Explain Why Facts Are Needed To Make Sense Of Facts

Explain Why Facts Are Needed To Make Sense Of Facts
The prescribed title of "facts are needed to establish theories but theories are needed to make sense of facts" ties into much of the knowledge we
experience in our educational careers. This prescribed title comes with some ambiguous terms that require some clarification to perform an accurate
analysis of the validity of this statement. For the purpose of this essay, facts are information that have been proven to be true, and theories are a
superposition of ideas strung together to explain theories. By claiming that "theories are needed to make sense of facts," there is an assumption that
facts automatically cannot be understood without the existence of some initial basis of knowledge that proves the fact to be undeniably true. To
support the prescribed title selected, I will be using the areas of knowledge of science and religion. This leads me to ask, What constitutes a fact?...
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On the other hand, theories would not exist without the connections suggested through facts. A theory cannot arrange information in a meaningful way
because we have no way to access the information limited by a theory. Reason is needed to understand the prescribed title because the deductive
reasoning requires to look at reality by using a theoretical framework, which theories make sense of facts. However, inductive reasoning allows you to
incorporate your observation into a theory.
In the area of knowledge of science, Darwin's theory of evolution is evaluated to provide understanding of the statement "facts are needed to establish
theories but theories are needed to make sense of facts." Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of a species over time. Isolated populations,
after a long period of evolution, gradually diverge into a new species. Facts of Darwin's theory comes from evidences such as fossil records can
proves that many species have become extinct. Secondly, it shows succession in the forms and shapes of
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Pros And Cons Of Ageing
What is ageing:
According to the oxford dictionary, ageing is the process of change in the properties of a material occurring over a period, either spontaneously or
through deliberate action.
In biology, the term Senescence is used, which describes biological ageing. Each cell in the human body experience stress and damage from exogenous
and endogenous sources. These cells then respond, in a manner, which could lead to cell death or cell recovery. This is where ageing comes into play,
where the cells try to recover, but fail in doing so correctly. The remaining cells subsequently have permanent damage, which hinders them from
working at their full potential. This process continuously happens inside the human body. Aging is also a good... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This would reduce the need for old age homes. As figure 4.1 shows, with age comes experience. This means that by raising the life expectancy and
health of people, you would also increase the availability of experienced gathered, that could be shared and utilised.
Cons:
As a person gains years to their life, they experience many heartaches, friends dying or just plainly tragedies that occurred. This could cause a build up
of psychological damage, and tend to make a person non–functional. Therefore, if a person were to live an extended lifespan, they might not live it
happily. Increasing the average lifespan of people, would also decrease the mortality rate in the populations, which would only add to the current
problem of overcrowding in the world. Ethics
When we look at the ethics behind an extended lifespan, you also need to take a look at the consequences of these actions. The main ethics are
mainly; Will everyone have an equal chance to an extended lifespan and will there be enough room for the new

A Unifying Concept: The History Of Cell Theory
The car. It all started long ago when Ferdinand Verbiest invented a self–propelled vehicle using a steam engine. Then to Henry Ford, creating the first
combustion engine to today with cars that can park themselves, stop themselves, and even drive themselves. Over the years scientists have been
making scientific developments of what civilians thought were impossible. For many years scientists have been discovering new and outrageous
breakthroughs changing history, yet people still believe that scientific knowledge is definite. The belief that scientific knowledge is absolute is
absolutely ridiculous given that biologists are still discovering new information and disproving previous knowledge. According to Karl Mathiesen, of
The Guardian, a new plastic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This tells us that the microscope has been around forever, but even though it has been around for a long time, it has evolved overtime allowing us to
see particles better proving that scientific knowledge has changed over time. With this change we are able to accomplish scientific achievements
because we can see more in depth. Even though people believe scientific knowledge is absolute, we can obviously see the scientific changes. In 1665
the cell was discovered by Robert Hooke when he was examining a very thin piece of cork when he discovered honeycomb–like structure, but he did
not know what was in these so–called cells at the time. "His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most
living cells" (Cell Theory, 2). Here we can see that what Hooke's observations said are not the case anymore, we have discovered that there are many
different organelles in a cell. Many people believe that scientific knowledge is not absolute but obviously we can see that it

The History of Cell Theory
The History of Cell Theory
As we all probably know today, every single living being is made up by cells В– the building blocks of life. As much as we would like to take this fact
for granted, we cannot help but acknowledge and remember the works and discoveries of earlier scientists which all contributed to our today's
understanding of the cell theory. The cell theory being; all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are organisms' basic units of structure
and function, and cells only come from existing cells. Their discoveries lead to the development of inventions necessary to induce further research in
the area which resulted in the creation of devices such as the microscope.
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke was probably ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theodor Schwann
Theodor Schwann was a German physiologist who defined the cell as the basic unit of animal structure. He discovered what are today known as
the "Schwann cells" and made important discoveries from observing that an egg is a single cell that would develop into a complete organism. He
was therefore able to conclude that in addition to Schleiden's theory, animals were also made up of cells and consequently all living things would
be made of cells. He was one of the main developers of the cell theory and also discovered that membranes, nuclei, and cell bodies were common in
cells and learned to compare them in between animal and plant tissues. This all aided the development of the cell theory because this is one of the
final steps to the main ideology that all living things are made up of cells.
Rudolf Virchow
Rudolf Virchow was a Prussian scientist who contributed greatly to the cell theory, stating that cells arose from each other and this was how many
diseases were spread. This leads to the development of the cell theory in the way that one of the main ideologies of the cell theory is the fact that cells
only come from existing cells.
Homo Faber
The development of the cell theory, and the people who helped to do so relates to the Area of Interaction of Homo Faber because only with the
demand and need of further research and studying, would

Cell Theory: The Properties Of Eukaryotic Cells
The first ever cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He discovered them under microscope with very thin slice of cork and he saw different
world live in it, and because of this experiment he called them cells. The first person to witness live cell was Antony Lan Leeuwenhoek, although first
man to make microscope was Zacharias Janssen.
In biology, cell theory is experimental theory which illustrates properties of cell. It was developed by three German scientist's discoveries, they are
Mathias Schleiden, Theodor Schwan and Rudolph Virchow. The cells are basic unit of structure in all livingorganism and as well as unit of reproduction
with steady improvements made to microscopes over time. The development of light and electron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They perform same kinds of functions and in same way. They both are confined by selective barrier known as plasma membrane, surrounded by
cytoplasm and full of small structures called ribosomes. They both have DNA that carries genetic information for operating the cell.
Humans are Eukaryotes! Eukaryotic cells are far larger and more complex than prokaryotes cells. They are typically 10–100m in diameter and these
cells are found in animals and plant cells. They contain many organelles. The eukaryotic cell has often been compared to a factory where different
machines and peoples have different jobs , all are working together with one purpose. Efficiency is improved by division of labour, the sharing out of
jobs. The cell as whole is divided into compartments celled compartmentation. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus enclosed by double membrane and
communicate with cytosol via nuclear pores. The purpose of this nucleus is to set apart DNA related functions of big eukaryotic cells into smaller
chamber and within this nucleus is nuclear chromatin that contains organisms genome. DNA stores organisms entire genetic information. DNA is
usually linear and complexed with proteins called histones. Eukaryotes have larger ribosomes such as 80s. Ribosomes are made out of special class
of RNA molecule. The existence of ribosome is temporary after synthesis of polypeptide chains two subunits separate and break. Eukaryotic cells have
cytoplasm that is filled with

Cell Theory Research Papers
What is the cell theory? The cell theory states three main things: Every living thing is made up of one or more things, cells carry out the functions
needed to support life, and cells come only from other living cells. The cell theory gives us a foundation for our knowledge about living things, and
what they do. The process of developing the cell theory took about 200 years. Along the way, we can see examples of tenets of the nature ofscience
being used. The three main tenets of the nature of science are: Scientific ideas are durable, science demands evidence, and scientific knowledge is
subject to change.
During the early stages of development for the cell theory, Robert Hooke recorded his findings so as to have evidence to back his theory. He knew
that science demands evidence, and that is likely why he drew what he saw when he looked through a microscope. Scientists need evidence to support
their claims, and without evidence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the cell theory, we can see how durable any idea becomes. We still have the cell theory today, more than 150 years after it was agreed upon
among scientists, and virtually nothing has changed. We still have the three main aspects of the cell theory, and as far as I can tell, they are going to
stay that way.
The development of the cell theory shows how scientists have to observe things, write down their observations and publish their findings. This allows
other scientists to replicate the same experiments the original author has published. This allows their experiments to be verified by other scientists, and
accepted as valid scientific theories. As technology changes, newer experiments may show more details and shed more light on the subject. But the
basic theories are still intact, we are just adding more details.
The cell theory gave us a better understanding of how cells work in our world. Many scientists worked on it, and we still have the basic cell theory
today, more than 150 years

Cell Theory Evolution
Biologists use the ideas of cell theory, hereditary and genetics, and evolution through natural selection in many different ways. While being very
different areas of study, they all share a core idea. This idea is that cells duplicate, and sometimes experience random mutations. From this very basic
idea, scientists can theorize that all life on earth came from one or a few very simple cells, and are related through this. But the diversity of life today
also shows how these related cell groups evolved and changed.
Cell theory is the scientific knowledge that cells can only come from other cells. Years ago, when the idea of spontaneous generation was disproved, a
new theory came into play and allowed scientists to learn that cells split and duplicate, sometimes experiencing random genetic mutations. This led to
the question: if all cells come from other cells, then where did the very first cell come from? Some scientists believe that perhaps spontaneous
generation happened once, billions of years ago, to start the chain of life. Others theorize that the first cells came from an asteroid from another planet.
The first cells split and grew and split and grew, until they started to mutate and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During sexual reproduction, the offspring inherits traits from both parents, causing the offspring to possess a completely unique DNA blueprint. The
traits that it inherits, and the traits that another creature of the same species inherits from it's own parents, can be very different, but still belong to the
same species. Some genes are recessive, and don't show until there's a double copy. For example, a dog's grand–sire had blue eyes. The trait was
passed on to it's parents and then to it, but it doesn't show because it is recessive. It breeds with a dog who's dam had blue eyes, and their offspring
have a chance of inheriting two copies of the blue–eyes gene and, in turn, having blue

Cancer Stem-Cell Theory Essay
The cancer stem cell theory hypothesizes that tumors or cancers arise from mutations or epigenetic changes in normal stem cells. These mutated or
genetically altered stem cells possess the properties of the normal stem cells such as the ability to self–renew, differentiate into any type of body cell,
and resist apoptosis. Hence, the cancer stem cells (CSC) are named so. It is also suggested that because of the above–mentioned properties of the cancer
stem cells, the current anti–cancer therapies are not entirely successful (Gil et al, 2008). Despite surgery and other therapies, even if very few of these
cancer stem cells survive, they can continue to act as a source for more tumors, even though the therapies eliminate all visible signs ... Show more
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Some strategies that can be used to target the cancer stem cells:
1)Stem cells possess markers that are different from the differentiated cells. One method can be to develop treatments that target only the cancer stem
cells and not the healthy differentiated cells.
2)Investigate to find markers that distinguish between cancer stem cells and healthy stem cells.
3)Prevent self–renewal of the stem cells within the tumor mass: Targeting proteins that regulate the cell cycle in the cells of the tumor mass can be a
potential strategy to prevent the self–renewal of the cancer stem cells. Bao et al (2006) reported that proteins involved in regulating cell cycle,
especially at the checkpoints play an important role in determining the CSC resistance to radiotherapy. This is because radiotherapy leads toDNA
damage, which activates the checkpoint proteins and increases their expression. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that inhibition of checkpoint
proteins such as Chk1 and Chk2 decrease the radiotherapy resistance ability of the brain stem cells that were previously radiotherapy resistant (Gil et
al, 2008). This strategy coupled with radiotherapy and/or elimination of the tumor mass by surgery can potentially prevent relapse of cancer.
Tumor progression or cancer development in humans takes decades to develop because this process requires multiple insults like mutations and
epigenetic changes in the DNA. These changes

Essay on Ethical Theories of Embryonic Stem Cells
Researching the future potential of embryonic stem cells is the new hot topic debate in ethics. The moral objections from two opposing sides clash in
a political and ethical battle of who is correct. Each faction tries to define the classification of what deserves unalienable human rights. Likewise,
determining what is classified as human behavior such as sentiment, interests and pain has been the ground on which pro–stem cell research stand.
Since these embryos share only genetic similarities and no human characteristics, it is permissible to this stance to kill them in the name of medicine.
On the other hand, anti–embryonic stem cell research believes that the human life begins at conception. Consequently, the status of the embryo is ...
The authors opinion is plainly seen in the first paragraph, "I argue for a compromise position that accords respect to the embryo as a form of human
life, but which is distinct from Kantian respect for persons," (Steinbock, 2007). The first view is that embryos should receive the protection and rights
that all human beings have because they are genetically human. Steinbock counters this statement with the definition of a human organism, "an
organism is defined as an integrated while with the capacity for self–directed development," (Steinbock, 2007). This classification of what a human
organism is demotes the human embryo as not human because the embryo has no heart, no brain and no organs. In other words, it has no similar traits
as a human adult. It has the capabilities to become a baby, but will it ever become one? Another view, as described by Steinbock, is that embryos have
no moral status. Embryos have the same genetic makeup as humans, but they don't act or exhibit any human characteristics. Steinbock states,
Morally, they are no different from any other cells in the human body. A blastocyst certainly looks nothing like a born human being, or even a fetus, but
more importantly, it has none of the characteristics of a human person. It is those characteristics, such as sentience, consciousness, self–awareness,
capacity for language, rationality, and moral agency that

Historical Development of the Cell Theory
Biology Notes
1. Organisms are made of cells that have similar structural characteristics. 1 Outline the historical development of the cell theory, in particular the
contributions of Robert Hooke and Robert Brown. The development of the cell theory starts in the 1600Кјs with Robert HookeКјs discovery of cells
when viewing a piece of cork under a microscope and describing them as a nun house. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was crucial in the development of
microscopes making simple microscopes through advanced lens making techniques that enabled him to see 300X and also discovered bacteria. Robert
Brown later in the 1900Кјs made the discovery of the cell nucleus. 2 Describe evidence to support the cell theory. 1. All living organisms are
composed of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inorganic Substances are substances that do not contain carbon as the main element, except for carbonates, e.g. water, mineral salts. Chemical
Component Lipids Description Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and store energy. Energy is more difп¬Ѓcult to release for cell use. Breaks
down into fatty acids Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and nitrogen. Used in the cell for structure, storage, movement and transport of cells.
Use Oil is lipids at room temp. Storage for the cell and major fuel Body growth, (cell growth) Cell Structure
Proteins e.g. Gelatin
Nucleic Acids
DNA + RNA largest and most complex of the organic molecules. Contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. They (carbohydrates) are used in
respiration, storage of energy and some for structural support.
Its subunitКјs product controls the function of the cell and the cell organism Respiration, storage of energy and some for structural support.
Carbohydrates
– Mono saccharide – disaccharide – polysaccharide (starch)
2 Identify that there is movement of molecules into and out of cells For Any cell to work it has to function with its outside environment, this means
that the cell needs to take in substances needed for them to work and to expel waste and other substances. This movement happens through the cell

membrane, the cell membrane is semi–permeable (letting some things in but not others, selectively) What goes in Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide),
Nutrients

Difference Between Plant And Animal Cells
CELL OBSERVATION LAB
By Alexandra Escaja–Heiss, Ashley Reeves, & Christine Constant
Period G1/B3a – Living Systems
10/22/15
Purpose To identify the difference between plant and animal cells, recognize their structures, and to better understand the various functions of those cell
organelles.
II. Background In 1665 Robert Hooke used an early light microscope to look at a thin slice of cork. Under the microscope the cork looked to have
thousands on empty chambers, which Hooke noted looked like "cells", so he coined the term.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist who was named the father of microbiology. He was the first person to look at living cells and bacteria
under a slightly more advanced single–lens microscope in 1676 and 1683.
Matthias Schleiden was a German scientist who observed different plants in the late 1830's. His observations concluded that the plants were all
composed of cells. Another German scientist, Theodor Schwann, observed that animals were also composed of cells.
Later on, Rudolf Virchow concluded that the nucleus was the structures responsible for cell division, which created the third part of the cell theory,
stating that all cells came from other pre–existing cells.
The Cell Theory is as follows –
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure in organisms
3. All cells come from pre–existing cells
More Information on Cells:
Cell size is limited

Cell Theory : The Basic Structural Unit Of All Living...
Cell
Name
Institution
Cells In general, cells in plain words can be described as the basic structural unit of all living organisms. These are very small particles which can be
only observed under a microscope (Doerr, 2009). Moreover, the word cell is derived from a Latin word 'cella' which means a 'small room'. The cell was
first discovered in the year 1665 by Robert Hooke. However, the cell theory was developed many years later in 1839 in which Matthias Jakob and
Theodor Schwann stated that all living organisms present consist of one or more cells (Nature, 2014). In addition, their theory also stated that all cells
are generated from preexisting cells and various functions incur within the cell and the cells emerged on the Earth around 3.4 billion years ago.
Depending on this definition, all living organisms which include plants and animals on earth are divided into cells. Actually, cells are tiny
compartments, which hold biological equipment inside (Doerr, 2009). The equipment which is inside the cells is necessary for any organism to
live. Moreover, cells were considered to be a simple box of chemical reactions, but today it is recognized as a very complex system of molecular
machinery that can easily surpass a modern city in complexity. However, each cell consists of two essential parts which are known as the nucleus and
cytoplasm (Nature, 2014). Cytoplasm is the jelly type material found within the cell which contains water, dissolved gases and food.

The Theory Of The Cell Theory Essay
Introduction
The cell theory is composed of three ideas from three different German scientists. In 1838, scientist Mattias Schlieden said that all plants were made
from cells. One year later in 1839, scientist Theodor Schwann said that all animals were made from cells. In 1855, scientist Rudolf Virchow said that
all cells come from other cells. These three ideas were put together to form the cell theory. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells,
cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and all cells are produced from other cells (McGinnis, 2011).
Prokaryotic cells are the simplest systems that exhibit all of the signs of life. They reproduce by binary fission, a process where the DNA is
duplicated and the cell splits in two. They are the smallest types of cell, and have a large array of abilities. Some prokaryotes live in the absence of
oxygen, some in extreme cold or heat, and some at the bottoms of oceans. These extremist prokaryotes are known as archaebacteria. The most common
prokaryotes are eubacteria, and are found nearly everywhere on Earth (Blamire, 2001).
Prokaryotic cells can vary in their structure depending on where they reside, but all prokaryotic cells have certain features in common. All
prokaryotic cells have a cell wall; a cell wall gives structure and shape to the cell while providing a place for the flagella to anchor. They have a plasma
membrane, which is just inside the cell and serves as a

History of Medicine Essay
The practice of medicine has been shaped through the years by advances in the area of diagnostic procedures. Many of these advances were made
possible by scientific breakthroughs made before the 20th century. Modern medicine arguably emerged. Both normal and abnormal functions
(physiology and pathology) were increasingly understood within smaller units, first the tissues and then the cells. Microscopy also played a key role
in the development of bacteriology. Physicians started to use stethoscope as an aid in diagnosing certain diseases and conditions. New ways of
diagnosing disease were developed, and surgery emerged as an important branch of medicine. Above all, a combination of science and technology
underpinned medical knowledge and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using their microscopes, they found that every living plant and animal they examined was made of cells. As microscopes were improved,
scientists were able to see smaller and smaller organisms. They found that no matter how large or small the organism was, it was made of cells,
leading to cell theory. For example, a German biologist, Theodor Schwann discovered that all plant and animal cells were divided into cells by looking
through his microscope. He also discovered that the cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms. Cells can be grouped together to form tissues,
which can in turn be grouped together to make an organ. Organs can be grouped together to form a system, which is part of an organism. He was
able to use microscopes to see the ways that cells work and help to determine which kind of microorganisms (bacteria) is causing the disease and
making people ill. This is particularly valuable in the study of the components of organisms, where physicians are able to overcome a treatment of
method to kill disease cells and restore peopleВЎВ¦s health. The microscope revealed not only the cellular structure of human tissues, but also the
organisms that cause diseases. The discovery of cells led scientists to study cells and discover more information about cells; this, allowed scientists to
find ways to prevent or cure diseases. The use of microscopes has made many

Biological Theory Of Aging Essay
There are many factors that influence the aging process, and there are many theories and sub–theories that try to explain the complex process of aging.
Aging changes the biochemical and the physiological process. The theory that best aligns with my view of aging is the biological theory because you
can see these changes every day; maybe you see them in yourself, possibly others. Cell and molecular biologist examine and propose theories to
explain the aging process. There are many biological theories that, in my opinion, do a great job at explaining outcomes and results of aging; they do
so in a way that is understandable, and these theories have much credible research behind it.
There are two main aging theory categories: programmed and error theories. Programmed theory assert that aging is an essential and innate part of the
biology of people, and that aging is programmed into our body systems; the three main programmed theories are the programmed senescence theory, the
endocrine theory, and the immune theory. These theories explain changes over time, and these changes cause symptoms and signs of aging.
The programmed senescence theory is about the process in which a cell loses its ability to divide, grow and function; loss of ... Show more content on
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The stress theory of aging states that the biological system sustains damage from prolonged exposure to stress. Studies, conducted by endocrinologist
Hans Selye, show that when there is prolongs stress stress–related hormones are released from the pituitary gland. Having been prolonged, stress causes
high levels of these hormones continue to be released and weaken the immunity system; the body becomes susceptible to physical symptoms of illness.
In a groundbreaking study that compared mothers of chronically ill children with mothers of healthy children, it was found that the stress from the
chronically ill children was inversely associated with telomere

The Theory Of The Cell Theory
The cell–theory is regarded as one of a scientific and fundamental theory in biology, which describes that all living organisms are composed of cells
and have different properties. The theory explains the concepts of what cells are made up of, what their functions are, and how they originate. This
theory was developed in the 18th century by three German scientist's Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudoplh Virchow, which was a
special contribution to the modern biology. Although cells were discovered earlier than the 18th century after the invention of microscopes, these were
the scientists who developed the study. The theory explained three basic concepts in modern biology; Living organisms are made up of cells,cell is the
basic unit of structure and organization in living things, and all cells are from other living cells. With advances in the technologies in the current years,
the secrets of living organisms and new discoveries have been increasingly been revealed.
In 1665, cell was first discovered by Robert C. Hooke with the help of a compound microscope that he built. He was one of the utmost experimental
scientists during the seventeenth century, who further improved the microscope and helped advance it uses and results with the help of lighting.
During his time he made anticipations to many of the important discoveries and inventions of instruments but sadly failed to complete those
discoveries. His first experiment with the microscope was on a thin slice of

Inside Out Theory
The origin of the eukaryotic cell is a concept that is widely debated in the world of science. In 1970, Lynn Margulis proposed the endosymbiotic
theory. More recently, Baum and Baum (2014) came out with the "Inside–out" theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell. They refer to the
endosymbiosis theory as the "Outside–in" theory. These two models propose that the eukaryotic cell arose from prokaryotic origins. Only one of these
theories is more parsimonious.
In the endosymbiosis theory, Lynn Margulis proposed the origin and evolution of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, two eukaryotic organelles
(Bergstrom and Dugatkin, 2016). She hypothesized that these two organelles were not originally internal components of a eukaryotic ancestor, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "inside–out theory is more parsimonious than the "outside–in" theory in that it can explain eukaryotic cell organization by the formation of
extracellular blebs that enveloped the proto–mitochondria. This theory describes the whole process of eukaryotic cell formation including the
formation of a nucleus and ER. The endosymbiosis theory lacks the explanation for the formation of any of the other organelles. It only describes that
bacteria was phagocytized and became the membrane bound organelles seen today. The endosymbiosis theory is not continuous; it makes a lot of
"jumps" in the formation of the eukaryotic cell in its

Schleiden: Hypothesize Charles Darwin's Theory Of Evolution
Schleiden was one of the primary German biologists to declare Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He became a professor of botany at the
University of Dorpat in 1863. He resolved that all plant parts are made of cells and that an undeveloped plant organism arises from the one cell. He
studied plant structure under a microscope and saw the inner cell components. He observed that the cell nucleus was very serious, and believed that it
might be connected with cell division. Schleiden was a german botanist and founder of the cell theory. Further, he said that plant embryos produced
from single cells. He was also an early evolutionist, hypothesizing about the chance of large–scale evolution over time in plants. He further formulated
the idea that

Cell Theory Research Paper
Cell structures are a very unique component in life. Cells have the ability to accomplish many tasks. Theses tasks may include identifying genetic
information, the gossamer endoplasmic reticulum subway system and the fibril laced cytoskeleton. All of these parts are needed in order to have life.
Before all of this occurred, we developed a cell theory. The cell theory was basically used to explain how every living thing is made out of cells. In
the cell theory there were three principals that it followed. The first principal was that all organisms are composed of one or more cell, and the life
processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells. The second was that cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization ...
The cytoskeleton consist of polymer of identical protein subunits that attracts one another and assemble in long chains. In the cytoskeleton there are
three different kinds of fibers. The three fibers are actin filament, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Actin filament are composed of two protein
chains loosely twined together like two strands of pearls. Microtubules are the largest cytoskeletal element and it is formed from nucleation centers
near the center of the cell and radiate toward the periphery. Meanwhile, the intermediate filaments is considered to be the most durable element of the
cytoskeleton. They are a mixed group of cytoskeletal

Essay on Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution
of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops an
envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for
organic molecules and inorganic compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for cellular activities and
becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the aerobe) that is engulfed.
All eukaryotic cells contain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protein–synthesizing machinery in mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotes. This is shown through their ribosomal RNA and the
structure of the ribosomes. The ribosomes are similar in size and structure to bacterial ribosomes. fMat is always the first amino acid that is in the
mitochondria and chloroplasts transcripts. The antibiotics that act by blocking protein synthesis in bacteria also block protein synthesis in
mitochondria and chloroplasts. These antibiotics do not interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes. The inhibitors that effect
the protein synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes do not change the protein synthesis of the bacteria, mitochondria, or chloroplasts.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is
supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane
or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of
the eukaryotic cell. (2)
Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a
combination of an archaeon with a

The Study Of Cells From 330 Years Ago
The study of cells started about 330 years ago. Before that time cells escaped notice because of their small size. With the invention of the microscope
and its subsequent improvement, cells became visible and many new discoveries were made about them. Even today the study of cells reveals more
detail, and its secrets, which are in fact the secrets of life itself, are revealed with ever increasing clarity. In 1665, English Scientist and Microscopist
Robert Hooke described a honeycomb–like network of cellulae (Latin for little storage rooms) in cork slice using his primitive compound microscope.
Robert Hooke used the term cells to describe units in plant tissue (thick cell walls could be observed). Of course he saw only cell walls because cork
cells are dead and without protoplasm. He drew the cells he saw and also coined the word cell. The word cell is derived from the latin word cellula
which means small compartment. Hooke published his findings in his famous work, Micrographia. Hooke anticipated some of the most important
discoveries and inventions of his time but failed to carry many of them through to completion. He formulated the theory of planetary motion as a
problem in mechanics, and grasped, but did not develop mathematically, the fundamental theory on which the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton
formulated the law of gravitation. Hooke 's most important contributions include the correct formulation of the theory of elasticity, which states that an
elastic body

Reproduction, Symbiosis, And Eukaryotic Cell Essay
Holy Martyrs Ferrahian High School
Reproduction, Symbiosis, and the Eukaryotic Cell
Research Paper
Aram Kazorian
AP Biology
Mrs. Lee
18 October, 2016 The research that was conducted had the specific purpose of addressing questions on topics of individuality, reproduction, symbiotic
relationships, all based around the idea of endosymbionts and the endosymbiotic theory with the eukaryotic cell. Symbiosis are the relationships
between organisms that can either harm or benefit themselves. And the topic of symbiosis brings questions to the table about evolution, individuality,
and cooperation between the organisms, especially when the eukaryotic cell and the evolution of it is involved; however, before we delve into these
questions it is important to operationally define reproduction. In this case reproduction has evolved over time into three forms of itself: simple,
collective, and scaffolded. Simple can be easily defined in the form of prokaryotes and bacteria. Collective can be described as humans, as we have
reproducing parts inside of ourselves(cells). And scaffolded can be explained as reproductive objects that reproduce based entirely on surrounding
resources, with the example being viruses. We will discuss how reproduction and the evolution of it applies to the eukaryotic cell as well. The
conceptual framework that will be discussed in further detail later on, was made to further discuss Lewontin's view on evolution by natural selection.
He proposed three

The Theory Of Batteries And Electrochemical Cells
In class I was introduced to the concepts of batteries and electrochemical cells. I am really interested in batteries and how they work and what goes into
making a battery. I was inspired to this experiment mostly because I want to study electrical engineering in university and I wanted to find out the
chemistry behind the production of the electrical energy in batteries. During my reading, I found out that the first battery was actually invented by
Italian physicist Count Alessandro Volta and was demonstrated to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801. Constructed from alternating discs ofzinc and copper
wit pieces of cardboard soaked in brine between the metals, this was the first battery that produced a reliable steady current of electricity. The reason
why this works is because, as I found out, batteries use the process of redox reactions to create voltage. I also found out that the difference in
reactivity leads to the voltage that will be produced. Voltage is a measure of the amount of energy which each coulomb of electrons can carry. The
more readily a species loses electrons, the bigger the build of potential energy and the higher the voltage. The reason why transition metals are used is
because they are very good conductors of electricity and they have seas of electrons so electrons can travel within them fairly easily. There is a table
that provides the results of experiments where these various compartments are connected to a hydrogen electrode. It is known as the

Ethical Implications Of Stem Cell Theory
Introduction to Cells
Nature of Science: Search trends and discrepancies although most organisms follows the cell theory, there are exceptions. Ethical implications of
research: research involving stem cell culture is growing in importance and raises ethical questions.
Glossary: (Many of these terms can have several meanings, remember that only care about their significance in the field of Biology)
1. Cell
2. Homeostasis
3. Negative and positive feedback
4. Evolution
5. Adaptation
6. Playing
7. Sexual Reproduction
8. asexual reproduction
9. Growth
10. Development
** This and all glossaries must be printed or written by hand and placed in the folder on the first divider. It may be revised periodically and receives
points for RR%.
Reading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3– All the functions we perform are related to the cell, the cell is what makes all vital functions within the body, such as energy production, among
others.
3– List and explain the characteristics of all living things (they are about seven of these, uses examples to at least two species of different kingdoms in
your explanation of c /

The Discovery Of Cells And The Cell Theory
The cell. The most basic form of life, and yet the most complex structure Mother Nature has to offer. For hundreds of years, man has tried to crack
its codes, to try and find what makes it tick; but it seems that the deeper we go into the study of cells, the more questions appear too. The purpose of
this entire essay is to educate my readers on cells, our discovery of cells and the cell theory, where we believe they first appeared, and how we have
learned to manipulate cells to cure diseases like cancer. I will also talk about how our knowledge of cells has changed our medicine and
agriculture, and how ethnic some of these changes are. But first, let us talk about the discovery of cells and the cell theory. Robert Hooke, an
english scientist, was the man who first discovered the cell in 1665, proof being a book he released at that time called Micrographia. In this book,
Hooke gave 60 observations of random objects under a compound microscope with a magnification of 30x. Because of this, he was not able to see the
internal structures in the cell, like nuclei and vacuoles, and what he proclaimed to be cells were just empty cell walls of plant tissues. He shared his
observations with The English Royal Society, until they started receiving letters from a scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoek. The letters stated that
Anton made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that magnified objects up to 275x, enough to identify the living parts of a cell. He kept on
sending

The Theory Of Cancer Stem Cell Theory
The Scientific Community has two main theories about how cancer grows to form tumors. The cancer stem cell theory states that tumors are like
normal cells because stem cells control their growth (Blanpain, 2015). However the contradicting theory is the stochastic model in which all cells have
the ability to grow and divide, so the cells that make up a tumor are not organized in any sort of system. I take the stance that tumors are grown through
an organized system and that cancer stem cells are at the center of the growth of a tumor instead of just a byproduct. All cancerous tumors have a basic
structure of a large group of cells with a small cluster of cells in the center of the tumor that are responsible for the growth and recurrence of cancer.
These central cells are the most difficult part of the tumor to destroy. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes are essential for promoting and allowing
tumors begin forming, through spontaneous or even hereditary forms of cancer (Collins, 1997). Cancer is caused by mutation in genes, however not
all mutations can cause cancer but certain combinations of genetic mutations do cause cancer (Blanpain, 2015). Cancer cells are cells that divide
uncontrollably due to mutations in genes; the mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes largely affect the aggressiveness of cancer (Yokota,
2000). Through lots of research it has been proven that cancers are heterogeneous and show different functions and phenotypic traits at cell level

Theories Of Aging
Why do people age? Over the "ages" people have wondered how do we age? Do our genes determine our lifespan? Does damage to our DNA affect
how long we live? There have been many theories answering that one question and few are right and some still have to be proven. People aging isn't
magical, aging is scientific. Chemistry is behind aging.
The first theory is that we live as long as we do because our genes determine how long we live. This means that we have a gene that tells our body how
long we have to live. If this is true we could change that gene and live longer than predetermined. For example that gene is a timer that is counting
down, imagine you could add time to the timer prolonging the time left. Different animals have proven this theory to work. A type of worm can to 300
years old, which could support the first theory that genes determine your lifespan.
The second theory is that over time our body and DNA receive damage until the point when our body will not function anymore. This theory states that
how long we live ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Error Hypothesis refers to the errors, which occur in the chemical reactions in producing DNA, RNA, or proteins because the metabolic system is
not 100% accurate. Cell death is the reason for unrepaired errors due to insufficient energy or nutrients. The Free Radical Theory refers to molecules,
which have a strong tendency to link to other molecules messing up their functions. They are produced for metabolism and sometimes produced by
accident if oxygen is always present. The Cross–Linkage Theory states that the aging of living organisms is due to the formation of bridges between
protein molecules in the DNA, which cannot be broken by enzymes that interferes in the production of RNA by DNA. Can be caused by metabolism.
The Brain Hypothesis refers to the aging is caused by a breakdown in the homeostasis of the

Purpose Statement For Diabetes
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
According to International Diabetes Federation, approximately 592 million people worldwide would be suffering from diabetes by 2035 and this
would be a major economic burden to the society globally. Detail knowledge of normal physiological processes at cellular and molecular level will
give me a better understanding in dealing with pathological conditions in human body. Insight of the structure and function of organelles, chemical
composition of enzymes, hormones, their interaction and expression in structural and functional unit of life can significantly help in bringing down
morbidity and mortality associated with metabolic disorders like diabetes and various other diseases. Grown up in a family of medical professionals,
the curiosity to explore various life processes was not only acquired but also inherent. I want to take a leap forward of what my parents and
grandparents practice and 'Cell and Molecular Physiology' or 'Immunology' as major will surely make me accomplish in achieving my aim of life.
As a small child, I had seen the agony of patients and limitations of medical profession in dealing with various illnesses. I had innumerable queries
which were beyond my capability to understand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While working with Deepti Foundation and attending to children suffering from HIV, I came across an orphan, emaciated child at AIDS rehabilitation
centre. Fear, bigotry, anathema regarding AIDS still prevail in our society resulting in infringement of fundamental human rights. Besides medications,
treatment and nutrition, sincere efforts should be made for rehabilitation of children in society so that they live a dignified life. The morbidity and
agony of the child, limitations of anti–retroviral therapy due to advanced stage of the disease and ostracism had significant influence on me in
choosing a career in life sciences and continue music and piano as my hobby and

Epigenetic Modifications In Germline Cells
Epigenetics is a field of study concerning genetic modifications due to changes in gene expression, rather than changes in the gene itself. There are
countless epigenetic modifications that regulate gene expression, such as DNA Methylation or Gene Silencing, and all of these changes, if they occur
in the germline, are preserved through DNA multiplication, and thus will be passed on to progeny. Moreover, these alterations can also take place in the
somatic cells of the body and still be passed on to the next generation, through an interrelated alteration that takes place in the germline cells. It is this
observation that has baffled scientists for generations, as it is an idea that truly lies at the heart of the "nature vs. nurture" argument. ... Show more
This "germ plasm theory", as it was dubbed, was a belief that gripped the scientific community for decades thereafter, since no one knew how to
disprove that germ cells were the only agents of heredity. In modern times, this elusive "Weismann Barrier," between germ and somatic cells, has for
the most part been debunked through various studies, yet it still remains an elusively intangible idea for some.
Most scientists now agree that environmentally–induced changes can be passed on to future generations through lasting epigenetic modifications, but
they exact mechanism for how this occurs remains unknown. In a paper head authored by Sally Eaton of University of New South Wales in Australia,
extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes, are proposed as a mechanism by which these environmental effects could effect a transmissible
change in germline cell's

Sickle Cell Anemia Theory
Sickle Cell Disease was informally diagnosed in the early 1900's by Dr. Ernest Irons. It wasn't until the 1950's that it was studied intensely. Linus
Pauling and Harvey Itano were the first ones to critically study this disease. Sickle cell disease (SCD) was the first to be called a molecular genetic
disease by Linus Pauling. Vernon Ingram later studied the disease into great detail which led him to discover the key difference in between SCD
hemoglobin (Hb SS) and normal hemoglobin (Hb) (Adewoyin, 2015). Finding what caused the mutation which led to a change in shape from circular
to sickle shape erythrocytes was something Pauling attempted to identify. In the paper in which he studied SCD, he proposed various ideas for the
change in shape... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was proven with the Longswoth scanning diagrams of carbonoxy hemoglobin. It showed four different images of normal, sickle cell anemia,
sickle cell trait, and a 50–50 mix of the first two. The first two images (normal & SCD) showed one peak each while sickle cell trait gave out two
peaks on one image. The last image of 50–50 mix of sickle cell anemia and normal hemoglobin strengthened the idea of sickle cell trait been a hybrid
due to the two peaks shown on the diagram, since it highly resembled the sickle cell trait figure. The two peaks given from the 50–50 mix figure that
suggests less than 50% of the hemoglobin are sickle shaped in sickle cell trait. ( Pauling et al., 1949) After knowing the clearly knowing the
differences between sickle cell anemia and normal hemoglobin Pauling and Itano still didn't how or where the change occurred. The paper proposed
that there was a difference in numbers of ionization groups between both hemoglobins. Itano specifically proposed there was a number variance in the
globin or heme. He proposed along with Pauling that it is probable that normal and sickle cell anemia hemoglobin may have different globin

Cell Theory
1.Cell Theory is an explanation that says everything is made of cells. It continues on to say that those cells came from preexisting cells. Cell Theory is
a theory because it is a frame–worked explanation of an observation made by many biologists like Anar Van Leeuwenhoek. Van Leeuwenoek studied
plant stems, pond water, and gathered a conclusion that generally, all of those things are made of cells. Other biologists like Louis Pasteur added onto
this idea that all organisms are composed of cells. Atheory is also composed of two components; a sequence of patterns in the world and the thing or
catalyst that is responsible for the pattern. The sequence of the pattern in Cell theory is that every organism in the world are made up of cells. ... Show
The fatal flaw in my experiment of cloning a single plant, creating a population of 100 plants that are genetically identical, and raising these plants in
identical environments with no variation in traits is that there is no variation to show any difference(s) in the experiment.
3.A salt crystal dropped into a beaker of water becomes smaller and eventually seems to disappear. However, the same salt crystal remains intact at
the bottom of a beaker of octane because Sodium Chloride is ionic and would get attracted to the water. The octane is hydrophobic and has nothing for
the salt crystal to bond with. The water is polar and hydrophobic, which gives the salt the ability for the oxygen atoms in the water to be attracted to the
Sodium ion, and the hydrogen atoms to the chloride ion.
4.Molecules with carbon–carbon bonds have more potential energy and lower entropy than carbon dioxide because the carbon to carbon bonds are
held together loosely. Because the carbon to carbon bonds are held loosely together, the bond has low entropy, high potential energy, and more usable
energy. The Carbon dioxide is held tightly together, has high entropy, and will have low potential energy because the charges will be attracted to the
oxygen. This results in the carbon dioxide to have less usable

How Did Multicellularity Evolve?
In the beginning, there were single cells (Unicellular organism). Presently, millions of years later, most plants, animals, fungi, and algae are composed
of multiple cells that work collaboratively as a single being. Despite the various methods these organisms achieved multicellularity, their
conglomeration of cells operate cooperatively to consume energy, survive, and reproduce. But how did multicellularity evolve? Once or multiple
times? How did a solo cell transition to associating and cooperating with other cells? The origins of multicellularity are one of the most interesting
topics and evolutionary innovations in biology. Currently, there are three main hypotheses for how multicellularity had arisen. First ''Symbiosis
hypothesis,'' this

Is Cloning Ethical Or Not?
"Is Cloning Ethical or Not?"
Cloning is the process of making an identical copy of any living thing such as gene, cell, or a whole organism. The varieties of cloning are gene,
reproductive and therapeutic. Gene cloning is the process in which a gene of interest is located and copied out of DNA extracted from an organism.
Reproductive cloning involves creating an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer. The A procedure
in which damaged tissues or organs are repaired or replaced with genetically identical cells that originate from undifferentiated stem cells, basically it
involves creating copies of cells to make someone better. Cloning used to be something that was only in science fiction ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the ethical theory of utilitarianisms, the rightness of act depends on its consequences. "Utilitarian's believe that the purpose of
morality is to make life better by increasing the amount of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the amount of
bad things (such as pain and unhappiness)" (Nathanson 1). Cloning can promote happiness. For example, cloning to produce children serve several
purposes. Pros of cloning may enables a parent to keep a living connection with a dead/dying child or spouse, enable parents with no eggs and sperm
create genetically related children, enable lesbians to have children without the use of donor sperm, enable gay men to have children without the use
of donor eggs though a surrogate would have to carry the clone, and animals who are endangered can be cloned to save their species. Not to mention,
cloning for biomedical research might lead to advances in medical knowledge and toward treatments and cures. Relating to utilitarianism, from the
"2004 VCU Life Sciences Survey", "fifty percent of respondents in 2003 favored human cloning if it is limited to research for the treatment of disease"

An Outline of the Cell Theory Essay
Chapter 2 IB Biology
2.1 Cell Theory
2.1.1 Outline the cell theory (2).
All organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the smallest units of life
All cells come from preexisting cells
TOK: cell theory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms
Exception: muscle cells– more than 1 nucleus, very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots– not a single unit; protoctista– not specialized to single function;
subcellular things like organelles 2.1.2 Discuss the evidence for the cell theory (3).
Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 while observing cork with a microscope he built. Coined the term "cell" Antoine van Leeuwenhoek ... Show
As organisms grow, cells divide. 2 small cells are more efficient than one. Alveoli in lungs maximize surface for gas exchange.
2.1.7 State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties (1). Different things come together to make process
Cells–tissues–organs–etc.
Ability to reproduce themselves. Allows possibility of growth and for replacement of damaged or dead cells. 2.1.8 Explain that cells in multicellular
organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others (3). Start out as single cell that reproduces at
a rapid rate then the resulting cells go through a differentiation (different cells– different functions– to run an organism) process to produce all required
cell types that are necessary for organism. Every cell in a multicellular organism contains all the genes of that organism. However, the genes that are
activated vary from cell to cell. Differentiation– when we break something complex into its component pieces, they each appear to be simple.
Combined, they can perform a whole new function. Cells within a multi cellular organism specialize their function. Examples: muscles cells, cardiac
cells
This differentiation process is the result of the expression of certain specific genes but not others Genes allow for the production of all different cells in
the organism Each cell contains all the genetic info for the production of the complete organism Each

What Are The Three Postulates Of Cell Theory
LESSON 1: CELL THEORY AND ITS PARTS/ORGANELLES AND FUNCTIONS
Living and Non–living Things
All the things we see on earth are created by God Almighty. The rocks, air, soil, chemicals, plants, trees, animals, humans among others exist on earth.
But, we can classify them as living and non–living things. Living or biotic things have life, and therefore, governed by cells which performed roles for
life to occur. These are plants, animals and humans. On the other hand, non–living or abiotic things do not have life but they are essential to the
existence of life. These are the rocks, soil and air.
Cell and Cell Theory
The cell is a basic unit of life (Bolsover et al., 2004). It is the basic unit of plants, animals and humans. Cells serve as the building blocks of life for
example of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The union of human egg cell and sperm cell forms a new life (Lodish et al.).
Table 1. The three postulates of cell theory and its explanations.
POSTULATESEXPLANATION
Cells are the fundamental units of lifeLife is governed by cells, the basic unit. Life exists because of cells. Without cells, there is no life on earth.
All organisms are composed of cellsAll life forms on earth are made up of cells. Microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans are composed of cells.
All cells come from preexisting cellsCells originated from ancestral cells existing long time ago. These cells undergo evolutionary modifications and
adaptations with the physical environment.
General Cell Structures and Functions
Based on Bolsover et al. (2004), a cell has parts, structures or organelles (Table 2) that have a respective function as a whole for life to occur (Figure
2). Generally, cells have parts such as nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and cell membrane. Different
structure has different function but working as a whole. One structure cannot make life possible but many complex structures and functions contribute

to the existence of

Cell Theory
1.Cell theory just give a description of a cells. Like all living things are made up of cells individually. Also describes how cells can reproduce and
metabolize by themselves; which means that they are living small organisms. Germ theory just clarifies on how these microbes are responsible for the
infectious diseases that enter the body.
2.Acellular microbe is not a living cell, so its not able to reproduce or metabolize. The acellular microbe is grown within a host (human). It can be
identified as a viru, virion, and prion. Its really small compared to a cellular microbe since it is around the size of a organelle and a large molecule.
While the cellular microbe is bigger and can be spotted better on microscope. A cellular microbe is living.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike the gram negative wall, which has two. Beneath the glycocalyx there's the first layer called the peptidoglycan for the gram positive cell wall.
As for the gram negative cell wall is a lot more complex. It has plasma membrane on the bottom of the glycocalyx. This plasma membrane has a toxin
(endotoxin) that can cause very fatal symptoms to a patient; even shock can occur. Right under this toxin wall there's the peptidoglycan.
4.During sporulation can occur when one cell can construct one spore. The way this formation works is by when the cell that this bacteria is in a
chemical environment in which it is stressed that it'll form spores within the cell. The spore itself doesn't not have a metabolism. Although it does put
a battle whenever WBC (white blood cells) and any type of disinfectants try to get rid of it. The bacterial endospore is made out of a dense keratin
outer coat and a chromosome that does contain genetic material.
5.The plasmid is a extra piece of genetic information of DNA that lies within the bacterial cell. It results that there is a 2 sources of genomic material in
the bacteria within the cell. On the other hand transposon are combined to the genetic material of the cell that was already there Resulting that there
still is one source of genetic information in the

Why Viruses Are Not Living Organisms
In general, viruses are a distinct group comparing to others. Viruses have similar characteristic as a living organism, but it also lack some of the
element that a living organism have. Viruses are a hereditary material that may be single strand genome, or other may contain a double strand genome
which is ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid. Viruses are very small species, when avirus is not in contact with a cell, it is just a protein that
contains a genome. In the other hand, when it is in contact with a cell, it will requires help from the cells that have been inserted into to duplicates
itself. I agree that viruses are considered not living organisms because they can not do many functions by themselves without entering a cell.
Cell theory define Cells as the basis of life in the universe, all living organisms are made of cell, and all cells created by other old cells. There are many
types of cells that can be categorize. Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell. These two types of cell have similarities and differences. ... Show more
It is a stained area in the cell and closely compacted together. It has two membrane that looks like envelope that isolates the nucleus parts from the
rest of the cell. Nucleus have many function, and one of them is to make rRNA and collect proteins. Also, it tells the cell what to do regard specific
things. Golgi apparatus is sacs of cisterna, that looks like folds. Golgi modifies, describes, packs, and concentrate protein. It delivers protein to the
outside of the cell, during revising and correcting the protein. In conclusion, viruses cannot survive without cells, from my perspective, I can see that
viruses are nonliving because they are dependent on the living cell and can not do much without access a living

Biology: Explain Cell Theory
(I)Explain cell theory? What are some current hypotheses of how the first cell could have come into existence? What is the evidence that supports
these hypotheses? During my time in the introduction of biology, I have learned that Cell Theory can be defined as one of the basic principles of
biology. Now credit for the formulation of this theory is given to several German scientists such as Theodor Schwann and Rudolph Virchow. In Biology,
Cell Theory states that every single living organism are composed of cells. Also, these cells can be either unicellular or multicellular. According to cell
theory, the cell is characterized as being a basic unit of life. Furthermore, cells arise from pre–existing cells which means that they are not derived ...
The two most basic types of bonds are characterized as either ionic or covalent. Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electrons
between atoms and it is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds require an electron donor, often a metal,
and an electron acceptor, a nonmetal. Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of bonding occurs between two
atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table. This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals; however, it
can also be observed between nonmetals and metals. Hydrogen bonding is the interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of
other atoms having a high affinity for electrons and such bond is weaker than an ionic bond or covalent bond. Also, hydrogen bonds are able to
exist between atoms in different molecules or in parts of the same molecule. Cells use bonds to store energy and perform metabolic processes by
breaking down bonds that contains energy, but energy must be added to get any energy out. This is the true driving energy for biochemistry, where
cellular respiration provides energy by forming the strong oxygen bonds in carbon dioxide and water, breaking the weaker bonds in carbohydrates
and sugars. In photosynthesis, energy from the sun is used to break the carbon dioxide and H2O bonds, and the fairly strong oxygen bond is formed
as well. So, in fact, more energy is available when the weakest bonds are broken in favor of the stronger bonds being formed. Lastly, ATP provides
energy when it transfers phosphate moieties to more strongly bonded glucose or fructose

Stem Cell Theory Of Aging Essay
Introduction
Every day we naturally lose skin and blood cells throughout our body; however, these cells are replaced through the proliferation and differentiation of
stem cells found in pools throughout our bodies. Stem cells are found in most adult mammalian tissues, where they maintain normal tissue homeostasis
and participate in tissue repair and regeneration in response to damage (Lui & Rando 2011). The physiological process of aging may be the result of
stem cell loss and a decline in the homeostatic and regenerative capacity of all tissues and organs (Lui & Rando 2011). In fact, the stem cell theory of
aging proposes that as we age, we fail to replenish the unique pool of stem cells. Consequently, this prevents us from replacing lost, differentiated cells
and results in the inability to maintain and repair damaged tissues or organs. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms
involved in the loss of stem cell function and find plausible solutions for treating age–related diseases.
There are two classes of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult (or somatic) stem cells – this research will focus on the latter. Adult stem cells
(ASC) are undifferentiated cells that can proliferate and differentiate into multipotent cells. Multipotent cells have the ability to give rise to multiple
tissue types but are limited in their ability to indefinitely divide. Unlike embryonic stem cells (ESC), which are pluripotent and have the ability to divide

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