Semantic And Semantics

Semantic And Semantics
1.1. Statement of the problem.
English is the language commonly used in the world. In the trend of globalization today, the
importance of English can't be denied and ignored because it is widely used everywhere in the
world. If learners want to learn better English, they not only develop skills: listening, speaking,
reading, writing, but also should have knowledge of grammar and semantics.
One of the factors to learn good English that is semantics. Semantics helps the students to
understand the basic concepts of meaning of the words, sentences and utterance. Understanding the
meaning of the language is important in learning a language. Semantic roles decide the meaning of
the words and sentences.
However, in the elements of the English language, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, I will give some methods and exercises to help the learners to improve understanding the
meaning of sentences through semantic roles. As a result, they will have a positive view about
semantic and learn semantic better.
1.2. Objectives of the study
To find out to what extent the students understand the meaning of sentences through semantic roles.
Some methods to help the learners to improve understanding the meaning of sentences through
semantic roles. 1.3. Significance of the study 1.4. Outline of study
This research contains five chapters: Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION.
This chapter establishes the rationale of the study, the aims of the study, the significance of the
study, and the outline of the study.
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.
This chapter consist of three sections:
Section 1: shows about definition of semantic roles
Section 2: shows about significance of semantic roles
Section 3: introduces the kinds of semantic roles
Section 4: shows some methods to help the learners to improve understanding the meaning of
sentences through semantic roles
Chapter 3:
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The Semantic Phenomena Of The Human Language Essay
Introduction
Semantics is the study of meaning that is used to understand people 's words and linguistic theories
developed in modeling human language to understand the pragmatic semantic relations that exist
between the words. Sense relations have been the interest of philosophers, psychologists, linguists
and language teacher and each of them provided theories about lexicon relations related to their own
field and some approaches were made in order to study sense relations and they were 1– Pragmatic:
the linguistics phenomena are focused on the use of sense relations and their position in the human
mind2– Psycholinguistic: providing a psychological model of the information and procedures
involved in the semantic phenomena of the human language. Sense relations are considered with the
meaning of the words, how they man what they suppose to mean, how they happen inside the
human mind and how they are used in writing and speaking. This can be helpful for linguists,
translators, teacher and lexicographers when they are compiling and revising a dictionary. Also
sense relations are considered an open–set items, which means there 's no restriction on the richness
of their meaning because they belong to a huge substitution sets and they are constantly updated on
the syntactic and semantic levels. Chaffin and Herrmann (1988) noted that sense relations have
characteristics of concepts and they tend to be abstract ones, which means that these sense relations
don 't come out of

Difference Between Cohesion And Cohesion
.Theoretical part 1. Scope of the study
Language is not realized by some unrelated sentences but by varying number of utterances. The
stretch of language may be spoken or written. Cohesion therefore is the glue that holds words
together. In other words, if an essay is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and
from paragraph to paragraph. A speaker of English who hears or reads a passage of the language
which is more than one sentence in length can normally decide without difficulty whether it forms a
unified whole or it is just a collection of unrelated sentences. Thus a unified text is achieved by the
use of cohesive devices. The scope of the study focuses on articles of the writers; Ammar Ali and
Azmi ashour from Al–Ahram ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This relation has been referred to as a superordinate or hyponomic relation in most of the earlier
studies or inclusion: specific–general by McCarthy (P.57)
The second major element of lexical cohesion is collocation.(
Nunan1993, P.29) declared that collocation can cause problems for discourse analysis, because it
includes semantically related item and this makes it difficult to determine if there is any cohesive tie
or not. Much linguistics refuses to deal with collocation because of this.
Grammatical cohesion Any discourse must be related not only lexically but also grammatically.
(McCarthy, 1991, 34–35) says that grammatical cohesion is the surface in written discourse.it is
displayed by spoken and written discourses and those links are classified into three categories:
references, ellipsis, substitution and conjunction.Grammatical cohesion is divided into references,
ellipsis, substitution and conjunction. According to Brown and Yule (1983), the traditional semantic
of reference is that its relationship is held between expressions in text and the world, and between
different parts of text. There is a different account of the co–reference relation, paying attention to
pronouns.

Different Levels Of Assessments Have Been Selected
Three different levels of assessments have been selected to assess Tama in specific language
domains. These assessments identify skills that a child has or does not in particular areas of
communication. Information from the referral suggests that the semantic and pragmatic domains
require investigation of Tama's current language skills and whether they are typical for a child of 4
years 2 months.
Assessment Tools
MacArthur–Bates Communicative Developmental Inventories (CDI)–words and sentences is a level
one standardised parent report. Reports with a parent "who know a child well can provide a wealth
of information to supplement our direct clinical assessment" (Paul, & Norbury, 2012, p. 44). The
report is divided into two parts. Part I 'Words child use' and part II 'Sentences and grammar'. The
CDI targets current and emerging behaviours and the focus of this assessment is on the semantic
domain for vocabulary size and sentence types because of the parental concerns about expressive
language. In the report there are standard instructions about the completion of each section.
To engage the parent, suggestion for the report to be readily available when Tama uses language
most frequently. In part I the vocabulary checklist is an indication of the words that Tama produces
from 22 semantic categories (Fenson et al. 2007). Typically at the age of 24 months a child's
expressive vocabulary size is 200–300 words and should be putting these words into simple
sentences (Paul, &

Essay On Indonesie Analysis
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theories included in the research were theory of representation, Barthes semiotics, Bühler Organon
model, theory of advertisement discourse, and critical discourse analysis theory. Theory of
representation is crucial here because the fundamental aim of the research is to look at how
Indonesia is represented in the tourism advertisement to be further analyzed and criticized.
Representation is one of central practices in a process named by du Gay, Hall et al. as the 'circuit of
culture'. Representation is furthermore defined by Hall as "an essential part of the process by which
meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture" (Hall, 1997). Hall also defined
it as the use of language to deliver or communicate something with meanings to other people.
Similar to Hall, Gilles and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Fairclough (1995), critical discourse analysis is discourse analysis which aims to
systematically observe causality between discourse practice and wider socio–cultural structure.
Besides, it also aims to seek how the relation is influenced and how the ideology is formed by
power in society (p.132). In short, a result of a critical discourse analysis exposes an implicit
message or meaning beneath a discourse. In this research, the implicit meaning is how Indonesia is
represented in a tourism advertisement. In critical discourse analysis, there are theorists who have
focused and systematic frameworks on genre and socio–semantic representation within a discourse,
but there are also those who combine various kinds of research methodologies (Blommaert &
Bulcaen, 2008). In this research, the method utilized is communicative event analysis, which is part
of Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis framework. Communicative event analysis
observes a discourse as a social practice which is composed of three dimensions: text, discourse
practice, and social

Semantic Changes And Its Effects On Class Conflict
It has been noted that while considering changing word meanings is vital to the diachronic study of
language, the notion and practice of studying them has been historically belittled as an intellectual
pursuit. Semantic change is often irregular and arbitrary as a concept, as its causes are wide–ranging
and multi–faceted. However, critics such as Willem B. Hollmann now give weight and notoriety to
studying semantics synchronically . By considering individual cases, one can explain some word
changes and apply common rules. These often occur intra–linguistically or through common social
or political changes, especially surrounding class conflict. However, although we can catalogue the
semantic change of similar or groups of words, word ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Originally from the Germanic fōt, and used to describe the lowest extremity of the human form, the
link was made around the 1300s to describe imagined 'feet' of objects such as the foot of the hill .
This can also be shown in words of a similar lexical field, such as head, linking to head of the table
etcetera. The fact these words are related and their new meanings are linked would have been
significant to Stephen Ullmann. Whilst several scholars have attempted to theorise the nature of
semantics, it is Ulmann 's structuralism approach (1957, 1962) that is most recently notable. His
belief was that words can be divided into semantic fields and if a word fell into the same field as one
whose meaning had changed, the former word's change could be predicted to be similar . Whilst
there are flaws in Ulmann's theory (such as it is difficult to differentiate between why a word
changes and how it changes in a lexical field), it can be applied to situations where the metaphorical
link exists over an extended period of time. A key established example of a semantic field cited by
George Walkden is that of time as money . In this case a stimulus– the saying 'time is money' – has
prompted growth of multiple meanings of cost, spend and borrow in recent years, relating not only
to financial transactions but also gains and losses in time. A further example is the word wit. Whilst
it stemmed from the Old English gewit(t), it was centered around the

Figurative Language Essay
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Language is a means of communication used by human being. It is, of course, very important since
it is used to interact with one another, convey the information from other human beings and express
one's feeling and emotion. The use of language is constructed in a special way depending on the
topics, the participant and the situation.
The expression of human beings which uses language is literature. There are three kinds of
literature, such as: drama, poetry and prose. Those have their own characteristics which are different
from each other. Unlike drama and prose, poetry is usually divided into lines and then grouped into
stanza. It also has beautiful and meaningful words. Fundamentally, poetry is the most intense, ...
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Therefore, the use of connotation is needed. In literature, connotation paves way for creativity of
one's work. Connotation usually refers to figure of speech. Most of the writers use figure of speech
to make their works more vivid and fresher. It also often provides more effective means of saying of
what we mean than does direct statement.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.3.1 Figurative Language
Silvian Barnet (1963: 336) stated that the figurative language can be drawn by two meanings. First,
figurative language with its literary incompatible terms, which forces the reader to attend to the
connotations rather than the denotations. Second, although figurative language is said to differ from
ordinary discourse, it is sometimes found in ordinary discourse as well as in literature.
Knickerbocker and Reninger proposed several kinds of figures, they are: simile, metaphor,
personification, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, irony, paradox, dead metaphor and allusion.
2.3.1.1 Simile Simile is a state of comparison of two dissimilar things which is introduced by 'like
or as'. In addition, it can be considered as a statement of similarity.
For

Lexical Processing And Representation Processing Model
Some models have pre–processing component along with representation component.
 Representation Component
The representation component contains the representation of the text and the hypothesis to enable
comparison between the two. A text is represented as a tree, a set of predicate argument structures, a
logical form, or with other representations.
 Comparison Component
The comparison component makes comparison of representation of the text and hypothesis, based
on text representation, like using lexical similarity for comparing between the text and hypothesis.
 Decision Component
The decision component decides if the text is entailed the hypothesis or not, based on the
comparison component output.
1) LEXICAL APPROACH
Lexical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Matching is executed based on information gained with the help of knowledge resources.
4. Decide entailment based on the matching score:
This decision is a simple set of rules on the final computation, or machine learning algorithm trained
on similar data. Sometimes the Decision step is finished on the basis of a certain threshold (decided
experimentally) over the similarity scores produced by the algorithms. The similarity scores are
computed based on text similarity. Entailment Decisions are taken just from the lexical evidences.
In textual entailment recognition, one of the input language expressions (T) is usually much longer
than the other one (H). If a part of T's surface string is quite similar to H's, this shows that H may be
entailed by T. This is shown in an example, where H is included verbatim in T. Note that the surface
string similarity (e.g., measured by string edit distance) between H and the entire T of this case is
low, due to the different lengths of T and H.
T: Charles de Gaulle died in 1970 at the age of eighty. He was thus ﬁfty years old when, as an
unknown ofﬁcer recently promoted to the rank of brigadier general, he made his famous broadcast
from London rejecting the capitulation of France to the Nazis after the debacle of May–June 1940.
H: Charles de Gaulle died in 1970.
Generally, the lexical based methods work poorly for recognizing textual entailment. The reason
behind it is that textual entailment is a

Semantic Field : An Integrated System
What is a semantic field and why is it important in the composition of written communication? Give
specific examples to support your answer. According to Brinton (2000) the term ''semantic field
denotes a segment of reality symbolized by a set of related words'', or more broadly speaking, refers
to a group of terms that share a similar meaning. It was first established by German Scholar J.Trier
in the 1930's who stated ''the vocabulary of language is an integrated system of lexemes interrelated
in sense.'' In order to comprehend a better range of vocabulary we must understand the interrelation
of words within a semantic field and thus be able to use them to better the composition of both
spoken and written communication. Once assimilated, using semantic fields enable the writer to
express elaborate detail, and in choosing a specific term expose extensive connotations to the reader.
In order to analyse the importance of a 'semantic field' we must identify the different classifications
within semantic field theory such as; Hyponymy, Antamony and Synonymy, and how they advance
in different ways, our ability to grasp a better composition of written communication. The most
common branch of Semantic field theory is Hyponymy, which allows us to identify a general term
or ''hypernym'' that can be divided into more specific terms 'hyponyms'. This allows us to divide
''Flower''– the hypernym, into specific sub categories of 'hyponyms'– such as "Rose, daffodil,
carnation''etc.

Cohesion in English
0. Introduction: Meaning of Cohesion One thing that comes to mind at the mention of cohesion is
the word: text. A text can be written or spoken, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue, etc. It ranges
from a few sentences to thousands. A text is not usually defined by size. It is not a grammatical unit
but a semantic unit; it is a unit of language in use and any attempt to analyse a text usually shows
that it is a product of an ongoing process of meaning. Cohesion prevents texts from being a mere
collection of sentences. Johnstone maintains that cohesion is "what distinguishes a written text or a
conversion from a random list of sentences" (118). Linguists have defined cohesion in different
ways. For Matthews, cohesion is "the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One important thing to know about the use of him....he... him...he...and his in the passage is that
their meaning depends on the reader's ability to form a kind of "mental connection" between them
and their antecedent .i.e. Joe (cf. Toolan 26). Essentially, anaphoric reference of the type identified
above occurs when the writer wants to avoid unnecessary repetition. Hence, not only does it help to
link meaning within the text, anaphoric reference also helps to remove monotony in a text.
Anaphoric reference is equally achieved when a writer or speaker switches from the use of an
indefinite article to the use of the definite article apparently in the subsequent mention of the same
thing. Consider the use of the in this short passage: "Jacob's wife gave birth to a set of triplets. The
triplets were very pretty but he had no money to take care of them. So he went out begging for
arms." The use of "the" with "triplets" is informed by the previous mention of the word, and "the"
therefore functions anaphorically. Apart from anaphoric reference, there is also another kind of
reference known as cataphoric reference. Although cataphoric reference is less common than
anaphoric, it can perform cohesive function in both spoken and written texts. In cataphoric
reference, something is mentioned in the abstract before it is identified. For example: "Here he
comes, our award–winning host...it's Johnmary!" The use of cataphoric reference can

George Orwell: The Enemy Of Clear Language
George Orwell presumes, "The enemy of clear language is insincerity." But what, exactly, is clear
language? It is saying succinctly and plainly what is meant without the intention of offense.
However, with the modern rules of adhering to a continuous doctrine of being, as dictionary.com
says, "multiculturally sensitive," it is almost impossible to state exactly what is meant. No one likes
to be called offensive names or stereotypical slurs, but when considering such insults, words such as
"racist," or "sexist," are usually labeled toward the insulter, not the insulted. Yet, with the strict, but
implied rules of political correctness, these labels get thrown around quickly and easily at any slip
of the tongue without concern for the person's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, there is no lack of opinions that see it as a concept that should be utilized. To some,
this essentially comes down to civility: to being polite. Supporters of this notion may assert that
those that are against political correctness are just unsympathetic, or downright rude. They may
claim that political correctness is necessary because of the amount of insults thrown around, or the
simple ignorance of some that choose to speak out against something. However, it is more ignorant
to believe that we have the authority to judge and police what other people have to say or choose to
do. While the political correctness movement was created in order to help protect people's feelings,
it is just not practical. It is, in the words of Charles Heston, "tyranny with manners." And while it
may have spared feelings, it has also created topics that are almost completely avoided for fear of
being labeled as a dogmatist. How can any issues regarding diversity be addressed if the
government, the mass media, and citizens in the public eye are tiptoeing around these subjects? We
must be comfortable expressing feelings, concerns, and curiosities about people and things that are
different from what we are used to, or else, how will we ever learn to understand and truly except
those things? Sure, it is important to not hurt someone's feelings, but it is more important to
maintain the integrity of our words. It

The English Language During The Civil Rights Movement
In our society, the English language has evolved over time and certain words have grown to have
different meanings. Overtime the language shifts. A word would have the same letters for 50 years
but different definitions throughout the time period– also known as the semantic change. One such
word is the word "wasp". Most commonly referring to the pest that flies around in our backyards
that sting us and leaves us with quite the mark. But this was not the case after the American Civil
War up in the 1860's until the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960's. The meaning wasp at the time
referred to a "White Anglo–Saxon Protestant" that was also most commonly used for the members
of the hate group known as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). A WASP "is known ... Show more content on
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The words do not change in their initiative meanings but change in a means that they attain other
meanings or are used to refer to other named objects over time. For example, the word 'mouse' is
used to refer to tiny long–tailed animal however, it is now also used to refer to a device used to
rheostat cursor movement. "The alteration of meaning occurs because words are constantly used and
what is intended by speakers is not exactly the same each time. If a different intention for a word is
shared by the speech community and becomes established in usage, then a semantic change has
occurred." (Malkiel, Yakov). Overtime, the KKK member population has declined due to alternating
historical events. Along with the group, the word WASP has changed also. In the modern time,
WASP is used to simply describe upper–class white people. The problem with this is that the same
word that was used in the late 1800s to describe an extremely racist, violent, and unethical group is
also now used to describe a general group of people who are in no way affiliated with former
Another problem is that the term does not seem to be incorrect use. Unlike the term ASP being used
today, an Angelo– Saxon protestant is from "lower–middle–class England, particularly East Anglia,
in the early 1600s. Some, like the Puritans, came to North America because they opposed the
Church of England." (Abagond). . The term WASP does represent Angelo– Saxon, which were
people who "inhibited Great Britain from the 5th century" (Encyclopedia Britannica), but it used
incorrectly to describe a specific group with a negative

Ben Hack On Semantics And General Semantics
Hauck, Ben. "On Semantics and General Semantics: Re–Defining the Former to Understand the
Latter." A Review of General Semantics 70.3 (2013): 232–244
Ben Hauck is an actor and comedian however, he has published many articles on General Semantics
while sitting on the Board of Trustees of the General Semantics Institute and The New York Society
for General Semantics. Hauck uses this article to redefine semantics, and then apply that new
definition to general semantics. He argues that the standard definition, "the study of meaning", is
incorrect and should be referred to as the "study of implication". He discusses the many different
types of semantics and how we would label them, and then draws connections on how we label
general semantics. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dierking focuses on using examples to show the readers how semantics is used in daily life. She
uses examples that will resonate with a wide audience. She includes examples ranging from children
use of semantics to the use of semantics by politicians to convey a misleading message. She even
includes a celebrity's use of semantics on stage. By doing this she is able to draw in a diverse group
of reader who will all be able to comprehend her message. Although she uses everyday people for
reference her message is still factual and educational. She refers to multiple sources in her article
including William Lutz and Edward Hall. She does also refer to other but not in a literary context.
Dierking's writing is targeted more towards the general public, who are dipping their metaphorical
toes into the cold semantic waters. She uses household names that every person would know,
making sure that she is easy to understand. I found the amount and type of examples that she
provided somewhat refreshing, compared to the word heavy references of previous authors. Her
article would have benefited from more concrete evidence. Most of her article was opinion based,
an relied on her own interpretation of others words, nevertheless it was still informative and

Intercultural Communication Essay
Communication can be performed through the utilisation of languages, such as English. Presently,
English has become a favourable and prominent tool for interaction among people of different
cultural backgrounds. The high demand in acquiring English for fields such as international politics,
science and technology has led to the global spread of the language. Consequently, English is
recognised as an international language, and its ownership is considered to be denationalised and
renationalised. The understanding of this ownership status is crucial in establishing an effective
practice of intercultural communication, by acknowledging the variations of English and cultural
differences in communication styles within classroom and business contexts.
First, since English has become an international language, its ownership is regarded as
denationalised and renationalised. The concept of denationalisation proposed by Smith suggests that
English is no longer just owned by countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, but
by various other countries around the world that also use the language. Kachru also argued that a
global English should not only be restricted to the official use by colonial countries of the United
Kingdom and the United States, and it is not a necessity to internalise the native speakers' norms. It
is said that the process of denationalisation results in renationalisation, in which, according to
McKay, involves English localisation – the

Heteroglossia
Heteroglossia – Langue and linguistic variation
Bakhtin developed the notion in contrast with the structuralist account of language, which was
centered in the notion of langue, that is, the systematic set of rules determining the well–formedness
of an expression or utterance. This concept, introduced by Saussure, emphasised the notion that the
code conformed by the linguistic norms must be common to all speakers for communication to be
possible. This was seen as a dangerous simplification by Bakhtin, who asserted that languages are
internally divided, not simply into regional dialects, but also into many different strata,
corresponding to all possible axes of social division; he thus posited a minutely nuanced variety of
class–, ethnia–, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He defines heteroglossia as "another's speech in another's language, serving to express authorial
intentions but in a refracted way." Bakhtin identifies the direct narrative of the author, rather than
dialogue between characters, as the primary location of this conflict.
Languages as points of view
Bakhtin viewed the modern novel as a literary form best suited for the exploitation of heteroglossia,
in direct contrast to epic poetry (and, in a lesser degree, poetry in general). The linguistic energy of
the novel was seen in its expression of the conflict between voices through their adscription to
different elements in the novel's discourse.
Any language, in Bakhtin's view, stratifies into many voices: "social dialects, characteristic group
behavior, professional jargons, generic languages, languages of generations and age groups,
tendentious languages, languages of the authorities, of various circles and of passing fashions." This
diversity of voice is, Bakhtin asserts, the defining characteristic of the novel as a genre.
Traditional stylistics, like epic poetry, do not share the trait of heteroglossia. In Bakhtin's words,
"poetry depersonalizes 'days' in language, while prose, as we shall see, often deliberately intensifies
difference between them..."
Extending his

The Neural Basis Of Conceptual Knowledge
Background: Although decades of neuroscience research has shed light on how the brain represents
different types of information, far less is known about the neural basis of conceptual knowledge.
Early neuroscientist in the nineteenth century proposed that concepts are anchored to sensory and
motor experiences; however, there has been much disagreement ever since [old grant 15, 28]. This
idea has gained momentum under the title of 'embodied' cognition [OLD grant 1]. In particular, the
theory argues that over time our conceptual knowledge is refined and built upon by engaging
multiple sensory modalities. Later in development, previous concepts help anchor the instantiation
of new memory instances. What this theory leaves unclear is how the brain integrates more than one
source of sensory information (i.e. supermodal information) to form a representation of a concept.
The brain contains entire areas of cortex that lie between sensory and motor areas that appear to be
'convergent zones', that is they bind information from two or more modalities [3,7, 15, 24].
Thereafter, convergent zones then converge onto even higher cortices to form representations [13].
These supermodal areas could help capture the similarities and differences between semantic
categories, allowing one to understand the difference between a 'cat' and 'dog', due to differences in
the objects attributes, despite their similarity as pets. Also unclear is if emotion effects the
representation of a concept, which

What Is The Relationship Between Coherence And Cohesion
1. Introduction
1.1 Overview
A language has four systems which are: vocabulary, grammar, phonology, and discourse. So,
discourse is mainly considered an important system of a language. The term (Discourse) is a piece
of language, weather it is written or spoken, which has a meaning, purpose, and also unity. and
meaning and purpose. More specifically, discourse analysis (DA) is one of the disciplines of social
sciences that based on different sociologisticts approaches. These social disciplines include many
such as: linguistics, sociology, education, cognitive psychology, social psychology, cultural studies,
and communication studies, and translation studies. In addition, discourse analysis aims at studying
and analyzing discourse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I realized some researchers claimed that there is a close relationship between coherence and
cohesion, whereas others ignored such kind of correlation between coherence and cohesion".
2.2Cohesion VS Coherence On one hand, coherence is considered a very general principle of an
interpretation of language in context. It has a few number of formal linguistic features e.g
vocabulary choice. And the relationships in a coherent text, deals with the text as a whole. However,
coherence focused on semantic relationships at a primary level. On the other hand, cohesion has
many formal linguistic features repetition and reference. And the relationships in a cohesive text,
deals between sentences and also within sentences. Moreover, cohesion is determined by the
relationships which are characterized as overt intersentential in a lexical and grammatical manner.
(Dag, 2014).
2.3 Properties of Coherence and

The Importance Of Intercultural Communication
Communication can be performed using different means, including languages such as English,
where it has become preferable and prominent for both local and global interaction among people of
different cultural backgrounds. The high demand in acquiring English for international politics,
science and technology has led to the global spread of the language. Consequently, English is
recognised as an international language, and its ownership is considered to be denationalised and
renationalised. The understanding of this ownership status is crucial in establishing an effective
practice of intercultural communication, by acknowledging the variations of English, as well as
cultural differences in communication styles within classroom and business ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
English variations can be displayed through lexical semantics. According to Zhichang, there are a
number of English and Chinese lexical resources have been borrowed or translated between the two
languages, thus derives Chinese English. In order to fully understand a particular term in Chinese
English, listeners or speakers should acquire the knowledge of Chinese culture and contexts in
which it is used. For example, Chinese speakers of English refer the term "work unit" as a place
where residents would both live and work. Whereas, a distinction between workplaces and
residential areas as two different environments may have occurred in other English varieties.
Another example of lexical semantic variations is the different understanding of the English term
"silent" between Finnish and American students. While American students perceive the term as a
negative connotation during interaction because it refers to "being too quiet", while the Finnish
students view it as a "natural and comfortable social being". These findings clarify that different
interpretations of lexical semantics can influence the speakers' behaviour, such that the Finnish
students will find silent as appropriate, but the American students may see it as an act of ignorance.
Therefore, variations of English and its lexical interpretation create a foundation to the exploration
of how speakers use English as a medium to express their

Difference Between Polysemy And Monosemy
Most accounts of contextual variation in the meaning of a word, a sharp distinction is drawn
between "one meaning" and "many meanings", that is to say, between monosemy and polysemy
(Cruse, 2000:114). Akmajian, and et. al (2010: 235) state that he opposite of polysemy is monosemy
(Greek single meaning ): a word is monosemous if it contains only a single meaning. According to
Riemer (2010: 161), a word is monosemous if it has only a single meaning. Many technical terms
are considered as monosemous, for instance, the word orrery has no other recorded more meaning in
English than a clockwork model of the solar system, and appendectomy (or appendectomy) means
only excision of the appendix. Riemer (2010: 261) maintains that monosemous words may ... Show
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We can notice that Piano in 1 means (sound), while in 2 it means (piece of furniture). Door in 3
means (opening), while in 4 it means (panel). Bank in 5 means (building), while in 6 it means
(personnel), and in 7 it means (institution). Book in 14 means (object), while in 15 it means (text).
In piano 1 and 2, both usages refer to the same object, but it is viewed from two different points of
view. The same is true for the other examples as well. Bank, for example, can be considered as
having three usages the building, personnel or institution meaning. Since all meanings are linked
with the object they refer to, this sort of polysemy may be called referential

The Aphasia Mash Up Project
This aphasia mash–up project is intended to remediate lexical retrieval at the discourse level in a
variety of communication settings and communication partners relevant to the patient's interests.
People with Aphasia often have difficulty with word retrieval which limits discourse capacity. This
in turn negatively effects communication interactions with others and increases isolation. Therefore,
therapy is often centered around improving word retrieval that will facilitate communication with
others. Unfortunately, trained skills in therapy have demonstrated varying levels of generalization.
There are several treatment approaches that have demonstrated efficacy for individuals with aphasia
such as Semantic Feature Analysis. A limitation with this method is that it focuses on nouns and has
not shown limited generalization to generalize to discourse and hashave not shown significant
evidence for maintenance (Kiran & Bassetto 2008). Another approach used in therapy is the use of
verbs. Verbs are central to syntax, semantics and event memory. Therefore, VNeST is effective
because it targets semantic networks based around verbs, which also targets things such as nouns,
syntax, and thematic roles. Verbs are expected to activate more neural networks in comparison to
targeting nouns alone. Furthermore, previous studies have used VNeST and shown to be beneficial
to patients with moderate fluent and non–fluent aphasia (Edmonds et al. 2009). The first article used
investigated the

The Pros And Cons Of Supportive Reasoning
supportive reasoning. Consider a unique scenario where 'fa', 'ga', 'hb, and 'Ib' subjects are the stock
of belief and thereby the belief of 'a=b' aspect is assumed, as soon as one accepts the identity he/she
automatically owes a justification to his/her supportive reasoning in relation to the contextual basis,
the three variables are basically related and mutually interlinked. Frege does assume that, depending
on the preposition expressed, the 'a=a' expression is considered a priori while the second clause
expression 'a=b' is a posteriori. The aspect behind this is that the formulation of the expression is
often considered by many as a petition principal to favor the perception that the sentences
respectively express different propositions. It is possible to formulate and state Frege's puzzle in a
better way without necessarily committing on either positive or negative side of the question or
context, besides the formulation, the understanding of the puzzle doesn't necessarily involve two
singular terms 'a' and 'b,' (Eros & Jerome 2). In addition, the identity "a=b" can be contrasted into
two uses to derive both informative and uninformative sentences, and the number of singular terms
used doesn't matter. Lastly, being distinctive in the relevant notations of the original Frege's puzzle
is likewise important: cognitive value, from the typical puzzle, 'a=b is informatively expressed
contrary to 'a=a', cognitive content which is the part of information associated with the sentence
subject, information content which is what an individual learns and perceive the case by simply
understanding and thereafter accepting, in other words, it is the state which approves a sentence to
be true and lastly semantic content which implies the entire meaning decoded from the sentence and
the individual strictly respond to what the sentences basically expresses.
Solution to Frege's puzzle Incorporation of a metalinguistic approach which is related to Milian
view. This method is based on identity statements for instance "Hesperus is Phosphorus" are
utterances that are related to language rather than the identity per the see. Although the expressed
statement might lack knowledge aspect, the acquired knowledge could be

The Importance Of General Semantics
Semantics is generally defined as "the study of meaning" (Ben Hauck). In General Semantics, focus
is placed on what the implication of the word being defined is, and how to use it for better
communication, via symbols and words. General Semantics looks at how every word carries its own
unique set of implications, and how these implications can shift the determined meaning of what
you say. The viewpoint of this branch of semantics is that every word carries with it certain images
and feeling, which interpret differently to individual people. By clarifying and defining the
meanings behind words, General Semantics hopes to lessen the conflict that can arise from
misinterpretation. When practiced correctly, General Semantics can make communication more
effective by avoiding the misinterpretation that can occur when two speakers do not have the same
understanding of a word, term, or phrase. The "Father of General Semantics" is Alfred Korzybski.
Korzybski tries to make the point that in General Semantics "the words are not the thing." This type
of thinking takes a step away from older, aristotleliana thinking, and moves toward modern
scientific thinking. "Korzybski promoted the teaching of modern scientific thinking to resolve
problems with human sanity, with implications on everyday behavior, emotions, thought, and
language," (Hauck). General Semantics is a tool used to develop positive mental attitudes, which are
better equipped to deal with critical thinking. Despite its

English Is Becoming The Language Of Communication
English is largely considered to be the first language for the majority of the population in several
countries and the second language for others. It is a lingua franks that people resort to wherever they
travel abroad and cease using their national languages. Hence, English is becoming the language of
communication globally. Communication allows language users to interact with each other and in
turn understand what others are trying to convey. In other words, language could be understood
differently depending on the situation and context in which the discourse occurs. Discourse, then, is
any spoken or written language which includes verbal and nonverbal elements that are meaningful.
Concept of Coherence and Cohesion
Cohesion is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they".
Another example can be found in formulaic sequences such as "as stated previously" or "the
aforementioned".
Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in the
discourse. Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified. For example: "Here he
comes, our award–winning host... it 's John Doe!" Cataphoric references can also be found in
written text.
There is one more referential device, which cannot create cohesion:
Exophoric reference is used to describe generics or abstracts without ever identifying them (in
contrast to anaphora and cataphora, which do identify the entity and thus are forms of endophora):
e.g. rather than introduce a concept, the writer refers to it by a generic word such as "everything".
The prefix "exo" means "outside", and the persons or events referred to in this manner are never
identified by the writer. Halliday and Hassan considered exophoric reference as not cohesive, since
it does not tie two elements together into in text.
Ellipsis
Ellipsis is another cohesive device. It happens when, after a more specific mention, words are
omitted when the phrase must be repeated. A simple conversational example:
(A) Where are you going?

Leper's Character In A Separate Peace By John Knowles
As Leper is exposed to the uneasy environment of his soldier training and the extreme violence it
was leading up to, it strikes him that without his support system of peers at Devon, he would surely
lose his sanity. After he is discharged from basic training and returns to his home in Vermont,
Leper's first plan of action is to get back in touch with peers from Devon. He is desperate to
communicate with them immediately to remind himself how at–ease he was before joining the war
effort. He sends Gene a pleading note reading, "I HAVE ESCAPED AND NEED HELP. I AM AT
CHRISTMAS LOCATION. YOU UNDERSTAND. NO NEED TO RISK ADDRESS HERE. MY
SAFETY DEPENDS ON YOU COMING AT ONCE. (signed) YOUR BEST FRIEND, ELWIN
LEPER LEPELLIER" (137). By stressing that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You always were a savage underneath. I always knew that but I never admitted it. But in the last few
weeks... I admitted a hell of a lot to myself'" (145). By revealing that he "always knew" these facts
about Gene but never revealed them before, Leper is proving that the war experience made him lose
the inner peace that would have previously stopped him from saying this. Being alone for those
weeks caused Leper to change inside, and it slowly ate away at his sanity. When Leper says he
"admitted" a great deal to himself in that time, he may be referring to his weakness in keeping a
sound mind during times of change. As he was alone in a setting of greater intensity than he was
used to, Leper could not keep true to his former self, and was not able to recover even after he was
discharged. Before enlisting, Leper would never have spoken his mind as he did to Gene in his
home in Vermont, nor would he have ever yearned to such a great extent to not be alone, and be
with friends who could help him. Being put in such a burdensome position in war training, Leper's
morals were taken away from him, and he was no longer able to stand by his mental model that
peace was best, but instead he would have been prepared to commit violent acts, and engage in gory
activities in order to be

Analysis of an Article Essay
Analysis of an Article
The broadsheet newspaper article titled "Muslim Schoolgirls risk careers for their symbolic
headscarves", written by Amelia Gentleman reacts to the new law in France prohibiting the wearing
of religious symbols. This article highlights the calamity faced by Samia and her sister in having to
choose between a symbol of huge significance (the headscarf) and something as equally vital as
their careers. The youth of the girls is emphasised as they are just starting secondary school and
"They have to choose what to wear for the first day of term this morning". The deictic "This
morning" points to how close to the present this is and highlights the immediacy of the issue, which
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This idea of "risk" has warlike connotations, a theme which is echoed throughout the article. For
example, in the first paragraph, Amelia Gentleman reports that the girls' choice of clothing could
result in "conflict with the law", and "could seriously damage their academic future". The noun
"conflict" and forceful verb "damage" emphasis the seriousness of the issue and causes the reader to
empathise with "the twins." The writer attempts to place the reader in the girls' shoes by giving their
personal experiences. The article begins with a very personal account of how an ordinary choice
could result in much more than a fashion disaster but rather "a question of life and death." For
example, the lives of two French journalists are in danger of being killed by the Army of Iraq
"unless the legislation is revoked."
The lexis used in the article is emotive, such as the noun "abuse" and adjectives "frustrated" and
"threatening". These appeal to the readers' emotions. The pre–modification of words such as
"radicalism" with "rising" and "damage" with "seriously" also emphasises the seriousness of the
situation. The vocabulary is quite sophisticated, as expected due to the type of newspaper and is
from a war semantic field, containing words such as "direct breach", "expulsion", "army", "law" and
"extremists".
Direct and indirect speech is

Paul Cholton's Analysing Political Discourse By Paul Chilton
4. Literature Review
4.1 Political Discourse:
Before venturing into a theory of metaphor, a definition of the term "discourse" is due. Barker and
Galasinki give a detailed account of the term's characteristics (2001). The first one of those features
is the socially constitutive nature of discourse (p. 64). Since discourse is basically a social practice,
language users employ it to construct social realities. Moreover, via use of discourse, patterns of
domination, power, and bias among others can be either consolidated or conversely redressed. In
other words, discourse can be used by language users as a means to promote the status quo or as a
way of resisting it (p. 65). Furthermore, discourse is presented as "a system of options" (p. 65), from
which language users make choices to create a representation of reality. The process of representing
reality is a selective one, that is, through the use of discourse each language user is capable of
deliberately concealing aspects of reality and revealing others. The last feature of discourse is its
close ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
50). Chilton attempts to establish a clear connection between political discourse and reality. Firstly,
he mentions a number of categories in which manifestations of different world views or realities
occur, namely frames, metaphor, actors and events, and the discourse worlds themselves. He defines
"frames" as the "conceptual models" or slots into which the different lexemes fit. Describing entities
as animate or inanimate, human or non–human, or abstract or concrete are just mere examples.
Other notions such as time, space, and relationships also have their own respective defining
properties pertaining to how they are regarded within a given culture (p.

The Importance Of Language In Communication
Language has an array of layers that generate and promote a vast degree of social and cultural
interactions, contributing to the communications of humans in each aspect of their lives. As Vyvyan
Evans (2014) states 'language is central to our lives, and is arguably the cultural tool that sets
humans, us, apart from any other species'. (p.1)
Language has an indefinite list of rules, conventions and ideas that come together to create
communications among humans across the world. When described, language can be defined as an
object by it's various definitions which include the functions of language, material forms, language
as a system, social semiotics, language variations and syntax in sentences among adults and
children.
The functions of language can be easily described as the 'use' of language for a range of different
reasons in order to talk, write, listen, read. (Halliday, 1985, p.1). These functions may be for
personal, interpersonal, directive, referential and imaginative reasons. Personal may be expression
of ones feelings, thoughts and ideas. Interpersonal would include discussion, social chat and sharing
ideas or concerns, which may possibly occur in a work place or in general situations. Directive
might be to influence the actions of others, which might occur in leadership roles. Referential is
reporting actions or events. Finally, imaginative encompasses storytelling and problem solving.
Theorists including Malinowski, Buhler, Britton and Morris categorised the

Essay Hamlet's Flaws and Sanity
William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" is a classic revenge tale. "Hamlet" is well known for the famous
soliloquy "To be, or not to be" which I find best to describe Hamlet's character. Hamlet was given
the task to avenge his father's death. As the story progress Hamlet begins to question his worthiness,
questioning his very existence. Hamlet's emotions influence his every action throughout the story.
Hamlet is not the typical hero that readers label; he has many imperfections and displays his own
manner of heroism. I will talk about Hamlet's flaws and his sanity in this essay, and with them
opinions of others as well as my own. I will also include my thoughts about the central theme and
symbols in the story.
Hamlet actions don't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The source of Hamlet's uncertainty is that he can't decide whether or not to kill Claudius. What
makes this hard for many people to accept as a flaw is that Hamlet comes up with acceptable
reasons to justify his delays.
Hamlet questions himself, his goal, his reason for being alive, but for every question an opportunity
to kill Claudius was exposed and he didn't take it. Hamlet, was without a doubt confused, and
probably scared, but the key question here is, was Hamlet in his right mind? Was he stable enough
to attempt such a deed as to kill his king without questioning his every thought, reason, and his
judgment of himself? Hamlet was not a person of sound mind; in fact, probably insane to the point
of a breakdown, simply because of all the events that occurred to him was right after each other.
Hamlet was not able to recover each event that he faced took an immense toll on him. His
procrastination kills not only himself, but also his mother, his girlfriend, and others, but it also
leaves the reader full of doubt. Of course it was obvious that Hamlet will kill the new king, but was
it necessary to have so many deaths due to one mans uncertainty? Hamlet was not only fighting a
battle against his father murderer, but a war within his self, blinded by insanity from reality. Hamlet
was obsessed with death and killing Claudius and this

Communication In Korzybski's Theory Of Communication
Korzybski believes that effective communication can be achieved using extensional devices. He
includes seven extensional devices with language to be used and considered in order to broaden the
communication field between individuals. These devices include non–allness, multi–meanings,
multi–valuedness, indexing, dating, symbol reaction, and the etcetera attitude. These devices assist
in the development of thought and reason (Drake, 1992). General Semantics assists in two
fundamental ways in human communication. First, GS conveys the importance of language, cultural
understanding, and various incorporations communication, allowing for a structure of human
thought and behavior. Second, Korzybski expresses through GS that he believes it is possible for
humans to change their known way of communicating and change to a first–order experience
(O'Reilly 60, cited in Parkerson, 2010). GS provides an effective way for society to recognize new
patterns of human communication and relationship, which results in new forms of communication
between individuals, groups, and throughout societies. GS includes a theory of action implicit that
states new concepts that undermine the "linear" model of action. These concepts include feedback,
action–networking, and action contingency all order the effects of an individual's actions in relation
to organizations, relations, and technology. All these categories are essential elements of
communication media (Jolla, 2017). When discussing the theory in

Lexical Cohesion
The concept of cohesion accounts for the essential semantic relations whereby any speech or writing
is enabled to function as text. Cohesion is classified into different categories: lexical cohesion and
reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction or what is called grammatical cohesion. These
categories do not only have a theoretical basis as distinct type of cohesive relations but also provide
a practical mean for describing and analyzing texts. Each of these categories is represented in the
text by practical features. Undoubtedly there are other types of semantic relation within a text which
are not represented in the concept of cohesion. However, cohesion is the most important type of
semantic relation because it is common to every kind of text and it is what makes a text text.
(Halliday&Hassan,1976,p.13) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In spite of the various studies of lexical cohesion, most researchers agree that there are fundamental
features of lexical cohesion. There was an agreement among many of the researchers that lexical
cohesion is divided into two different types of relations. Halliday and Hassan (1976) call these
reiteration and collocation. In some other versions of studies the term repetition is used instead of
reiteration. Regardless of the term, this relation involves repetition of lexical items identically or in
a modified form (synonyms, antonyms, generalization, and specification). Items related by
reiteration may be also referentially related but this is not obligatory. The relation of collocation, on
the other hand, is an associative meaning relationship between words that tend to co–occur with
each other regularly.

The Basic Achievements Of The Human Race
The language is one of the fundamental achievements of the human race. Its role in the
appropriation of culture and incorporation of the individual to society, is a key instrument of the
educational process. Its essence is to express ideas, needs, experiences and feelings through the
written and spoken word, gestures, attitudes and behaviors. It is precisely through language that the
child is inserted in the world and they are different from it. As in development go by an individual
and affective function to fulfil an eminently social and cognitive function. Through both oral and
written language, the children can express their feelings and explain their reactions to others, know
different points of view and learn values and norms. They can also direct and reorganize their
thoughts, control their behavior. Thus, favoring an increasingly conscious learning.
If we stop to observe young children, we will realize that their behavior is guided by curiosity. They
want to discover everything that surrounds them. Children are like sponges that absorbing all the
information that they receive and will accompany them for the rest of their life. As teachers, a
strategy that can be used to promote the skills that will help them to build a good foundation for the
communication and language, is to be aware of items that capture their curiosity, attention, and to
syntonize with them (Promote the language according to the interests of the child). Both parents and
teachers can take advantage

The Main Features Of Princeton Wordnet
In this section, we review the main features of Princeton WordNet as well as some other general and
specialized WordNets in different languages. A general WordNet covers all domains in a language.
Therefore, a deep knowledge of language is required for its construction. However, a specialized
WordNet covers words in a specific domain like agriculture, medicine, and computer science. Here,
in addition to language knowledge, expertise in that domain is also required.
2–1– Semantic Network of Words
WordNet is an enhanced dictionary in which words are classified based on their meanings. In
WordNet, synonym words are grouped in a structure called synset. Each synset represents a separate
concept. However, there are several differences between a WordNet and a dictionary. First, a
WordNet not only connects lexical part of words, but also connects their concepts. Therefore, words
located close to each other in the WordNet have also semantic proximity. Second, WordNet tags the
semantic relation between words; while the classification of words in a classical dictionary is only
based on their lexical similarity and it does not specify any semantic relation between words.
Synsets are interlinked to each other by using semantic as well as lexical relations. Some well–
known semantic relations in the WordNet are hypernym/hyponym, meronym/holonym, and domain
relationships.
There are several ways to construct a WordNet: manual, semi–automatic, and automatic. In manual
method, human experts

Ambiguistic Role Of Semantics
MODE OF INDISTINCTNESS IN SEMANTICS Abstract Language is a mode of communication
which helps us to converse with each other. Linguistics is the base to scientifically learn the
language. Grammar also has main role in learning a language. Semantics is one of the types of
Linguistics that deals with the study of words and its meaning. By using a word having same
structure it causes Ambiguity (indistinctness) in some place. If a word gives more than one meaning
it is called Ambiguous. This manuscript deals with the types of Ambiguities in Semantics.
Introduction
"A Scientific analysis of Language is carried out systematically ... Show more content on
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M.Breal is credited with coining the word semantics in his "Essai de Semantique" (1897) 'as a name
for Philosophical enquires'. In 1894, the English word "semantics" occurred in a paper presented to
the American Philosophical Association: " Reflected Meaning: a point in Semantics". In 1996
A.J.Greimas produced "Structural Semantics" which viewed semantics as an exploration of
signification anchored in the world, perceived through senses. Halliday nevertheless feels that "A
Language is a system for making meanings, a semantic system, with other systems for encoding the
meanings it produces. The term 'semantics' doesn't merely refer to the gist of words; it is the intact
practice of meaning of a language, uttered by Grammar as well as by Vocabulary. Semantics as a
branch of Linguistics is mainly concerned with how the "meaning" is conveyed by the Linguistic
system consisting of different units and structure like Sentences, Phrases, Words, and Morphemes
etc. Philosopher study Semantics to understand 'good' 'evil' 'right' 'wrong' etc. In term the approach
of the Philosophers is also made use of by Linguistics. Anthropologists study semantics to
understand the cultural and behavioral patterns reflected in Language. The Psychologists look at
semantics from the point of view stimulus and response, signs and signified

Semantics: Linguistics and Meaning
SEMANTICS
A short story of semantics
Why study semantics?
Semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication; and as
communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to
understand it becomes more and more pressing.
Semantics is also at the centre of human mind – thought processes, cognition, conceptualization –
all these are strongly connected to the way in which we classify and convey our experience of the
world through language.
Semantics can be defined as a branch of linguistics; it is an area of study parallel to, and interacting
with syntax and phonology. While syntax and phonology study the structure of expressive
possibilities in language, semantics studies the meaning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
THOUGHT
LANGUAGE OUTSIDE WORLD onomata rhemata (performer) (action)
LOGOS
Identifying onoma and rhema as the constituents of LOGOS, Plato opened the way for analysing the
sentence in terms which are partly linguistic and partly pertaining to logic. He was dealing therefore
with the meaning of utterances rather than the meaning of individual words.
Another philosopher of Antiquity who had a contribution to the birth of semantics was Aristotle. His
works (Organon, Rhetorics, Poetics) mark a major contribution to language study in general, and to
semantics, in particular. He approached language from the point of view of a logician and was
interested in the following issues: * What is there to know about the world? * How men know it? *
How they express this knowledge in language.
He also identified the lexical level of language analysis the aim of which was to study the meaning
of words either in isolation or in syntactic constructions. This marks his own contribution to
semantics.
The Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages an important contribution to linguistics and semantics was brought by a
group of philosophers called the Modistae because of their writings entitled On the Modes of

Signification. These writings were some kind of speculative grammars in which semantics
considerations held an important position. The Modistae adopted the thesei point of view of the
ancient philosophers and

King Lear Insanity
There are many differing views of Lear's actions throughout the play, the motives behind them, and
his sanity in general. Is it possible that Lear is only being prideful and conceited? Or is he so
unaware of his surroundings that he does not notice the obvious deceit of his two eldest daughters or
the uncomfortable position in which he has placed his favorite daughter Cordelia? Some
commentators have defended Lear while others have blamed him, Gonoril and Regan, or even
Cordelia for the suffering caused throughout his kingdom. J. W. Ashton, in his article "The Wrath of
King Lear," Journal of English and Germanic Philology Vol. 31 (1932), p. 530–536, discusses Lear's
progression from a man who has trouble controlling his temper in fits of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
8 p.141–158, Ivor Morris takes a somewhat similar, but mostly different approach to the attribution
of the fault of sending the kingdom into such a chaotic state. He opens the article by saying that
"whatever view is taken of King Lear, the responsibility of its tragic events must rest in the main
upon Lear himself." Lear has acted foolishly in banishing the one daughter in whom he would have
been able to put his full trust. In fact, Lear seems to be the only person who is oblivious to the
mistake he has just made. Lear's reaction however, is also partially Cordelia's fault because she did
not react properly to her father's but also her king's request, thus provoking him. Morris discusses
the possible reasons for such a response from a daughter who very clearly loved her father. One
possibility is that she is simply not good with words and was unable to speak under pressure.
However, it would be difficult to justify her defiant answer that she has "nothing" to say to improve
her response. Second, Morris suggests that the magnitude of her love for Lear may have caused her
to belittle it. Last, he suggests that it may come from "a passionate devotion to truth." Morris still
believes however that at least some of the blame should fall on Cordelia because there are greater
things at stake than the preservation of truth, specifically the retirement of her father. Morris
eventually says that he believes Cordelia's

Is Noncognitivism Defeated by the Frege-Geach Problem?
''Is noncognitivism defeated by the Frege–Geach problem?''
Value and Normativity Introduction
The Frege–Geach problem is one the most important objections to expressivism, or noncognitivism
more generally, and has proven to be a formidable obstacle to this metaethical theory. In this paper I
will first outline expressivism and the Frege–Geach problem. Then I will proceed to discuss
traditional expressivist solutions to this problem. Unfortunately, these attempted solutions prove to
be unsatisfactory as they cannot provide a solution to the problem plaguing expressivism.
Expressivism
Expressivism is a non–descriptive (it does not use beliefs or truth–conditions to characterise the
meaning of moral terms) semantic theory which holds that ''to make a normative judgement is to
express a non–cognitive attitude'' (Gibbard, 1990, 84). The distinctive expressivist claim is that we
can give an adequate semantics for moral terms using non–cognitive, desire–like attitudes. This
contrasts with cognitivism which holds that normative judgements are entirely descriptive, and that
to make a normative judgement is to express a belief. Expressivists are typically seen as following
in the footsteps of the emotivist analysis of moral terms offered by A.J. Ayer (1936). Ayer claims
that moral language is not literally significant at all. Instead, when we utter a sentence like 'You
acted wrongly in stealing that money' we have not literally asserted anything beyond 'You stole that
money'.

Proverbs in Things Fall Apart
Proverbs are wise sayings that address the heart of the discourse in any given context, truthfully and
objectively. In Africa and in Nigerian cultures especially, they are considered the reliable horses,
which convey meanings to their destinations or hearts of the listeners. This study investigates
aspects of the meaning of proverbs in the work of a Nigerian author, Achebe's Things Fall Apart. It
is contended that meanings of Nigerian proverbs can be worked out within the semantic, referential,
ideational, stimulus–response, realist and contextual theories. Types of meaning and proverbs are
addressed and situated within the two works. It is advanced that proverbs play significant roles in
clarifying, exemplifying, underscoring and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theory: Stimulus–Response Types: Denotative, Affective. Analysis: There is a tact advice almost
coinciding with the English proverb, "one good turn deserves another" here. If a person accords
honor or reverence to the successful ones, it is likely that he is also going to be successful. In other
words, the sense of the proverb is that a person who helps another man helps himself indirectly as
he gets familiar with what that man engages in – and this will ultimately lead him also to greatness,
directly or indirectly. 5 A toad does not run in the daytime for nothing.15 Theory: Ideational Types:
Denotative/Stylistic Analysis: The proverb tasks our mental conception or general knowledge of the
toad as a nocturnal animal. If such an animal therefore does "run" (a lexical item preferred by the
author for metaphorical or stylistic effect, against the normal collocative word, "jump") in the day,
there must be something amiss. The sense of the proverb is that there is a cause for anything strange
that happens; there must be a reason, at least "no smoke without fire". A toad running in daytime is
probably pursuing something or certainly something is pursuing it. It has to do with the "cause–
effect" relationship. An old woman is always uneasy when dry bones are mentioned in a
proverb.p.15 Theory: Stimulus – Response Types: Denotative/Thematic Analysis: This proverb also
exhibits "causes–effect"

How Informal Language Affect Australian Society
Discuss how informal language functions in Australian society. Refer to at least two subsystems.
British linguist David Crystal once said "languages that don't change are dead ones", and the
evolution of English language; not only in Australia, but on a global scale has developed in such a
way that formal language is progressively becoming obsolete, whilst informal language is
transforming into an increasingly contemporary form of written and spoken communication. The
wide utilisation of informal language especially in modern–day Australian society functions to aid
in the building of rapport, as well as enabling an increased association of an individual 's identity
with the richness of Australian culture. Although this is clearly evident ... Show more content on
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This in turn ensures that when these words are stated there is less likely to be a situation where they
violate the face values of a particular individual as they have lost their sense of vulgar. This in turn
ensures that the face needs of all interlocutors involved in a discourse are respected, which enables
effective rapport building to occur within a particular sociolect or in Australian society in general.
The wide employment of informal language in modern–day civilization also allows for an
individual 's association with their cultures identity and values to be increased dramatically; which
is especially vital in countries like Australia. This is clearly evident through a wide use of
colloquialisms and slang lexemes that contribute to the social identity of Australia. For example
lexemes such as "mate" and "g'day" are widely present in the Australian English vernacular and
these relate wholly to the sense of solidarity and openness that is intricate to Australian culture. This
is evident through the word "mate" which has been utilised instead of more formal lexemes such as
"sir" or "madam", which were more popular in the past as a way of showing another person that
they are friends or that they are considered important, which clearly respects their positive face
needs. The lexeme g'day" on the other hand is regularly used as an opening in a discourse between
Australian members of the community of similar social class. This

Basic Models Of Word Retrieval
during treatment caused in the capability to perform parallel semantic judgments on original
semantic tasks.
Theoretical models of naming
Why does training more complex, atypical category items result in generalization to typical items,
while the reverse training procedure which is training less complex an typical items does not affect
production of atypical items?. To clarify the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of typicality
treatment, it is useful to concisely review theoretical models of word retrieval. Majority theoretical
models of naming agree that lexical access can be generally divided into two processes, specifically,
semantic and phonological processes. These models, on the other hand fall along a range when
addressing the details concerning to the relative timing of lexical access. One observation of naming
suggests two chronological components to lexical access, namely lexical selection followed by
phonological encoding (Butterworth, 1989, 1992; Levelt, 1989; Levelt, Roelofs,&Meyer, 1999). A
different observation of naming conjectures that lexical access can have two levels but not certainly
two stages (Dell, 1986; Humphreys, Riddoch, & Quinlan, 1988). Hence, activation of a word during
naming consists of at least two closely interacting levels which are activation of the semantic
representation as well as activation of the phonological form of the target word. Some views also
assume that perhaps an intermediate is activated, namely, lexeme level.

Semantic And Semantics

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Semantic And Semantics