchley explains how he read a passage that
he thought was extraordinary and was good enough to write an essay on. The passage was from
Rousseau's final book, Reveries of a Solitary Walker. The passage described the experience of
someone floating on a rowboat on Lake of Bienne, next to the writer's native town, in his native
country. Critchley explains how he thinks this is the closest description of happiness he can imagine.
Ultimately, this would make people assume that Critchley finds most of his happiness from relaxing
activities than crazy, loud and overwhelming ones.
Critchley further goes on, expressing his thoughts on happiness by saying, "Happiness is not
quantitative or measurable and it is not the object of any science, old or new. It cannot be gleaned
from empirical surveys or programmed into individuals through a combination of behavioral therapy
and anti–depressants. If it consists in anything, then I think that happiness is this feeling of
existence, this sentiment of momentary self–sufficiency that is bound up with the experience of
time"(Critchley 560). What he means by this, is that people learn to be happy by maturity, time and
experiences. In the passage, maybe Rousseau likes lying on a boat in the water because perhaps he
had a house near a great body of water and would hear the sounds of the waves crashing onto

Kamisar's Argument Against Euthanasia
The right to live one's life on his or her own terms is a basic tenet in the modern world. In American
society, the people are given free reign (within legal and social boundaries, of course) to choose how
to live. They can choose where to go to school, what to learn, what they want to work, when they
want to retire, and so on and so forth. However, when people reach the end of their lives, this right
to autonomy seems to be restricted, especially in those who are terminally ill. This autonomy sees
itself at the center of the debate around the practice of euthanasia, a medical procedure in which a
patient with a terminal or incurable illness is permitted to die in a painless manner ("Euthanasia").
While one might think that allowing one who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in the end, what Velleman and Kamisar do not realize is that their argument lies within the
abstract realm. By placing the argument here, it loses context for the patient. Someone suffering
from the terrible pain of aggressive skin cancer is converted to an uncharacteristic subject. By
applying the context of each patient's situation, as Feinberg believes we should, doctors and
physicians will be able to better determine whether not euthanasia is an appropriate option for the
patient. While there may be concerns for medical misdiagnoses or "last–minute cures," these events
are so uncommon that they should not even play a role in the

Immanuel Kant : An Atypical Philosopher From The...
Immanuel Kant was an atypical philosopher from the Enlightenment Era. His ethical views differed
from other philosophers during the time. While most views were based on consequences, his ethical
views were deontological, meaning that he judged actions based on the intention rather that the
result of the action. He believed that morality should not be based on emotion, but on reason. You
perform an action not because it will provide you a means to an end, but because it was reasonably
right, and based on good will. Rational human beings are ends in themselves. He did not believe in
the idea of a conscious, he believed that we are not born with one and that God did not give us one.
However, he did believe that God gave us the ability to reason. These views are displayed in his
Categorical Imperatives. Before I go over the Categorical Imperatives, I will define his distinction
between a Categorical Imperative and a Hypothetical one. According to Kant, all imperatives
command either hypothetically or categorically. If an action is good only as a means to something
else, it is hypothetical. If an act is good in and of itself, without regard to a further end, it is
categorical (Textbook, 515). Using this reasoning, you could state that most other philosopher's
views during this time period are hypothetical imperatives. Kant's Categorical Imperatives are what
he thinks members of a society should be doing. He bases his views of actions on the question of
would my action make

How Did The Enlightenment Philosophers Impact On Society
Philosopher's Impact During the late 17th and 18th century in Europe, bright thinkers met in French
salons to discuss ideas that influenced their society. Four influential philosophers, Voltaire, John
Locke, Adam Smith, and Mary Wollstonecraft, made an impact on major societal issues during the
enlightenment period. During this period, the philosophers were people who offered views or
theories on serious questions. The Enlightenment philosopher's had an impact on religion, the
government, the economy, and women's rights. All the four leaders carry the same thought process
that the people should have the freedom to make their own choices. One of the philosophers,
Voltaire, was a strong believer of religious freedom in the 1700's. He states, "If one religion only
were allowed in England, the government would very possibly become orbitrary... but as there are
such a multitude, they all live happy and in peace." The prolific writer was convinced that people's
lives would be much easier and content if they had the right to whatever religion they chose and the
exact opposite if they were assigned to one religion. This seems to be true with most ... Show more
During the Age of Reason, society expected their government to protect their natural rights, which
are life, liberty, and property. Everyone is born with them and they apply to all people with no
exceptions. On the other hand, there is a social contract that humans enter into with their
government that agrees if they follow the rules they will be protected. Not only is the government
supposed to preserve our rights, but the citizens have to be obedient under their regulations too.
Moreover, the philosophers main idea was to give people human rights that gave them freedom to
make their own decisions. These thinkers, made a substantial influence on religion, the government,
the economy, and women's

Philosophers During The Age Of Enlightenment
Today's society would be different if it weren't for the four French philosophers for the individual
freedom, freedom in government, religion, economy, and gender equality. The four great
philosophers were John Locke, Voltaire, Adam Smith, and Mary Wollstonecraft who changed our
society and shaped the capitalistic democratic world that we live in today. These philosophers lived
in a time of new ideas, known as the Age of Enlightenment. These are the main ideas of the
enlightenment.
John Locke (1632–1704) was the main of the philosophers. At the time that time, he lived in an
absolute monarchy. That was when the king or queen ruled and sometimes asked for advice. When
the English Parliament passed the Bill of Rights in 1689, it inverted the

Enlightenment Philosophers: What Was Their Main Idea?
The Enlightenment Philosophers: What Was Their Main Idea? During the late 17th and 18th century
in Europe, there were a group of well–educated people also known as philosophers. Philosophers
used to meet in french salons to discuss political, economic, religious, and social questions. The
purpose of these discussions helped form the democratic world, and still affects the world today. The
Age of Enlightenment, also called The Age of Reason, was a time of historians with intelligent
ideas. One of the four philosophers that had a unique idea on how to improve society was John
Locke. John Locke believed in self–government. We an infer this when he said ''We must consider,
what state all men are naturally in,and that is a state of perfect freedom to order their action, and
dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit within fit, within the bounds ... Show more
She acknowledged how most people believed that women should be beautiful, emotional, and
dependent on men. Therefore, women were discouraged from going to school. Out of all the
problems in society during that time, this had affected the most amount of people. Wolstonecraft
thought the both genders should live by the same principle and equality.You can infer this by when
she says ''...both sexes must act from the same principle.. Women must be allowed to found their
own virtue on knowledge, which is scarcely possible unless they be educated by the same pursuits
as men.'' This means both sexes should hold the same value and be educated the same, but men are
afraid that they will be more intelligent than they turn out to be. Wollstonecraft used self–example to
explain her reasoning. Wollstonecraft believed that your gender shouldn't affect how you're
supposed to be treated, what kind of education you should get, or what kind of job you're supposed
to

Can One Be Poor And Free?
Can one be poor and free?
The question of whether one can be poor and free has been, and still is highly contested. There are
convincing arguments for both sides of the issue, and these arguments hinge on one's definition of
freedom. In this essay I will be using several arguments to prove that one can be poor and free, but
that being poor makes you inherently less free. First I will discuss Van Parijs' definitions of freedom,
and Hayek's disagreements. I will use Berlin's ideas around freedom to show fundamental faults
within Hayek's arguments. I will then use Cohen's work to prove that being poor severely restricts
one's freedom. This essay will demonstrate to the reader that although being poor does not make you
completely unfree, it does have severe impacts on one's freedom.
Phillipe Van Parijs argues that there are two ways of thinking around freedom, formal freedom and
real freedom. Van Parijs defines formal freedom as one having security and self–ownership. Real
freedom on the other hand is formal freedom with opportunities. Van Parijs then goes on to explain
that the opportunity, what makes freedom real is not something that can be seen as either present or
absent, but instead is something that is constantly shifting. Real freedom is therefore on a spectrum.
Van Parijs states that the aim of a free society should therefore be "a society whose members are
maximally free." This means that a society where the most people have the most freedom, while
understanding that

The Main Ideas of Enlightenment Philosophers Essay
During the Enlightenment, revolutionary thinkers called philosophes brought about new ideas as to
how to better understand and improve their society. They were all modern thinkers and had the best
interests of society in mind. Although each philosoph had his or her own ideas, they all centered
around one main theme: equality and human freedom. One famous influential philosopher was John
Locke. Locke was born in England in the mid 17th century and lived through both the English Civil
War and the Glorious Revolution. He strongly believed in equality for all men. In his book Second
Treatise on Civil Government, he says that "creatures of the same species and rank...should be equal
amongst another without subordination or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only two religions allowed in a population, Voltaire says, would create animosity and competition
between the two groups for power. But if all religions are tolerated, accepted, and represented, then
peace will be prominent and government will function much for efficiently and to the benefit of all
of the people. Everyone's rights will be represented because all of the focus will not just be on one
or two groups of people but a multitude of groups, creating religious equality for all. Called the
Father of Modern Economics, Adam Smith was an enormous advocate for private markets. He
supported an economic system based on the decision making by individuals instead of the
government. Smith felt that no one person or a group is fit to make decisions for a whole population
of people and that the population knows how to make decisions for its welfare. In Smith's mind,
people work to supplement their own lives, and when people seek individual economic gain then
they unexpectedly promote society and stimulate the economy subconsciously. If people earn more
money by working harder then almost all people will work harder. Smith insinuates that people are
naturally self preserving and by default selfish; but to a point. Everyone has something that they
want and in this world most things can be obtained if a person has enough money. Smith believes
that every man should be free to

Enlightenment Philosophers Dbq
Philosophical Influence on Eighteenth Century Rulers The Enlightenment was an intellectual
movement during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in which humanity valued reason
over tradition. The Enlightenment had reformed society by implementing reason and scientific
thought. During the eighteenth century, European rulers had taken the beliefs of philosophes and had
used their knowledge to influence their decisions. Overall, the Enlightenment philosophy influenced
Rulers and their power significantly. Catherine the Second, Empress of Russia had made great
changes based upon the ideas of John Locke and other philosophes. Jean–Jacques Rousseau stated
that, "To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man," (Document 5). Rousseau states

The, Siddhartha, By Herman Hesse
Set in ancient India, Siddhartha, written by Herman Hesse, narrates a soul 's quest in pursuit of the
answers to humanity 's role in this realm. Centered around a Brahmin 's son, Siddhartha, Hesse
illustrates how powerful society is to both promote and hinder Siddhartha 's pilgrimage towards
spiritual enlightenment. It is through sin, lust, and profound despair that Siddhartha learned to not
resist but to love all as is. Through this mindset of accepting everything, Siddhartha attains Nirvana.
"Siddhartha had one single goal–to become empty, to become empty of thirst, desire, dreams, and
sorrow – to let the self–die" (11). As a young Indian, Siddhartha "suffered thirst," he thirsted for
knowledge. This philosophy leads him on the path of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before, he saw the world as an "illusive veil", which he disregarded and ostracized from his
thoughts; he saw his Self as Atman, the eternal nature of everything. Now awakened, Siddhartha
listened only to the voice within his Self, "He would only strive after whatever the inward voice
commanded him, not tarry anywhere but where the voice advised him" (39), and this voice led him
to the town of Kamala and Kamaswami. This town, or society, was very monumental to the
development of Siddhartha. It was necessary to isolate himself in this society. Though he was
isolated, he felt separated and superior to the people, " He saw people living in such childish or
animal–like way" (57), which he laughed at; this was because he had been a Samana, where he had
despised money, small pleasures, and trivial honors. Siddhartha viewed the people 's lives as a game,
which he derived amusement from. While his physical body resided in the town, his real–self
"wandered elsewhere," invisibly; he had remained a Samana at heart. But, over the years he became
enveloped in comfortable living. He hardly noticed the years passing as he had become rich,
possessed both a house and servants. His glorious awakening and the prominent voice within him
slowly became a memory, "had passed." His ascetic philosophy slowly died as well. Siddhartha
became accustomed to fine living; "He had learned to wear fine clothes, to

Summary Of Guy Debord's 'Society Of The Spectacle'
Throughout history there have been many well–known philosophers. Through this paper I will be
discussing the perspectives of philosophers Guy Debord, Michel Foucault, and John Rawls. In Guy
Debord's, "The Society of the Spectacle" he makes critics of technological capitalism. In Michel
Foucault's, "Power/Knowledge" he goes over different types of power and how they are interpreted.
Debord was a situationist international, which meant creating situations or creating situations.
Referring to the several theses in Debord's novel I can say that "the society of the spectacle" "...is
not a collection of images; rather, it is a social relationship between people that is mediated by
images" (Derbord, 12). This shows that it is not only a result ... Show more content on
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Consumable survival must increase, in fact, because it continues to enshrine deprivation. The reason
there is nothing beyond augmented survival, and no end to its growth, is that survival itself belongs
to the realm of dispossession: it may gild poverty, but it cannot transcend it (Debord, 30)." This
explains that the people are consumers of illusions; it blindsides the people from reality and only
allows them to only be aware of what society or social media wants them to know.
In Michel Foucault's, "Power/ Knowledge", there are two chapters titled "Truth and Power" and
"The Eye of the Power". Foucault's conception of power is that power is everywhere. Everyone has
power and has the ability to make use of their power, but often times citizens don't make use of their
power. It seems that they are in fear of those who enforce their power already, which prevents them
to make use of their power. An everyday individual sees power to be in the hands of who the people
have "chosen". We should not always think about power as the private property of government or
state, but rather as an equal common ground for all of those who share the land. It is not the state
that doesn't matter, but the power is bigger than the state; although the state has power, it does not
have all power. A

Philosophers During The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment philosophers were some of the smartest thinkers who changed the way people
think during the 16th and 17th century. The philosophers changed the way we live and think today.
"These discussions helped shape the capitalistic, democratic world in which we live in today." There
were numerous great philosophers during this time period that taught us many different methods of
teaching and understanding new observations.
John Locke was a philosopher who was born in England 1632. "He lived in England during both the
English civil war and the Glorious Revolution." Locke believed that all men are naturally in "a state
of perfect freedom within the bounds of law of nature."He believed that only the middle and upper
class should have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"He adopted his pen name and became a profile writer, eventually composing poems, novels, essays,
plays , and over 20,000 personal letters."The right to religion was Voltaire's main idea about religion
in society. John Locke and Voltaire both had two very similar ideas about how people have the right
to choose what they want to do and that people are naturally free.
Adam Smith was born June, 1723 in a place called Kirkcaldy in The United Kingdom. Smith was a
supporter in economic decision making. He believed that individual work benefits themselves more
than a whole group would.He thinks that if everyone worked as an individual than the world would
be better."By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more than when
he really intends to promote it."Smith later died in on June, 19 1790 in Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Mary Wollstonecraft was a British author who was born on April, 27 in a little town called
Spitalfield. Wollstonecraft was a novelist who wrote a history of the French Revolution, a travel
journal, and a children's book in addition to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. She believes that
women are born with the same equal abilities as men. Her main idea is that all women should have
equal education. Wollstonecraft, Locke, Smith, And Voltaire all think that the main idea is equality
of the individuals."Make them free, and they will quickly become wise and

Literary Analysis Of Racis Hutcheson
Phil 9029: From Natural Law to Moral Sense James Belford
Dr. Benjamin Hill
Hutcheson Secondary Literature Analysis
Francis Hutcheson's (1694–1746) account of sympathy is highly nuanced and intricate, along with
his philosophy in general. In his account of sympathy, Hutcheson proclaims a variation of
disinterested love and an actual sense of another's meaningful suffering. Many of his contemporaries
within the 18th century Britain misinterpreted this account of sympathy and tried to reduce it to a
psychological egoist account. In his essay Moral Sense and Sympathy, Luigi Turco gives as account
of sympathy throughout this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hutcheson then defines internal senses as analogous senses, which are given to us by God in order
to cohabitate with others.3 Sympathy then is not merely a passion that is based off of the
imagination, but a sense no different than sight sound and touch. When we reflect, we gain a sense
of pleasures in thinking about people acting in a benevolent way, even if there is no direct benefit to
us involved.4 The narrow Hobbesian account of self–interest is the ultimate principle o the
individual, but benevolence is what governs us as a social body; our moral sense is the reflected
sense that detects that benevolence is virtuous.5 We can therefore find it satisfying to be virtuous
without this satisfaction being reduced to Hobbesian self–interest. Hutcherson's notion of sympathy
is a broader concept that does not equate self–interest and self–satisfaction.
This concept of sympathy was held to be highly problematic by Samuel Clarke (1675–1729). Clarke
agrees with Hutcheson that there is some notion of disinterested moral sense that is responsible for
sympathy, yet he disagrees that this notion is enough; the pleasure from the moral sense and
anticipated divine rewards are also morally relevant features. For Clarke, the love of benevolence is
not disinterested; Sympathy actually involves a delight in the happiness of others and a misery in the

7 Signs You May Be Experiencing a Spiritual Awakening
7 Signs You May Be Experiencing a Spiritual Awakening The Signs of Spiritual Awakening & the
Importance of Self–knowledge Metamorphosis. Like a caterpillar changing into a colourful
butterfly, a person who is going through the stages of an awakening will have a colourful and more
meaningful life. As a person going through a spiritual awakening, you will undergo a deeper and
higher level of self–knowledge and self–awareness. You will become more mindful of your life
experiences and the lessons that you have learnt from these experiences. You will view the world in
a different light, and you will have an in–depth appreciation for the things that you believed are
essential for a happy and fulfilling existence. You will also start to feel ... Show more content on
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4. You find pleasure in doing self–improvement activities. You have a newfound energy to do self–
improvement activities like exercise and yoga. What's more is that you no longer seek pleasure in
mindless activities. For instance, gambling or bar hopping activities no longer appeal to you. You
will also realise that instead of wasting time in the company of other people (who you don't really
care), you are happier spending every second of it with those who really matter, like your family and
friends. You may also find yourself doing something more productive with your time by pursuing a
new hobby or taking on a new career. You might have difficulties in doing these self–improvement
activities before, but now you find it fulfilling, thereby resulting in the surge of positive energy that
will motivate you to accomplish your goals. 5. You start to develop confidence in everything you do.
You are more confident in your abilities and you start to feel very comfortable in your own skin.
You stop worrying about small things and you will notice that the circumstances and situations that
used to cause you stress and panic are now suddenly easier to solve and handle. You will also have
boundless energy as well as countless inspirations and motivations to help you reach your dreams. 6.
You start to appreciate the people who really matter. You develop a deeper appreciation for

How Did Rousseau Influence The Philosophers Of The...
Philosophers of the Enlightenment played a crucial role in how the governments and people of
Europe would think and change. John Locke and Jean–Jacques Rousseau were two political
philosophers that were quite important to this movement. John Locke is credited as the "principal
forerunner of the Enlightenment" (Mason 18) his writing would have large influence on other
prominent figures in the Enlightenment. The words of Rousseau in The Social Contract elaborated
on concepts touched upon by Locke, such as sovereignty and natural rights. "He that, in the state of
nature, would take away the freedom that belongs to anyone in that state, must necessarily be
supposed to have a design to take away everything else, that freedom being the foundation

Kant And Jean Jacques Rousseau
Public discourse has commonly been known as the communication of diverse claims between the
public backed by reason and substantive argument. This exchanging of views often happens
between both those who agree with one's sentiment and those who disagree. Since the beginning of
civilization, humans have been given the responsibility of finding a reasonable outcome at the end
of an argument with somebody of opposing views. Through deliberation, both sides of the argument
articulate their reasoning for their views and attempt to find such reasonable outcomes. At times, a
middle ground is unattainable between the two and tension grows. At this point, distinct guidelines
need to be set in regards to the extent in which individuals can exert ... Show more content on
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Each person has their personal role in maintaining the common good for those around them and thus
should fulfill it. He believed that fulfilling this task and contributing to society would create
happiness for the individual which would overcome self interest. If those who pursued their personal
interests rather than those of the common good, then they would be seen as selfish and face
consequences.
Rousseau believed that each person obtains a "natural repugnance to seeing any sentient being,
especially our fellow man, perish or suffer," (DeLue and Dale 190) and that this only changes due to
pity and selfishness. Rousseau did not take kindly to those who were seen as selfish and following
self interest. He stated that a society "can banish him [a person who violates citizen norms] not for
being impious but unsociable, for being incapable of sincerely loving the laws and justice, and of
sacrificing his life, if necessary, for his duty," (DeLue and Dale 202). For those who do not pursue
the concept of the common good and question the way of society, they are subject to be removed. A
society in which people contest the civic norm is not one acceptable to Rousseau.
Counter to Jean–Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant believed that people should be entitled to
individual freedom and personal interests. Kant aligned with enlightenment thinkers Locke and
Hobbes and was an advocate for rights protecting intellectual freedom. Kant believed that a civil
society required

The Dividing Lien of Plato's Allegory of the Cave Essay
Plato's allegory of the cave, located in Book VII of The Republic is one of the most famous
allegories in which he has created. This simile touches base on a number of philosophical ideas
which Plato developed over the progression of The Republic (Plato, G.M.A Grube, 1993), the most
noticeable being the dividing line. The dividing line is the point between the world of ideas where
we live and the world of the forms which is in the heavens. This allegory of the cave helps people
understand the theory on which philosophy is based. It is also in this Book where the education of
the guardians is outlined. We are asked in Book VII of The Republic to imagine a group of people
sitting inside a cave, with their hands and feet bound. It is by ... Show more content on
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When the prisoner turns his head towards the light of the fire his eyes hurt him and he is confused
because he is unable to see the objects of the shadows he had been subjected to his entire life. It is
because of this pain and confusion that the prisoner wishes to return to the life that he is accustomed
to, and the reality he knows, the world of the shadows. We are asked to envision the stubbornness
displayed by this prisoner to leave the world of the shadows, a stubbornness which causes him to be
dragged into the sunlight. Upon seeing the light of the sun the prisoner is temporarily blinded,
unable to see anything around him, blinding him more than when he was a prisoner of the cave.
Eventually the prisoner's vision adjusts and he is able to see more clearly. His mind will first be able
to recognize the shadows, then moving on to reflections of objects in the water, and lastly the
objects themselves. This new sight leads the prisoner to question the colours and objects around
him. He questions what it is that causes him to being able to see all the things he can, compared to
only seeing poor reflections of objects in the cave. The prisoner eventually concludes that it is the
sun which illuminates all around him and is the source of his sight. This now knowledgeable
individual remembers the others who are still trapped in the cave ignorant to the wonders which lay
outside of it. He considers him self lucky to

How Did The Enlightenment Contribute To The American...
How did the Enlightenment contribute to the American Revolution? Well before I answer that
question, you need to know about the Enlightenment. During the Enlightenment, which took place
in the 18th century, philosophers looked for natural laws that governed society and politics. The
Enlightenment began in Europe as many citizens started to question their government and the way it
ran. Some important philosophers during the Enlightenment were John Locke, he believed that
people should be able to revolt where their government was not protecting the natural rights of the
people. He also believed in natural rights such as the right to life, the right to be free, and the right to
own property. Another important philosopher was Voltaire , who ... Show more content on
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Several people believed that there were better ways to rule over a country. For example, Thomas
Hobbes thought that people were born selfish and couldn't handle making their own decisions so
they needed a stronger government; like an absolute monarchy. However, other Enlightenment
thinkers believed the opposite. This made people question the way their government ran and people
believed they deserved more rights. In the end, we gained a democracy. We created the Declaration
of Independence, US Bill of Rights, The US Constitution and may more important documents.
Rousseau helped form the ideas behind some of these important documents. He wrote the Social
Contract which says that the government should rule according to the will of the people. Adam
Smith also said that governments should not interfere with a free market economy. John Locke also
believed that people should be able to rebel against their government if it was not protecting the
natural rights of the people. Other philosophers contributed to the making of the government as
well. Some including Montesquieu and Voltaire. That is how the American government was
impacted by the

Enlightenment Philosophers Dbq
The Enlightenment Philosophers:What was Their Main Idea ? Background Essay Questions The late
17th and 18th century. The philosophes hoped to find new ways to understand and improve society.
Observation and Reasoning The Age of Reason He made observations about gravity which inspired
philosophes to believe natural laws and human society. 6. Define these terms: Philosophe: Thinkers
that were particularly hopeful that they might discover new ways to understand and improve society.
Natural Law: Truths that people do not always recognize. Universal: Laws that people believed
explain how people behave. Could be found anywhere, and simply had to be discovered. Social
Sciences: Many a philosophe hoped that he or she could become the Isaac ... Show more content on
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Increasing known truths stimulates the investigation/establishment/growth of the arts; can lead to
new discoveries. 3b. The Bible Document 4 4. Ptolemy believed the universe was Earth–centered
and Copernicus believed that the Sun was the center of the solar system; Copernicus proposed that
the Sun, not Earth, was the center of the solar system. Document 5 5. Developing/using the
scientific method; developing ideas about why things happened based on
observations/experimentation; scientists now use experiments to test ideas; testing a hypothesis;
scientists now publish a conclusion based on collected data and experiments; publicizing
conclusions based on observations about the world; making others aware of the data from
experiments Scientific Revolution DBQ Document 1 Geocentric model shows that the earth is in the
middle and each planet is in front of the other. Heliocentric shows that the sun is in the center of the
universe and planets are spaced around it. People might have trouble accepting Copernicus model
because they have always believed that God made everything perfect. but Copernicus says it's not.
plus it is what they have always studied. Document 2 2a) The sun stood in the center of the universe
and different planets revolved around the

Ontology of Man, Seen by Different Philosophers
The philosophy of man is an intricate and multidimensional
system involving complex problems rationalized by theoretical ideals.
In writing the Oration on the Dignity of Man, Giovanni Pico della
Mirandola approaches this study universally, wherein, humanism and the
worth and dignity of the populace is affirmed. Saint Augustine's
Confessions attempts to explain the truth and philosophies of man, but
does so with a different approach, referring to man as a product of
society self–consciously misdirected by his soul. These philosophies
share some similarities while also differing from one another; however,
both share a common purpose: to explain the philosophy of man. This
essay will proceed to juxtapose and integrate the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pico Della Mirandola is fortunate in that he is living in an era
that gives him the ability to bridge the past to the future with the
help of Guttenburg and Press. Previously, books were scarce, but the
discovery and establishment of the printing of these books created the
ability for information to be transferred and shared in Europe (History of Printing). This different
approach granted an abundance and variety of information and finally allowed these citizens to be
able to think and believe in what they chose. What is most important here is that people of
demographics, wealth, ethnicity and gender were given access to the same material. One can
measure the gradual increase to the citizen's access of knowledge parallel to the rising popularity of
humanism. These opportunities created an accord of optimism. Unlike

Saint Augustine, Pico was able to expand beyond theology simply due to
his access to a greater vat of texts and historical events.
Each philosopher has a varying approach to theology, but both
are based on the belief of Christianity. However, where Augustine
believes in the falling of Adam and Eve (where Adam was the one who
committed the original sin), Pico illustrates that one will "fashion
[one]self to [a] form [one would] prefer"(10, Oration). He declares that Adam, in fact, did not create
sin and it was simply his free

The Most Important Philosophers In The Age Of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment started in 1550 and ended in the 1800s. It contained a lot of important
events and people. It had the Scientific Revolution, American Revolution, and French Revolution. It
also had five important philosophers like Rousseau, Montesquieu, Diderot, Wollstonecraft, and
Voltaire. My thesis is what philosophers played a part in The American Revolution and French
Revolution and how. The first philosophy I want to discuss is Montesquieu's Separation of Powers.
Montesquieu separated the powers into the Executive Branch, Judicial Branch, and Legislative
Branch. These three branches play a part in each others decisions and powers that choose and make.
If the Separation of Powers never happened then I think that we would have

The Great Philosophers During The Era Of Intellectual...
The great philosophers, during the era of intellectual enlightenment and self awareness, posed a
question: what is knowledge? This concept, defining knowledge– what it is and isn't and where it
comes from, came to be known as epistemology. Epistemology sorted out knowledge from belief;
belief being lined with prejudice and thus being discredited for truth. Much of epistemology is
concentrated on the mind and its absorption and formulation of this knowledge. Although there is a
brief overlap between mind and body within the category of perception (one of the sources of
knowledge) there is still a clear preference of the mind over the body to the extent that even if we
perceive an object's existence through our senses that object is not considered in existence until it is
verified by our mind. (Stanford, 2005) Is this outlook true, and if so what is the purpose of our
bodies? Some anthropologists within the field of ethnography seek to rebuttal stating that the body
is an equal, if not greater, source of knowledge.
Bronislaw Malinowski, an anthropologist who studied the Papou– Melanesians of New Guinea,
strongly states that a published work within the field of ethnography is not considered valid until the
ethnographer has fully immersed him/herself within the culture; this means living in the community
and participating in daily activities. (Malinowski 1915: 18) According to Malinowski implanting
one's self within a culture is the only way to properly and completely

Socrates, Plato, And Aristotle : The Age Of Philosophy
Ancient Greece is known as the time of philosophers, with many of the world's most influential
philosophers and theologians being of this time. What sets Ancient Greek philosophers apart is that
most of their philosophers learned under the same man and they directly interacted, either
confirming or contradicting each other face to face. They were all taught by each other in a direct
chain of ideas, leading to a kind of evolution that lead to many strong and tested ideas that spread
throughout all of Europe, many of which still survive today. The cultural efflorescence of Ancient
Greek theology is due to the evolution of ideas throughout the philosophers Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle. Out of all of these philosophers, one stands out as the origin of Greek philosophy, often
being called the father of philosophy itself. Socrates is one of the most famous philosophers of all
time, both because of his own work and the fact that he directly taught many other great
philosophers, including Plato and Antisthenes, the founder of cynicism. He developed a
revolutionary method of teaching that made him famous throughout all of Ancient Greece and still
survives today, named the Socratic Method. This style of was framed around questions rather than
answers, and students were taught to question all information given to them and to reach
conclusions entirely on their own. It was not uncommon for Socrates to ask questions on subjects he
knew nothing about, such as astronomy and foreign

How Did John Locke Contribute To The Enlightenment
Snow Chan
HIS 152 01
Mid–Term Exam
Chris Beam
March 3, 2016
Mid–term Examination: Enlightenment
Enlightenment was a European intellectual movement that happened in the eighteenth century.
Before the enlightenment, medicine, technology, and people's ideas were restricted due to religion. A
group of writers and scholars wanted to use rational thinking to challenge the unknown religious
questions. But instead of just questioning religion, Enlightenment became something big and better.
It changed the way people thought of government/politics, religion, society classes, and even what
the most important qualities of being a human being were.
There were so many important people that believed in the Enlightenment, who tremendous
contributions in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the political philosophers would write about these somewhat unrealistic changes to the
government. The people were inspired by these new ideas about these new changes. Many
supported that they did not want to be under an absolute monarchy with Louis XIV. Of course,
others had their own ideas of government, and some thought monarchy was the kind of government.
After the Enlightenment, there were many changes taken part. There was some end of the nobles'
privileges, limiting the king's powers with separation of power, checks and balances, freedom of
speech, and freedom of

Justice: A Critical Analysis: The Concept Of Justice
The Concept of Justice – A Critical Analysis
Introduction
Justice is not a contemporary notion that came into existence through a legal system. It is a notion
that is deep rooted in the history of civilization. In other words justice is a broad concept and each
person has his or her perspective as to what justice really is and they have their own premises on
which they base their ideology. Many scholars have dome commendable work on this topic and
have devised various definition of justice.
Ancient Philosophers
Plato often criticized the conventional theories of justice and he came up with a definition that
"justice is a human virtue that makes a person self–consistent and good. In a societal set up, justice
is a social consciousness that makes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this time justice was closely related to politics. In other words, whatever the King decided
was equivalent to justice. At that time there was only monarchy system of government and hence
King was the epitome of supremacy.
1 D.R. Bhandari, Plato's Concept of Justice: An Analysis, J.N.V. University, (July 8,
2017, 12:19 PM) https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciBhan.htm Medieval Philosophers
When we hit the medieval period then a philosopher named
Augustine developed another definition of justice. In his words
"the cardinal virtue of justice requires that we try to give all people their due."2
Another medieval philosopher, Aquinas, came up with a definition that "justice is that rational mean
between opposite sorts of injustice, involving proportional distributions and reciprocal
transactions."3
In my understanding, this era marked the beginning of inequality between social as well as
economic classes and thus a new approach to justice was required than mere fairness and morality.
They took the foundation as morality, ethics, fairness and equity and added more elements to this

How Were The Ideological Foundations Of The 1790s French...
Indentification and Evaluation of Sources
This investigation will focus on the question of "How were the ideological foundations of the 1790s
French monarchy challenged by political Enlightenment philosophers and writers?" The French
monarchy was controlled by an authoritarian regime which created political and economic issues in
its society of the 18th century. Montesquieu, John Locke, and Rousseau were political philosophers
who successfully expressed their writings and ideas to the public who then were able to challenge
the despotic influences that governed France. Due to the inclusion and close evaluation of these
philosophers it was determined that Enlightenment and Utility: Bentham in French, Bentham in
France by Emmanuelle De Champs and The Oxford History of the French Revolution by William
Doyle are valuable sources to the investigation. Both sources state how these thinkers represented
enlightenment in legal thought as well as the works of these writers and the influence these works
had. This information should act as the focus of the investigation and aid in answering the question.
Source A: The Oxford History of the French Revolution: Enlightened Opinion (44–66) The source
includes a wide range of information written by the Chairman of the School of History, William
Doyle. As a secondary source the book's origin is from the Oxford University Press as they
published it in 1989. The author's purpose was to go through history of the French Revolution,
starting

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