Do You Enjoy Challenging Tasks, Working With Your Hands,...

Do you enjoy challenging tasks, working with your hands,...
Do you enjoy challenging tasks, working with your hands, and helping people's daily lives? Do you seek great employment opportunities and job
security? If so, there has never been a better time to pursue a career in the electrical industry. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
demand for electricians will increase 23 percent by 2020, and the current median wage of $24 per hour is one of the highest among the skilled trades.
How does one become an electrician? Here are 3 initial steps that can start you on the road to your career.
1. Learn What Electricians Do on the Job
It may seem silly, but we all have ideas about what people do on the job and those ideas usually are incomplete, if not wrong. There are a number of...
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The trade often employs climbing equipment, hand tools, and heavy machinery on a daily basis
Solar electrician installing breakersc. Inside Wireman – Inside electricians perform electrical construction work in commercial and industrial settings,
and it is by far the largest of the electrical specialties. These electricians install conduit, electrical wiring, fixtures, and other electrical apparatus inside
buildings and factories. Major duties are similar to the residential wiremen, but on a larger scale. In addition, inside wiremen often plan and install
raceway systems, fire alarms, traffic signals, outdoor lighting, outdoor power feeds, and provide power and controls to motors, HVAC, and other
industrial systems. Tools of the trade include those found in both the residential and outside lineman's arsenal.
Telecommunications electrician installing flat panel televisiond. Telecommunications Installer/Technician– These electricians are primarily
responsible for the installation and maintenance of circuits and voice, data, video, sound, and other telecommunications equipment. In addition, they
often install and maintain security systems, access control, and other low voltage systems. Major duties include installing underground voice or data
circuits, pathways and spaces for low voltage wiring, local
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Domestic Ring Main Circuit ( Ac )
Domestic ring main circuit
Two ends of the rings are connected towards the same terminal at the consumer unit, then the current will travel in the two directions so that the
cables do not have too much current that it cannot handle it enough. When there is long lengths of cable, the electricity will lose its power to work
and oppositely trying to apply too much current on a cable will be potentially dangerous to anyone handling it. So therefore the use of and benefits of
domestic ring main delivers ensures that both ends receive power evenly and keep the load light as much as possible.
Edwards, M. (2016) Wiring a ring main | electrical wiring | wiring a circuit | electrical circuits | mains wiring. Available at: http://www.diydoctor.org.uk
/projects/ringmain.htm (Accessed: 1 November 2016).
Nature of AC voltage and AC current
An alternating current (AC) will describe how the charges of electricity is able to travel in either direction when it is necessarily needed. This alteration
changes the voltages and causes it to go back in reverse in the way the current does.
– Contributors (no date) Alternating current (AC) vs. Direct current (DC). Available at: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials
/alternating–current–ac–vs–direct–current–dc/alternating–current–ac (Accessed: 1 November 2016).
(No Date) Available at: http://sub.allaboutcircuits.com/images/02001.png (Accessed: 1 November 2016).
Nature of DC voltage and DC currents
A direct current (DC) is different to

Description Of The Hpge Gamma Ray Spectrometer
) Description of the HPGe gamma–ray spectrometer
A high resolution gamma detection system was used for gamma analysis. This system consist of an ORTEC hyper pure germanium detector (HPGe),
model number GEM– 15190, coaxial type detector with a serial number 27–P–1876A recommended operating bias, negative 3 Kv. The detector used
has crystal diameter 49.3 mm, and crystal length 47.1 mm. The HPGe detector has a full width at half maximum (FWHM) 0.9 keV at the 122 keV
gamma transition of Co–57 and 1.9 keV at the 1332.5 keV of Co–60 gamma transition (Knoll, 2000). The detector has peak to Compton ratio about 44
keV. Compton ratio is the number of net counts in the 1.33 MeV peak channels divided by the average number of net counts in the channels
representing the range from l.040 through 1.096 MeV which is part of the Compton region associated with the 1.33 MeV peak. Figure (2.5) show the
block diagram of gamma ray spectrometer.
The range of the multi channels analyzer (MCA) was adjusted to include the peak channel and the range of interest in the Compton plateau (Madelung,
1991), (EML, 1990). High purity germanium (HPGe) coaxial detector uses p–type material with lithium diffused outer contact. The inner contact is ion
implanted for the ultimate in reliability. Because of the small band gap (0.7eV) room temperature operation of germanium detector of any type is
impossible because of the large thermally induced impossible because of the large thermally induced leakage current

A Novel Design Of A Double Tail Comparator
A Novel Design of a Double Tail Comparator
.
P. satish babu/M.Tech student
Department of ECE
VLSI&ES
Machilipatnam, India
p.satish605@gmail.com
Abstract :A new CMOS clocked dynamic comparator using two input single output differential amplifier as latch stage suitable for high speed analog to
digital converters with the performance of high speed, low power dissipation and low immune to noise. The conventional dynamic comparator requires
more power and has more delay. A conventional double tail dynamic comparator consumes less power and works at high speed than its predecessor,
the conventional comparator. There is very much need to reduce the delay and power consumption which is possible by strengthening the positive
feedback during the regeneration. This can be achieved by adding few transistors to the double tail dynamic comparator. Using the inverter based
differential amplifier to design a novel double tail comparator for reducing the no of transistors and better characteristics. The performance of this
method is to be analyzed with the existing two designs at different power voltages and frequencies using 0.18Ојm CMOS Technology.
Key words: Double–tail comparator, dynamic clocked comparator, high–speed analog–to–digital converters (ADCs), low–power analog design, inverter
op–amp.
1. INTRODUCTION Comparators also known as single bit analog–to–digital converter that are mostly used in abundance A/D converter. A CMOS
dynamic latched dynamic comparators are provide low

Ohm 's Law & Series Circuits
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
10 February 2017
Lab Report: Ohm's Law & Series Circuits Introduction
Theory:
Ohm's law defines the relationship between three important electrical properties namely: voltage, current and resistance. Mathematically, ohm's law is
expressed as: V=IR. By understanding the importance of conduction, one is able to determine the total resistance and visualize how resistors are
connected in parallel circuits. In parallel connection, each resistor provides a separate path for current [I] so that the total resistance of a parallel circuit
is reduced as more resistors are connected in parallel. In contrast, the resistance in series circuits increases when more resistors are introduced into the
circuit. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In effect, the resistor was aligned horizontally with the first end. A black wire extension (from the negative polarity of the power supply) was
connected vertically from one end of the last resistor plugged into the first set of holes just below the blue line albeit aligned differently from the red
wire (Figure 1). Figure 1: Circuit diagram
A digital multimeter was used to measure voltage by connecting it in parallel and series with the components.
Analysis
Resistors connected in series are observed to share one current path. A breadboard effectively builds a testing electrical and electronic system model. It
also holds electrical components together conveniently for practical applications.
Part 2: Measuring Resistors in Series A multimeter was connected across individual resistors and resistance measurements were recorded. The
multimeter was then connected across all the resistors whereby measurements recorded. The values are tabulated in Table 1:
Table 1: Resistance values
Resistor Color–Code Measured Value
Ex. Brown Red Yellow Silver or Gold 119kО©
120kО©
R1=1kО© Brown Black RedSilver1kО©

R2=2.2kО© RedRedRedGold2.2kО©
R3=330О© OrangeOrange BrownSilver330О©
R4=10kО© BrownBlackOrangeSilver10kО©
For the branches shown in Figure 2, the total resistance was calculated and recorded. Afterwards, each resistor branch was built on Multisim and the
total resistance of each branch was measured and recorded. Screenshots of each

Dtmf Remote Appliance Control System Using Mobile Phone
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This project "DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING MOBILE PHONE" is used to
control appliances which are far away from the user using mobile phone. The aim of the proposed system is to develop a cost effective solution that
will provide controlling of home appliances remotely and enable home security against intrusion in the absence of homeowner. The devices connected
as home and office appliances consume electrical power and they should be controlled as well as turn on /off if required. Most of the time, it was
done manually. Now it is a necessity to control devices more effectively and efficiently at anytime from anywhere. Take an instant when we are going
to office and suddenly remembered that to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a high current circuit. 1.2.8 Devices: The devices can be micro–wave oven, bulbs, fans, air cooler,
etc which are far away from the user. The micro–controller plays the intelligent part in controlling these devices. 1.3 Working: This project is used to
control the appliances present at a distance using a mobile phone. The first step is the user should make a call to the mobile phone, which is in
auto answer mode and thus call gets connected. The user presses the digits present over the keypad of his phone for controlling the appliances
present at home or office. Whenever a button is pressed a tone is generated and it is transferred to the mobile phone present in the home or office,
which is interfaced with the DTMF transceiver. The DTMF receiver decodes the tone generated and it activates the controller accordingly. The
controller operates the devices according to the coding set by the user. The status of the devices whether they are ON/OFF is indicated in the LCD.
CHAPTER 2 MT8888 DTMF TRANSCEIVER Introduction: The MT8888C is a monolithic DTMF transceiver with call progress filter. It is
fabricated using CMOS technology and it offers low power consumption and high reliability. The receiver section is based upon the industry standard
MT8870

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Simulation
Simulation is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamical systems. It supports linear and non–linear systems, modeled in
continuous time, sampled time, or a hybrid of the two. Systems can also be multi rate, i.e., have different parts that are sampled or updated at different
rates. For modeling, Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building models as block diagrams, using click and drag mouse
operations. With this interface, you can draw the models just as you would with pencil and paper (or as most textbooks depict them). This is a far cry
from previous simulation packages that require you to formulate differential equations in a language or program. Simulink includes a comprehensive
block library of a sinks, sources, linear and non–linear components, and connectors. You can customize and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shows voltages across blocking capacitors
Voltage stress of switches S1a, S1b, S2a, and S2b are Vs1a, Vs1b, Vs2a, and Vs2b, are shown in Figure 6.3.e. & 6.3.f. Here time is represented along
X–axis (in milliseconds) & the voltage is represented along Y–axis (in Volts). Figure: 6.3.e. Shows voltage stress of switches S1a, and S1b Figure:
6.3.f. Shows voltage stress of switches S2a, and S2b
Two–phase inductor current iL1 and iL2 is shown in Figure 6.3.g. and Figure 6.3.h, shows the ripple current through output capacitor (в€†ico). Here
time is represented along X–axis (in milliseconds) & the current is represented along Y–axis (in Amps). Figure: 6.3.g. Show inductor currents iL1 and
iL2 Figure: 6.3.h. Shows ripple current through output capacitor (в€†ico)
Voltage stress across diodes D1 & D2 (Vd1 & Vd2) are as shown in Figure 6.3.i. Here time is represented along X–axis (in milliseconds) & the voltage
is represented along Y–axis (in Volts). Figure: 6.3.i. Shows voltage stress across diodes D1 & D2 (Vd1 & Vd2)
Simulation of the proposed converter & the results using MATLAB & Simulink can be seen in this

Electrical Shock Essay
ZIAUDDIN COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
Electrical Shocks, Safety Measures, and Maintenance of Line–Powered Devices
Subject: physical agents & electrotherapy–I
I.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
A.Electrical Shock
B.Line–Versus Battery–Powered Devices
C.Dangers Of Line Powered Devices
D.Physiological Damage
E.Purpose Of Chapter
II.GENESIS OF AN ELECTRICAL SHOCK
A.Ground–Fault Pathway
B.Device Electrical Insulation
C.Body As Pathway
III.PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRICAL SHOCKS
A.Ground–Fault Circuit Interrupter Receptacle
B.Operating Mechanism
C.Testing GFCI Receptacle
IV.PREVENTION, OPERATIONAL SAFETY, AND MAINTENANCE
A.Overall Measures
B.Preventive Measures
C.Operational Safety Measures
D. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.Danger
Usage of line–powered device could be dangerous. As leakage of AC current (i.e. 60 hertz) in the body if it is of sufficient amplitude and duration it can

cause motor nerves depolarization thus induce involuntary tetanic like muscle contraction. As in most of the humans muscle contraction frequencies
are 40 and 60 hertz.
3.Battery–powered devices
Leaking of current from a battery–powered device is not dangerous. They are safe because there is continuous 0 hertz DC current regardless of its
amplitude and duration. This low voltage current cannot be able to cause nerve depolarization and thus couldn't induce titanic muscle contraction.
D.Physiological damage
When a 60 hertz AC current of 5 mA passes through a body it may cause unwanted physiological changes such as tissue burn and tetanic muscle
contraction which may cause severe body injuries including death.
1.Tetanic muscle contraction
The victom may showed minor–to–vigrous tetanic muscle contractions which may cause respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest and it leads to death by
electric shock.
2.Tissue burn
When 60 hertz AC current passed through a body it cause burn injuries primarily at skin surface and secondarily in deeper tissues because skin tissues
offer more resistance to current than the deeper tissues. Deeper tissue burn injuries are stronger if the skin is in

Physics : Dc Power Sources
EXPERIMENT TITLE
DC power sources.
NAME,STUDENT ID,DATE
Muhammad Umair Bajwa,BAJ MD 1502,19–11–2016
GROUP MEMBERS
Raheel farooq
METHOD While determining this practical we need multimeter 's,two–post connectors, terminal posts and DC fundamental circuit boards.
First while in the process of series and parallel battery circuits we will locate the batteries circuit on DC fundamental circuit board.measure the voltage
V1 and V2 of circuit and both the values were 1.5 Vdc. So the total voltages were become 3Vdc. So the measured voltage shows that V1 and V2 are
in series. Then I measure the voltages at V3 by removing the two post–connectors and V3 was 1.50Vdc. And the voltage across V4 were 1.50 Vdc also.
Then I connect V3 and V4 with the help of two post–connectors and result shows that V3 and V4 are in parallel.
In series opposing DC sources we will locate the battery 's circuit block. V3 and V6 are series opposing. When we connect them in circuit with two
post connectors then the yellow led will light to indicate a positive total circuit voltage and green led will light to indicate a negative total circuit
voltage. After that we measure the Voltage of battery which were 5.63Vdc.
After that I adjust the positive variable supply (V6) for voltage reading equal to that of V5 then I measure the potential difference between positive
terminals of V5 and V6. The meter indicated me near zero because circuit batteries were series–opposing. Then I adjust V6 for

Test Results Of Test Report
Table of Contents
1.INTRODUCTION1
1.1PURPOSE1
2.TEST SUMMARY1
Measurements were as follows:4
The boards were prepared for the test as follows:5
Purpose:6
Measurements were as follows:6
The boards were prepared for the test as follows:7
R1 and R2 were changed to 68.1 в„¦ for power sharing purposes7
Test points were added7
D1 was either Transzorb or Transguard7
Ground7
Gas Discharge Tube11
Transzorb11
Steps of Tests14
Combination14
Resistor14
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1PURPOSE
This <Project Name> Test Report provides a summary of the results of test performed as outlined within this document.
2.TEST SUMMARY
Figure 1: Partial Transient Protection of NextGen Figure 2: 00644–7110 Transient Protection
Capture of GDT
Capture of Transzorb

Capture of TVS
Capture of 68 ohm @ 500V
Both 3 and 68.1 ohm blow at 1000V
Use two different probes to measure the voltage across the resistor. 3 в„¦ Wirewound Resistor–Inductance test using LCR
FrequencyResistance(в„¦)Inductance (ВµH)VAC (V)
50Hz7.3702
500Hz7.375.322
1kHz7.374.842
100kHz7.443.551
100kHz7.523.532
1MHz9.613.282
68.1 в„¦ Thick Film Resistor–Inductance test using LCR
FrequencyResistance(в„¦)Inductance (ВµH)VAC (V)
1kHz70.1301
50kHz70.181.841
100kHz70.211.581
500kHz70.281.491
1MHz69.711.291
Figure 3: Transient Protection
Measurements were as follows:
Voltage across R229 = TP108– TP208
Input Current = Voltage across R229 / 10 ohm
Input Power = TP108 *

Design Of A Standby Generator
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Electrical Services Engineering Program
Code: DT083 YEAR 4 Module: Electrical Plant 2 Lecturer:Thomas Woolmington Student NameKarl Kidd Student NumberD02127276 Class GroupA
Assignment1 Assignment title:Design of a Standby Generator Date issued 12/2/16 Due byDate returnedDECLARATION I hereby certify that the
material, which is submitted in this assignment/project, is entirely my own work and has not been submitted for any academic assessment other than
as part fulfilment of the assessment procedures for the program (DT083) Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Electrical Services Engineering
(B.Eng Tech). Signature of student:............Karl Kidd.......... Date:............................................. Contents Introduction1 Choice of generator1 Mode of
Operating & Starting2 Load transfer3 Prevention of islanding3 Type of alternator/ exiter unit4 Engine Type4 Electrical Interface5 Fuel and fuel
storage7 Noise Levels7 Air intake and Exhaust8 Maintenance8 Location8 Containment8 Fire implications9 Peak lopping9 Conclusion10 Figure 1 The
SDMO T22K Generator1 Figure 2 ATS021 Automatic transfer switch2 Figure 3 Switching of non
–priority loads3 Figure 4 MECC ALTE ECP 28–1LN
/4 Alternator4 Figure 5The Mitsubishi S4Q2SD4 Figure 6 The Apm 303 Standard controller5 Figure 7 The APM 303 Standard Controller5 Figure 8
TELYS Optional

My Memories Of My Life
As a child growing up, some of my earliest memories were my mother taking us to church every Sunday. It was a traditional type of Church that
didn 't believe in the gifts of the Spirit, let alone God speaking through dreams. Even though the gifts or ministry of the Spirit was not discussed in
Church, even as a child, I had a knowing that God speaks through dreams. As a youth, I turned away from the things of God until I was 24 years of
age. After continuously running, I finally surrendered to God 's pursuit of me, and finally gave my life to Him. Only a year after my surrender, one of
the most incredible things happened to me. I met, fell in love with, and married the most beautiful woman in the world! Shortly after Maricia and I were
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I was driving alone on this particular morning still pondering the dream. What little I understood at the time, being a fairly new Christian, about
spiritual warfare I was doing my best and trying to do. I was praying God 's protection for Maricia, the kids and for me.
In those days, I was working for a local utility company as an apprentice lineman splicer. A lineman splicer is a person who climbs woodpoles in the
back yard and works on transformers, electrical services, electrical equipment, and high voltage. I was a year into my apprenticeship and being trained
how to work on high voltage, which according to electrical standards for our company is anything over 600 volts.
The date was September 7th, 1989 and we were working on, what we call a re–conductor job. With added businesses and homes in this area, the
conductor, or wires, currently at this location was not large enough to handle the extra load. Our job was to upgrade the electrical system and make it
capable of handling the increased electrical load associated with the growth in the community.
The energized conductor of 7,620 volts, we previously moved out and are now located on extension arms called hot arms. Hot arms are mounted on
both sides of the cross arm located near the top of the pole. Moving the energized conductor away from the center of the pole gives room to pull in the
new larger conductor over the cross–arm. Our job for the day was to climb

The Application Of Hardware And Software
Introduction
Throughout the semester, the class was composed of lectures and recitations where we learn to use MatLab, PSpice, and myDAQ. After ten recitations,
we were assign a group project that demonstrated the knowledge we had gained throughout the entirety of the course. Although we had the option to
choose from the following three detention circuits: a resistor–thermistor voltage divider circuit, a phototransistor–resistor voltage divider circuit, or a
standard PC microphone driving the audioInput of the myDAQ, my group opted out towards the PC microphone detention circuit. Within the PC
microphone detention circuit, the microphone should have been able to detect three different states of noise. The first state consists of the microphone
detecting no noise, the second state consists of the microphone detecting the presence of some noise, and the third state consists of the microphone
detecting a louder noise than usual.
The Implementation of Hardware and Software
For this project we used a smartphone and the myDAQ in order to make a detection circuit that could detect no noise, low noise, and high noise. We
first connected the myDAQ to the computer and then plugged the myDaq with the smartphone, since the phone was the sound source. We then created
a new Blank VI project in LabView, we started by producing a while loop followed by choosing acquire signals, analog input voltage, and finally
selecting audioInputLeft and audioInputRight. From there we chose analog

Senion Project for Producing Electronics Part Essay
Senior Project
Project Proposal Table of Contents:
Executive Summary.........1
Introduction.........2
Project Operation.........7
Project Scheduling (Gannt Chart) ......11
Bill of Materials.......13
Future Use and Expansion.......14
Hardware Schematics.........15
Hardware and Software Block Diagrams..........18
Bibliography..................20
Executive Summary:
Objective:
The objective of our senior project is to develop portable lab equipment and software interface for first year college students. The idea of our project
is to allow portability and convenience for students to perform basic electronic labs at home. It is meant as a learning tool to generate a comprehensive,
hands–on guide for students to use on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Future Expansion:
This project could also include a multimeter and curve tracer. It could also be improved by having a higher voltage and a better regulated power supply.
The function generator could also have higher bandwidth and frequency.
Cost:
Estimated total cost is $316. Introduction:
When we visualized our senior project, we decided that engineering and electronic students in college could make use of portable, inexpensive, simple
equipment in order to demonstrate concepts off campus. This equipment would not necessarily have all of the functionality and versatility of the lab

equipment, but it would be useful in demonstrating concepts. The current lab equipment is great for school, but if students have a need to use the
equipment at home such as to finish labs, learn more, or just hobby use, they are left without an inexpensive alternative with the equipment currently on
the market. Our solution was to address these issues with our project which we named "Lab In A Box." This would allow students to have a portable
oscilloscope, power supply, and function generator at a greatly reduced cost. The labs performed usually only requires low bandwidth and low
voltage equipment. The power supplies in the labs are DC with the capability of +6V and В±25V. The function generator is a 15MHz waveform
generator that is capable of sine, square, triangle, and saw–tooth waveforms. The

Pepsi Feasibility Study
________________ ____________
(Head of the department, ECE) (Assistant Professor)
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose
constant guidance and encouragement made it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our project, which is result of studied blend of both
research and knowledge.
We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Assistant Professor K.SRINIVAS RAO, Department of ECE, our project guide, for his constant
support, encouragement and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ABSTRACT
This project deals with the calculation of the energy meter billing with prepaid facility by using Smartcard based on the load consumption with GSM
communication . The microcontroller calculates the rupees that will be consumed by the loads as per the amount inserted in prepaid recharge card
,which acts as input and displays it on the 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. This project thesis is also covers the recharge option on
every insert of card in smart module and the power is continued to process. This project is powered by an on–board power supply takes the ac power
and converts it into dc power that is fed to on–board devices and integrated circuits.
2. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
What is Embedded system?
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a
specific function. An embedded system is a microcontroller–based, software driven, reliable, real–time control system, autonomous, or human or
network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business
or scientific application. High–end embedded & lower end embedded systems. High–end embedded system –

A System Of Delete Unwanted Messages
A system to delete unwanted messages from osn use walls
abstract
One principal issue in today On–line Social Networks (OSNs) is to give clients the capacity to control the messages posted naturally private space to
stay away from that undesirable substance is shown. Up to now OSNs give little backing to this prerequisite. To fill the crevice, in this paper, we
propose a framework permitting OSN clients to have an immediate control on the messages posted on their dividers. This is accomplished through an
adaptable standard based framework, that permits clients to tweak the sifting criteria to be connected to their dividers, and a Machine Learning based
delicate classifier consequently naming messages in backing of substance based separating. Record Terms–On–line Social Networks, Information
Filtering, Short Text Classification, Policy–based Personalization
existing system:
We accept that this is a key OSN administration that has not been given in this way. Surely, today OSNs give almost no backing to avert undesirable
messages on client dividers. Case in point, Face book permits clients to state why should permitted supplement messages in their dividers (i.e.,
companions, companions of companions, or characterized gatherings of companions). Then again, no substance based inclinations are bolstered and in
this manner it is unrealistic to counteract undesired messages, for example, political or obscene ones, regardless of the client who posts them. Giving

How the Length of a Wire Affects its Resistance
How the Length of a Wire Affects Its Resistance In my physics coursework I am going to investigate the effect of the length of a wire on its
resistance. Resistance is the measure of how easy it is for current to flow through a wire. Current is the rate of flow of charge through a conductor,
and it is measured in amps using an ammeter. To help me plan my investigation I have completed a preliminary experiment in which I investigated the
effect of the thickness of a wire on its resistance, using three constantan wires and one copper wire. I found that the resistance increased as the
thickness of the wire decreased, however, when I did the test with the copper wire I found that it was so unresistant that there would not be a lot of
point in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pattern that I see in my results is that on my graph they form a straight line and are fairly proportional. I have, however, drawn two different
lines of best fit, because my results from wire lengths of 150cm to 300cm are such a big 'jump' away from my other results, that I believe that, as we
recorded the two sets of results (20cm–100cm and 150cm–300cm) on different days, we performed the experiment with the longer lengths of

How Fast Charging Is Becoming The Leading Technology
Fast charging is becoming the leading technology used to reenergize electric vehicles in 30 – 60 minutes. With the ownership of EVs doubling each
year, the need to implement efficient, fast charging infrastructure is progressively increasing. There are two technical approaches to establish fast
charging 1. via a high power, 3–phase AC connection from an AC charging post at thecharging station to an on–board high power charger in the EV or
2. via a high power DC connection from a high power DC charger at the charging station directly to the terminals of the battery in the EV. In this
section, we will review AC level 2, DC/AC level 3 charging stations to improve our knowledge and the design of our project.
A. Durastation EV Charger
General ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It supplies 22 Kw at rated working voltage 400Vac and rated current of 32 amps to the vehicle charging system. At those rates, it is capable of fully
charging a 24kWh battery in 1 – 2 hours, thus making it considerably faster than 230 Vac as well as Level 1 charging– which uses 120V AC,
supplying 1.9kWh at max. current of 16 amps, charging the same battery in 12–18 hours. The higher voltage transfer of AC level 2 charging shortens
charging time to roughly 60%. The components used in an AC level 2 charging include:
1. The Electric VehicleSupply Equipment (EVSE), a general term used for any off–board equipment used for the purpose of delivering energy from the
premises wiring to the electric vehicle. The interface between the EVSE and the Utility 's premises wiring may be a direct "hard–wire" or plug and
receptacle interface. EVSE includes: Vehicle Charge Cord, Charge stands (public or residential), attachment plugs, power outlets, vehicle connector,
miscellaneous infrastructure. The main functions of Electric vehicle supply equipment include: Providing enclosure and method of attachment to AC
mains (plug or direct connect), generation of control pilot signal, protection from ground faults, switching power to vehicle based on vehicle command,
displaying the presence of AC input.
2. The EV battery located on–board the vehicle.
3. The Inlet, which is considered part of the

Application Of Temporary Magnet Generators For Wind Systems
Introduction
Permanent Magnet Generators for wind systems are an integral part of the overall system, converting the mechanical energy from the turbine into
electrical energy. But since wind is an inconsistent source of power, the generator must be able to adapt itself to power fluctuations, such as excess or
shortage of load. Furthermore, standalone wind systems are provided with batteries which must be kept charged under all conditions when the power is
available. Thus, a controller is necessary for wind generator to adapt itself to these fluctuations.
A standalone wind system is composed of the following components: Turbine and tower Charge controller/Electrical Protection Unit Regulators Fuse
Box Dump Load Resistors Battery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The micro–controller will be used for sensing the battery voltage and the generator voltage and then switch on/off the DC loads accordingly. The top
priority task is charging the battery, so it is given the first preference. After that, the additional power is used for loads. The switches on the load side
are implemented using MOSFETs and the switches for connecting/disconnecting the battery are implemented using relays.
Controlling the generator over–speed is done by shorting the stator on the AC side of the rectifier. Two relays, connected across the three phases of the
generator are turned on/off by the same signal from the microcontroller.
Using a resistive voltage divider configuration, the generator's voltage and the battery voltage are monitored through the ADC of the ATmega8
microcontroller. The voltage divider configuration converts the full range of the generator voltage and the battery voltage to 0–5 V range. The output
from this voltage divider configuration is then fed to the in–built ADC available inside the ATmega8 micro
–controller.
Battery bank and load sizing
Average power available from wind generator = 20W
The average power available was found by the wind data collected by the data logger that is currently placed at thankot.
Power available time = 5hrs
Energy (Average) from wind

Current and Resistance of a Wire and the Affects When the...
Current and Resistance Physics Investigation
Aim:
Investigate how the length of a wire affects the current and resistance of a wire.
Prediction and Hypothesis:
I think as you increase the length of the Constatan wire, you also increase the amount of resistance. The current is the flow of electrons; the current is
dependent on the amount of voltage, which is applied. Voltage is the push given to the current. The current has to go through a circuit, which contains
resistance so if you increase that push you also increase the flow of the current. All materials have a slight resistance to electricity factors affecting the
resistance are: Length, Voltage & Temperature and Surface Area
Length
The diagram shows the happenings of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This showed that the wire was very weak if given more than 5 volts because the wire lets electricity flow faster and faster which then leads to the
heat eventually breaking the wire. I found that if I decreased the voltage to a reading of 1.5 volts the wire stayed in tact enough to give a good reading
and thereby giving better overall results.
Voltage used 5 Volts
Length Current (1) Current (2) Current (3) Current (4) Average Resistance 30cm 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.5 1.1 60cm 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.1 90cm 1.8 1.7 1.7
1.9 1.8 2.8 120cm 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 3.3 150cm 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.25 4
Voltage used 5 Volts
Length Current (1) Current (2) Current (3) Current (4) Average Resistance 30cm 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.4 1.1 60cm 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 1.6 90cm 2.1 2.4 2.2

2.2 2.5 2 120cm 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.9 150cm 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 3.8
The two tables above show the results given in the preliminary experiments they both seemed to heat up the wire to a substantial heat proven by the
red glow on the 30cm wire (occasionally). The results obtained below show a much better picture of the happenings in the

Design of Electronic Circuits Lab Report
ZEIT 1206 DEC1 Lab Report 1
DC Circuits – Analysis and Design
Alexander Glover, z3422512
Abstract
DC circuit analysis and design, play a massive role in electrical engineering and without the correct application of theory and practise in unison,
nothing can be achieved in a true engineering sense. Engineering requires theory to develop and test constraints while also requiring practical
application of theory in order to determine tolerance and practical results for industry purposes. The ability to analysis a circuit gives a potential
electrical engineer the ability to learn how to problem solve in a theoretical and practical sense which in turn develops industry skills in which will
follow them for life, and allow a solid knowledge base ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
KCL is defined as: The algebraic sum of the currents into any point of the circuit must equal the algebraic sum of all the currents out of that point.
Otherwise, charge would accumulate at the point, instead of having a conducting path [ (Grob, 1977) ].
KVL is similarly defined as: For each mesh followed continuously in its tracing direction the algebraic summation of all the instantaneous voltage
drops is zero (Pike, 1971).
Where a mesh is defined as "a loop that does not contain any other loops" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ] and a loop is defined as "a path whose last node is in the
same as the starting node" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ] and a node is defined as a point where two or more circuit elements join" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ].
KVL, KCL and Ohm's Law are all important tools for circuit analysis, especially using the node voltage method. A worked example for KCL and
Ohm's law is included for Figure 1 next; which can also be directly applied to that of KVL in the same manner in place of KCL.
Figure 1: Simple dual voltage source (V1 and V2) circuit, with three resistors (R1, R2 and R3) and four nodes (N1, N2, N3, N4).
From Figure 1, using KCL it can be said that at node two:
i1+ i2= i3(A)(2)

Which can then be substituted for Ohm's law to give:
Va–VbR1+Vc–VbR2= VbR3 (V)(3)
When values are then substituted into equation three,

The Impact Of Digital Technology On Consumer Electronics,...
Abstract–With the rapid development of digital technology in consumer electronics, advertising and notification system has greater importance. Earlier
systems had the drawback that the notice board or systems that were to display notice has been done manually. The idea proposed to this project is that
using GSM technology so that the updates could be made with mobile and check for the authority in the system. So updates to these notice boards
could be made through a simple SMS. The importance of notice in academic is well known to us but this system could be not only in the school or
educational but also for commercial purposes such as advertising or emergency notification system.
Keywords: GSM modem, AVR 328, visual basic 6.0, LCD Display.
I. Introduction
This is an embedded based project. An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software and perhaps other mechanical parts designed
to perform a specific function. A Notice Board is a very essential device in any institution/organization or public utility place like bus stations, railway
stations and parks. The big problem with these displays is to carry a computer or special keyboard for generating and sending messages to LCD
moving display board dynamically. Carrying a host computer or special keyboard every time to generate message for LCD display boards is big
headache and also increase cost if it go for wireless based message sending. To make the
LCD display more portable, a GSM mobile phone is used

A Simulation For The Motor Of A Bldc Motor Drive With The...
This paper presents a simulation for the sensorless operation of a BLDC motor drive with the estimation of initial rotor position at standstill. The
system determines the actual rotor position of the motor at standstill and provides appropriate starting pulses to inverter switches to turn on. Once the
motor starts to rotate, it then directly extracts the back EMF from the motor terminals between the floating phase and the midpoint of DC link.
Inductance variation sensing method is used for estimating the initial rotor position of the motor followed by a sensorless operation by back EMF
sensing method. The principle behind the rotor position estimation is detection and comparison of phase voltage and dc link current responses and
relating it with stator inductances.
The most advantage is that it requires only three voltage pulse injections of small duration for the estimation of rotor position. A resolution of 30o can
be achieved. The effectiveness of the method is validated by simulation results in Matlab Simulink platform.
Keywords– Brushless DC(BLDC), saturation, rotor position, voltage pulse injection.
I. INTRODUCTION ndustrial application of brushless DC motors (BLDC), is being increased day by day because of their outstanding features like
high starting torque, high efficiency, no excitation losses, silent operation and durability finding applications such as compressor, in electrical vehicles,
hard disc drives.
An inverter driven three–phase BLDC motor, as shown in

What Are Peltier Modules Provide Voltages Using Nothing?
Peltier Modules provide voltages using nothing but the heat emitted from various sources such as wood burning, candle flames, latent heat from
industries, or the heat produced from the residential areas while cooking. The temperature difference created between the hot side and the cold side
generates electricity. It can be highly useful in forest and mountain areas as well as in homes in case of power outages and in this situations we can use
candle flames or wood as heating source for hot side and chilled water or ice as cooling source for the cold side also we can use heat sink on the cold
side to increase and improve the speed of process.
The core of the device is a significant number of Peltier modules and for general needs around ten ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The regulator happens to be mounted far from the sources of heating and cooling so that it can be protected from heating and shorting.
FIG 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PMBEA
Heating might happen inside the chopper so that heat sink can be attached for proper dissipation of heat. Also to get more heat concentrated
equally on the module, a metal plate is used which spreads the heat. To provide external support all the elements are fitted inside a box. Heating, an
important phenomenon is provided with the help of byproducts from both the industries and domestic areas and in absence of byproduct, candle
flames or woods can be used as the source. It is provided to the Peltier modules which are connected to the cooling source. Cooling can be provided
by chilled water or ice storing into a metal tray or heat sink can be fixed with the Peltier modules and use of a fan to dissipate the heat and provide
cooling. This arrangement starts producing voltage in some time and that too without making any noise. Also, the rigid construction can wield a much
and the Peltier modules itself can easily work for a long life span without any failures.
4.2METHOD OF WORKING
The Peltier modules are fitted below the cooling source which can be a heat sink and cooling fan or metal tray containing cooling source and they are
fitted inside a wooden box. Peltier

The Black Via A Push Button And Ldr Using C Code Without...
Objective
The purpose of the experiment is to operate an LED through the BeagleBone Black via a push button and LDR using C code without libraries
besides such as . The pins of the BeagleBone Black will be operated by exporting pins so they can be read or written to in the C program. A LDR
and push button will be used in conjunction with the exported pins for read and write operations to illuminate the LED when it's dark and vice versa
when it's not. With the use of exporting pins to read and write, the operation of the LED via the LDR or push button will be determined by opening up
the file locations and checking the state of the LED and the value of the push button and LDR. The push button will be used to set the system in manual
Use a push button for Manual override. Whenever the push button is pressed, it must allow turning off or turning on the LED regardless of which
state the CdS sensor puts the LED in. Your program should keep track of the exact time the LED is either on or off. Must output the date and time the
LED was turned on or off.
Lab Setup:
Figure 1: Lab Setup
Conclusion
The result of the experiment was a success. The C program used the BBB kernel via paths to operate the LED as specified. The push button set the
system to manual mode and turned off the light if it was on and turned the LED on if it was off. The second push of the button switched it back to
automatic mode. The turning on and off of the LED also resulted in accurate time stamps of the LED being on or off.
The lab was pretty simple, however, the process was a little challenging in the beginning. Unlike the previous labs, we had to configure each pin for our
desired functionality, which made it a bit difficult. The majority time on this lab was spent on configuration of the pins, rather than writing the code.
Questions and Discussion:
What is Rmax and Rmin for your CdS sensor? What is the required resistance, R, for the other half of the CdS voltage divider circuit?

The CdS resistance measured in full light was approx. 50 ohms. The resistance measured in a dark lit area was approx. 350k ohms. The range

Wheattone Bridge Essay
Introduction In the 19th century, Samuel Hunter Christie invented the diamond method for circuits, the initial idea to the Wheatstone bridge. However,
bridge circuits, circuits with parallel resistors, bridged by a branch between them, were used to measure small voltages; but, the Wheatstone bridge is
used to measure an unknown resistance using all the others three known resistance in the circuit. During the lab, the Wheatstone Bridge concept for a
bridge circuit was used to determine the unknown resistor in the circuit, see in figure 1. The objective was to measure the voltages between points on
the branch between the first two resistors in series on top and bottom ones, in which were connected in parallel. Thereafter, test the voltage calculated at
different temperatures, those being room temperature, ice water and hot water; by using a thermistor in the circuit, that helps calibrate the Wheatstone
bridge as a thermometer.
Methods
Firstly, the protoboard was powered with 1 volts coming from the power supply. The circuit was assembled by connecting two resistors in series on
top and one resistor and the thermistor in series on the bottom connected to the top branch in parallel. The left end of the circuit was powered by 1 v
from the power supply and the rightmost end was grounded. The thermistor was placed on the bottom branch of the circuit by two wires that connected
to the protoboard and to the thermistor in which were long enough to allow the thermistor to be

Automatic Temperature Fan Speed Control
INTRODUCTION: This is a standard circuit which can be used to adjust the brightness of mains lights and the speed of AC motors. It uses a triac,
diac and has a radio–frequency interference (RFI) noise suppression circuit built into it as well. The circuit controls the average power to a load
through the triac by phase control. The AC supply is applied to the load for only a controlled fraction of each cycle. The triac is held in an OFF
condition for a portion of its cycle then is triggered ON at a time determined by the circuit. Each time the triac is turned on, the load current changes
very quickly – a few micro seconds – from zero to a value determined by the lamp resistance and the value of the mains voltage at that instant in time.
At this instant in time no current is flowing in either direction. This is the point at which a dimmer is electronically synchronized to turn the power ON
or OFF. By chopping the waveform at the zero–crossing point, smooth dimming can be achieved without the lamp flickering. This turning on and off
of the power device occurs every time the mains crossing point is reached (half phase), 100 or 120 times per second. Typically light dimmers are
manufactured using a Triac or Thyristor as the power control device. These electronic parts are semiconductors not dissimilar to transistors. A Thyristor
is a Uni.–directional device and hence, because AC power flows in both directions, two are needed. A triac is a bidirectional device and therefore only
one is needed. An electronic circuit determines the point in time at which they turn ON (conduct). The ON state continues until the next zero–crossing
point, at which point the device turns itself OFF. The electronic circuit then provides a delay, which equates to the dimness of the lamp, before turning
the control device back on. The slight capacitance of the load, filters the chopped waveform resulting in a smooth light output. Some controllers use a
microprocessor control with the above timing function being handled by an analogue circuit. More sophisticated systems, called digital dimmers,
operate the switching direct from microprocessor. This has the advantage of greater reliability, quieter operation, lower cost and smaller

Impulse Generator and Lightning Characteristics Simulation...
Lightning as a phenomenon of electric discharge between the charged particles among the clouds or between the clouds to earth is seen as a natural
occurrence in our day to day life. The veracity and wrath of this natures activity also has to be faced by the mankind in form of death, destruction and
total power outage. In today's world it is hard to imagine life without electricity. Also it incurs heavy losses to the power distributors and consumers.
The losses amounts from few hundred thousands to millions like how the lightning storm caused power outage in Minnesota that lasted for 19 hours. [1]
It was Franklin in 1744–1750, who first carried out experiments on lightning [2]. From then on significant studies have been made in the past ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse generator comes into business here.Studying the lightning characteristics by creating the similar impulse using the impulse generator
helps in assessing the strength of the electrical equipment's against transient and lightning impulse. This has been practiced by industrialists and
researchers for so many years. Massive and extremely large test apparatus are used for the impulse wave generation. To ease down the process with
reliable and accurate results, here for the design 4A, a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based software for impulse generator and lightning characteristics
simulation. This would be the only prototype standalone software which caters to the impulse waveforms studies. The GUI will have the text entry
fields to input the circuit parameters and there will be plotting space where the impulse waveform will be plotted.
The framework of the software will be the mathematical model of the impulse generator circuit. For different input values, the corresponding
waveforms will be obtained. The main focus of this research will be towards accessing waveforms and its characteristics that corroborates the
industry standard and laboratory experimental values with expected accuracy not lesser than 60%.This software will be made available to work in
cross platform operating systems such as Windows, android, Mac etc. so that the user can download and install the application in their favourite media
device at

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Inorganine
Disadvantages:
Breakdown occur at high temperature
XLPE (Cross–Linked Polyethylene): used in insulation of medium voltages and high voltages cables as it can withstand high temperature, working
temperature is from 90 to 110, and it can withstand up to 250 degree
Advantages:
Low losses
Work properly at high temperature
not melt and thermal expansion occur
Disadvantages:
some XLPE are sensitivity to water treeing
EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber): type of class of polymers work at temperature from 90 to 110 degree normally but it can withstand up to 250 degree
Advantages:
more flexible
Less sensitive to water treeing
Disadvantages:
more dielectric losses
Requires inorganic material filler
Paper based material as shown in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insulation:
PVC layer used for isolation for each phase, this layer must be suitable with respect to the operating voltage of the cable
3.Filling: synthetic fibers used to make the cable circular and to fill the gap between the phases
4.Inner cover:
PVC layer wraps on the three phases from outside, it protect the phases from the armour sheath
5.Armouring:
Steel wire is used to wrap around the cable to protect the cable from the stresses and mechanical effect

6.Outer cover:
PVC layer used to protect the cable from the external effects of the soil and the land Fig 31 low voltage cable copper conductor
Components of medium voltage cable isolated by oil paper insulation:
1.Conductor: stranded wires made from copper or aluminum in circular form, the type of cross sectional area used in the distribution network are 3*150
mm2 aluminum and 3*240 mm2 aluminum
2.Insulation: the most important part in the cable as if it weakened, breakdown of the cable will occur, it is dived into two layers, the first layer is
used and wrap on each conductor to isolate the conductor, its thickness is about 2.7 mm, the second layer is belt of oil paper wrapped around the
three phases, it makes the cable circular and isolate the three phases from the earth layer its thickness is about 2.7

psy Article: Obey at Any Cost? Essay
Research Experience Paper Psychology 101 Arielle Mason Professor C Maile October 15, 2013 Article: Obey at Any Cost? Many times we are
given commands or orders from a higher authority or power some of which we do not agree with or follow. This is because we use our moral values
and human emotions to determine whether they were right or wrong. But there is a time where we may judge and not agree while others may not
pass a judgment and be in agreement. In the study of Psychology we look to a researchers finding to prove the way we respond to emotional,
environmental and societal changes. Stanley Milgram a researcher that set out on the behalf of Yale University conducted a study to determine how
obedient... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neither were they told the true meaning to the experiment. They were informed that they were taking part in a study to reveal if there is any
retaining of learning with punishment involved. They were instructed to choose from a draw from a hat on what role they would play in the study.
This left them only a choice a role as the learner. They were taken to another area in the lab to execute the exercise. They were then strapped to a
chair connected to the high voltage machine. The instructor gave them a list of words to remember as they were spoken from a different room.
Afterwards they were instructed to recite the words that were paired together with no relation to each other. The pain was delivered with increasing
the voltage if the word pairs were not recited correctly. As the pain increase they ask to stop. This was a sign that they could not respond obediently to
the pain and their tolerance was getting weaker. But the teacher explained that they must continue causing a small percentage of accuracy but no
greater change. The most obedient took the most voltage in shock and those who quit early were deemed the least obedient. The highest shock level
was at three hundred and seventy–five volts and least of three hundred volts. The most obedient remained calm as the levels increase while the least
obedient showed anger and discomfort despite being instructed

Correlation Between Zinc And Copper Solutions
Read the Voltmeter to see what the electrical cell potential is. Repeat steps 13–18 for all variations of Copper Chloride. Record the raw quantitative
data in the table below:
Electrical Potential Difference Between Zinc and Copper Solutions Electrical Potential Difference
Variation inCopper ChlorideTrial 1Trial 2Trial 3
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Record qualitative data as well in the Observations section. When all quantitative data has been collected and recorded, use the equation below to
calculate the average electrical potential difference, or Average E_Cell of each variation of Copper Chloride.
Ave.E_(Cell ) for Variation in Copper Chloride=(Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3)/(Number of Trials)
Create a scatter plot graph with a trend line to showcase the data. Calculate the slope/increase in average cell potential with the equation below:
Slope=Rise/Step
=(y_2–y_1)/(x_2–x_1 ) Observations:
Qualitative Observations: Zinc chloride was easier to manipulate than Copper chloride because the solid was less condensed than Copper When Zinc
Chloride was mixed with water, the solution was first green and when stirred turned light blue When the Potassium Nitrate became fully dissolved in
water, the bottom of the beaker became cold The more Copper Chloride that was added to the Copper solution, the more opaque the solution became
When the salt bridge connected the two electrodes, the Voltmeter reacted immediately
Raw Quantitative

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)
INTRODUCTION For years, infrared LED has been merely a system for piping light around corners and into the inaccessible places to allow the
hidden to be lighted. But now, infrared LED has evolved into a system of significantly greater importance and use. Throughout the world, it is now
being used to transmit voice, television and data signals as light waves. Its advantages as compared with conventional coaxial cable or twisted wire
pairs are manifold. As a result, millions of dollars are being spent to put these light wave communication systems into operation. One of the most
interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to carry information over large distances. It has been
proved in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RECEIVER SECTION:– This section is worked as a Flip–flop (Bistable). IC–3 is decade counter, its Pin No.14 is input and Pin No. 2 output. The
output of frequency detector stage is used, via a flip–flop, to switch 'ON' or switch 'OFF' a LED alternately. The receiver uses infrared modules
IR–signal from the transmitter is sensed by the sensor through and its output PIN 1 goes low and switched LED. IC–3 is worked on clock pulse which
receives to infrared modules at Pin No. 14. Its output at Pin No 2 throughes high. The output of IC–2 is also used for lighting LED–1 indicating
presence of signal. When no signal is available output of sensor module goes high and transistor LED is switched 'OFF'. When another signal arrives,
LED is switched 'ON' and through clock pulse at Pin No. 14 of IC–3. This makes the LED to switch 'ON' the appliance at first pulse and 'OFF' the
appliance at its Second pulse arrived at its sensor. Transmitter circuits works satisfactorily with 6–9V DC. Battery but receiver circuits needs 6V
regulated supply. The CAMD CM8870/70C provides full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band–split filter and digital decoder
functions into a single 18–pin DIP, SOIC,or 20–pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manufactured using state–of–the–art CMOS process
technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high
and low group filters and dial tone rejection. The

Research Link To Report Exemplar
Link to Report Exemplar (see notes for extra information) Results Data Table Figure 1. Data table with the collected results showing resistor value vs
signal strength. The signal strength (last column) was calculated using the following formula. V = counted squares (Second column) * (CRO volts per
cm (Third column) * 10 ^–3) 10^–3 can also be written as E–3. E–3 is used since the results are being changed from millivolts to volts. An example of
this is as follows. V = 0.2cm*(5mV * 10^–3) V = 0.001V Graph Figure 2. Graph showing the data results with a logarithmic scale of 10 on the
horizontal axis. Figure 2 uses a logarithmic scale to show the data collected in a way that can be visualized. If the graph does not have a
logarithmic scale, most of the data bunches up onto the left side of the graph. This makes it very hard to see what the data is showing. Discussion
Interpretation (explain your results using science concepts) LiFi is the sending and receiving of information in the form of light (LiFi, n.d.). This
experiment replicated this by making two circuits. The circuit which sends the information can be as simple as an LED, this can be seen in figure 3.
However, to control the information which the LED is sending, a different circuit needs to be made. This circuit is similar to figure 3 but with the
addition of an audio lead. This circuit can be seen in figure 4. Figure 3. Sending Circuit with only LED. Figure 4. Sending circuit with audio

Proposed Prediction Adc Algorithm : Prediction, Judgement,...
The proposed prediction ADC algorithm contains three key procedures: prediction, judgement, and final conversion. At the beginning, the prediction
circuit generates common MSBs from a data memory that stores the digital results of the pixels in the previous row. Then the judgement circuit
creates two analog boundary voltages based on the predicted MSB values and check whether the current pixel's analog value is between the two
boundary voltages based on Eq. (1). Finally, if the predicted MSB values are correct, the ADC only performs the LSB conversions. Otherwise, the ADC
performs a full A/D conversion. This algorithm can be implemented with various ADC structures, e.g., single–slope ADC, SAR ADC, or cyclic ADC.
Also different data... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be achieved by using a voltage scaling DAC or a switched–capacitor DAC.
Examples of implementation options with different ADC types are shown in Fig. 5. In these examples, a 5–bit conversion is applied with the same
input signal and the same scenario: (1) In Row1, since there are no previous rows, the prediction is not available, the conversion starts with the
second step, which is a complete A/D conversion, (2) In Row2, the first step prediction is successful. So in the second step, only a partial A/D
conversion needs to be performed. (3) In Row3, the first step prediction is failed and thus a complete A/D conversion is performed.
In the first example of Fig. 5 (a), a local DAC is applied to a judgement circuit for step 1 and an SAR ADC is used for step 2. In the conversion of
Row1, a full SAR A/D conversion is performed. A simplified schematic of the SAR ADC is shown in Fig. 6. At the beginning of the conversion,
switch SR is turned ON and switches S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4 are connected to GND to reset the capacitor array. Then SR is turned OFF, and S0–S4 are
sequentially switched to VREF. During this process, if VCOMP is 0 then the switch remains at VREF, otherwise, it turns back to GND. The final
position of S0–S4 is the conversion result. Next, in the conversion of Row2, assume the prediction circuit pick up the first three MSB values from
Row1 as a prediction (in this case

Analysis Of Stanley Milgram 's ' Behavioral Study Of...
Throughout the course of history, the phenomenon of psychology has drawn countless psychologists and scientists to further comprehend the depths
and fascinations of the human mind and body. Using experimentation as a source of obtaining and recording desired information regarding the new
realizations of the mind, cognitive scientists continue to fathom at the intricate revelations the mind has to offer. Although the complexities of the mind
have brought scientists to puzzling conclusions, scientists have used a series of experimental steps to conclude how and why the processes of the brain
can change the actions and personalities of an individual.
Within psychology, examining behavior of different species, especially humans, is vital in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With each incorrect answer, thevoltage of the electric shock would increase, beginning at a voltage of 15 volts to a deadly voltage of 450 volts.
However, the experiment was most definitely rigged. The learners were hired actors used as part of the experiment to determine whether the teacher
(one of the 40 male participants) would continue to obey the commands of the experimenter despite the blood chilling screams from the opposite room.
Milgram further explains in detail why the reasoning behind his experiment is surprisingly valid. The most important information of Milgram's article
provides a table recording the different variations of shock levels, beginning from slight shock to XXX. The different levels of shock voltages are
measured from 15 volts to 450 volts. The right side of the table attributes to number of teachers who found the corresponding voltage as their maximum
shock. A majority of the teachers did not identify a maximum shock until 300 volts was reached. At this point, various teachers discontinued the
experiment and refused to participate further. However, Milgram states "of the 40 subjects, 26 obeyed the orders of the experimenter until the end,
proceeding to punish the victim until they reached the most potent shock available on the shock generator"(376). Milgram's data shows that 65 percent
of the men chosen, decided to inflict the highest pain threshold upon

Statement Of Purpose In Electronics
Statement of Purpose
John Serin Varghese
Term: Fall 2015
Since my school days, I was always curious about how automated gadgets and devices work. Various TV programs gave me some insight into the
world of electronics. Vocational electronics course in my higher secondary education acquainted me to the basics of electronics. After starting my
undergraduate course in electronics and tele–communication engineering, basic courses like 'Basic Electronics Engineering', 'Solid State Devices and
Circuits' and 'Digital Logic Design' gave me a deeper understanding of the building blocks of electronics like diodes, transistors and ICs. Not only did
these courses managed to partially sate this curiosity that I had since my childhood, but also inspired me to explore the world of electronics further. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
'Accelerometer based ECU using CAN protocol', our third year mini project, was my first experience in designing, testing and prototyping an embedded
system application which included the use of a microcontroller to transfer tilt angle information from accelerometer which is a MEMS device. The
success in my maiden attempt increased my interest in the field of microelectronics and embedded system applications. Study of subjects like
'Microcontrollers and Applications', 'VLSI Design and Technology' and 'Embedded System and RTOS' became captivating. With the view of exploring
further aspects of these courses, I tried to delve into the nitty–gritty by taking up small projects that were not a part of the

Ca3130 Unit 1 Case Study
2.8 CA3130 Op–Amp
CA3130A and CA3130 are op–amp that combine the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar transistors. Gate–protected P–channel MOSFET transistor
are used in the input circuit to provide very high–input impedance, very low input current and exceptional speed performance. The use of P,OS
transistor in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capability down to 0.5V below the negative supply terminal, an important attribute
in single–supply application.
The CA3130 series circuit operates at supply voltage ranging from 5V to 16V. They can be phase compensated with a single external capacitor, and
have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage for application requiring offset null capability
[Figure.2.8]
Controllable output power analysis of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Efficiency increases due to low energy consumption
3. It provide battery backup for about one hour
7.2 Application
1. To reduce cost, size and weight of a power supply
2. CCTV cameras, TV's, monitor, PC's, laptop and camcorder power packs, printers, fax machine, VCRs, portable CD players, microelectronics based
devices in automotive, computing, communication, consumer electronics and industrial applications use SMPS.
Controllable output power analysis of SMPS using PWM technique for DC appliances
Sigma, Matar Page XXXVII
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Sigma, Matar Page XXXVIII
пѓ Suitable components were selected and tested for desired performance. Functional verification was performed on combined circuit of the selected
components for open loop network both in NI MULTISIM and on NI ELVIS. PWM based feedback network was successfully designed tested and

implemented both in NI MULTISIM and in Hardware using NI ELVIS Suite. The Design and implementation of desired
SMPS circuit was successfully completed.
Sigma,

Blocking Diode Is Useful Tool For Limiting The Direction...
Blocking diode
The blocking diode is a helpful tool for limiting the direction energy can flow through a wire to just one direction. It uses a semiconductor P/N junction
achieve this behavior.
The diagram shows a simple setup with two panels charging a battery (for simplicity no controller is shown) with a blocking diode in series with the
two panels, which are also wired in series. When the sun shines, as long as the voltage produced by the two panels is greater than that of the battery,
charging will take place.
However, in the dark, when no voltage is being produced by the panels, the voltage of the battery would cause a current to flow in the opposite
direction through the panels, discharging the battery, if it was not for the blocking diode in the circuit.
Blocking diodes will be of benefit in any system using solar panels to charge a battery. Blocking diodes are usually included in the construction of
solar panels so further blocking diodes are not required. Most photovoltaic solar panels are used to charge a battery during the daytime. Nearly all
panels come equipped with a blocking diode. The diode prevents DC current from flowing backwards from the battery bank into the panel at night.
The usual blocking device of choice is a schottky diode with a typical 0.5v voltage drop. In some large panels, which can often source over 4 Amps of
current, the power loses due to this voltage drop

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