History Of Human Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence

History Of Human Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence
The history of human culture is a continuous development of the social world and the natural world. Their identity is realized through the system of
signs and symbols. The symbolic signification of a wide range of cultural events and facilities helps in streamlining human living space in all periods
of its development and existence. Signs and symbols are one of the most meaningful concepts in culture. They represent a universal category, which
implies a juxtaposition of the objective image and its deeper meaning. Every symbol has an aesthetic information, which, in turn, has a huge number of
degrees of freedom, exceeding the capabilities of human perception. One of the most vivid symbols of human culture is body modification such as
tattooing and piercing, which have a long lasting history, deep socio–cultural roots, and certain health risks.
Historical Roots
Signs and symbols are a unique phenomenon in the world history. Professor David D. Nolte, in a book on human intelligence and artificial intelligence,
states, "the feature that most distinguishes human intelligence from that of other animals is our sophisticated manipulation of signs to represent our
world" (43). These words echo with the English philosopher Lady Welby–Gregory's opinion, carefully defined by Italian semiologist Augusto Ponzio:
The logical capacity of signifying, of interpreting, of discriminating between the multiply meanings of the sign is that which distinguishes man from the
rest of the animal
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Lgbt
What Is LGBT?
LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and along with heterosexual they describe people's sexual orientation or gender identity. These
terms are explained in more detail here.
Lesbian
A lesbian woman is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women. Many lesbians prefer to be called lesbian rather than gay.
Gay
A gay man is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to men. The word gay can be used to refer generally to lesbian, gay and
bisexual people but many women prefer to be called lesbian. Most gay people don't like to be referred to as homosexual because of the negative
historical associations with the word and because the word gay better reflects their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sexual orientation also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviours, and membership in a community of others
who share those attractions. Three sexual orientations are commonly recognised – heterosexual, homosexual (gay and lesbian) and bisexual.
Homophobia
Homophobia refers to fear of or prejudice and discrimination against lesbian, gay and bisexual people. It is also the dislike of same–sex attraction and
love or the hatred of people who have those feelings. The term was first used in the 1970s and is more associated with ignorance, prejudice and
stereotyping than with the physiological reactions usually attributed to a 'phobia'. While homophobic comments or attitudes are often unintentional,
they can cause hurt and offence to lesbian, gay and bisexual people.
Transphobia
Transphobia refers to fear of or prejudice and discrimination against people who are transgender or who are perceived to transgress norms of gender,
gender identity or gender expression. While transphobic comments or attitudes are often unintentional, they can cause hurt and offence to transgender
people.
Definitions adapted from More Than a Phase (Pobal, 2006), For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation (APA, 2008) and Answers to Your
Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity (APA,

Homosexuality Essay
Homosexuality
No one knows exactly how homosexuality entered into human history. I would imagine that the practices associated with the erotic attraction of people
to one's own gender have been around since the dawn of humanity. The earliest accounts of homosexual behavior seem to be found in ancient pagan
religious practices. At least, the pagans included homosexuality in the worship of various gods. Whether the inclusion in worship was because the
practice was already a part of the society–at–large or if the pagan worship introduced the practice is impossible to determine, although some
understandings of Paul's writings argue for the latter.
Human beings began to worship many gods very early in human history. These early gods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Male gods could plant seeds and were therefore seen as more productive than the female gods to some. When a man ejaculated his semen into another
man's anus at the shrine, he was depositing more male power to the gods. With the additional strength of the semen of many men, the god could then
insure a bountiful crop, a larger herd, and many children to care for the field. This practice grew into, not only forms of pagan worship, but also a
means of supplying money for the temple. Catamites, boys and men who were exclusively used for passive anal sex, began to serve the temples. One
must wonder whether boys were sometimes forced into this kind of sexual contact due to economic circumstances, much like their female counterparts.
Women often survived only by prostitution since they were allowed no inheritance. Orphan boys may often have found themselves in the same
predicament.
Regardless, it was very early in human history that both male and female prostitutes were used in temple worship in order to raise funds for the temple,
as well as support themselves.
Homosexuality in Ancient Greece
Greek culture is often promoted as the most accepting of homosexuality. To some extent, this may be true. The Greeks developed a hedonistic attitude
toward the human body and sexuality. Although we may think of hedonism as lustful today, Greek philosophers wrote of

Middle Class Media Analysis
During this period, fewer and fewer people read Austin and Dickens. A survey in 1946 about the working class shows that only one over ten of the
people reading in crime and violence only novel. The middle class is only three over ten of the people also read books and more leisure time is
spent on radio and newspaper and the mass media era quietly. In 1952, people through the radio and listen to the news of the death of George V and
the queen reign ceremony of the second year, there are 20 million people on television this celebration. Television this emerging media tools in the
cross class culture (Zinkernagel, 1997).
Represented by the media TV, media become a typical middle class by the elite and the official controls the culture. The media's... Show more content
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The local mass culture is difficult to evoke emotional resonance of the working class. The American mass culture in daily life of microscopic narrative
let the postwar British working class have more cultural identity. American mass culture and its products were the earliest borrowed to convey
intransigence young working–class oneself. This is not only the traditional British working class to be romantic, which is also made on the media
temperate (Sabatini, 1994). The popular culture has grade of negation. It was romanticized British working class which has been the British industrial
society problem of intellectuals germinal by a kind of ideal of homesickness and nostalgia for ideals (Zinkernagel, 1997). As Morris of 17 century
British was full of homesickness, organic society was born of a working–class family culture scholars. Richard Hoggart in 1958 the way of literacy has
the uses of literacy also with romantic memories of the 1930 s British north industrial area of everyday life. At that time of the working class and
culture has its own community, they have stable work, warm family to have a healthy, organic country life. It is the low consumption culture organic
culture to kill off the British working class. However, the next generation of the working class don't want to live in the old class system. The postwar

Atheism Essay
Atheism
People in our society today who have the atheist point of view on religion, which is the belief that there is no god, are going against the so–called
norms of society, and therefor are seen as deviant. Deviance is just an idea. Society determines what is deviant by the ideas they hold of what should
be the norm. Atheism is seen as a negative deviance, or below the norm. They have a status that is placed on them in society. It doesn't necessarily
mean that they believe in evil, although that is how it is sometimes viewed from people in society who have a specific religion or faith. Atheism, which
is not a new idea, has been evolving in our society, and is the reason for problems leading to debate and court cases, and for ... Show more content on
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But as god beliefs have grown more absurd because of increasing knowledge, some have felt compelled to point out difficulties with these beliefs.
And, as religion has grown more tyrannical, atheists have seen the need to organize in defense of freedom. Atheism has a long and colorful history, but
that history has been largely hidden from the public's view due to religious suppression. It is therefore, with great effort, that modern atheists are
re–discovering their heritage. Some early Greek philosophers were among the first to write down atheistic ideas. Great thinkers such as Heraclitus,
Democritus, Protagorus, and Lucretius expressed views that questioned the existence of gods. Atheism gained a permanent foothold in western culture
during the Renaissance and through the Enlightenment. But atheism truly began to thrive around the beginning of the 20th century in what is called
the Freethought movement. Current trends indicate that the popularity of atheism should continue to increase into the next century.
Sir Thomas Huxley coined the term "agnostic" in 1869. Popularly the word agnostic is felt to mean that the nature of god cannot be known but that
there is a god. Therefore the agnostic is accepted in the community and he is accepted by the church, unlike those labeled or known as "atheists".
Agnosticism is very closely related to the religious doctrine that the ways of god are incomprehensible, that human reason is deceptive and that man
requires a

Marketing Management Group Project
Marketing Management Group Project
iPad Air
Liberty University
BMAL 520 Strategic Marketing Management – Section B06
December 13, 2013
Abstract
Marketing management is an evolving field and plays an important role in the success or failure of a business or product. Group 3 selected Apple,
iPad Air for the research project. The paper will address important marketing considerations for the iPad Air. The topics researched includes marketing
analysis, promotions/marketing, positioning/competition/branding, product/service topic identification, promotions and services/pricing. The paper
also addresses how well the iPad Air is addressing its entry into the market, response of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apple continues to focus their demographic trend on all consumers nationally and internationally. Apple's business model has not altered since the
company's arrival in the late 1970s. Apple is a pioneer in consumer electronics innovation and has dominated the production of proprietary hardware
and software, which has provided the company a competitive benefit in gaining a share of any market into which they have attempted (Gupta, A.,
2013). Apple's new iPad Air will continue to deliver a product that is useful and appealing to all private and commercial consumers. The large global
customer base Apple has generated will continue to grow, while maintaining the loyal customers and reaching all demographics.
The Apple I Pad Air has over 475,000 apps in their app store and is the thinnest tablet on the market today. Its lightweight and thin design make it
easy to carry around especially for travelers. Product and service quality is definitely what Apple delivered to the world. The iPad Air provides the
features and benefits that the consumers are looking for. Technologically, Apple iPad Air has delivered their promise of performance. The standards of
living are higher now and the economy has also changed giving rise to higher demands for a product that can

New World Order in Conspiracy Theory
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New World Order (conspiracy theory)
This article is about the use of the term New World Order in conspiracy theory. For other uses, see New World Order (disambiguation).
The reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States (1776). The Latin phrase "novus ordo seclorum", appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal
since 1782 and on the back of the U.S one–dollar bill since 1935, means "New Order of the Ages" and only alludes to the beginning of an era where
the United States of America is an independent nation–state, but is often improperly translated by conspiracy theorists as "New World Order".[1]
In conspiracy theory, the term New World Order or NWO refers to the emergence of a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, activists around the globe formed a world federalist movement bent on creating a "real" new world order.[11] In the 1940s, British writer and
futurist H. G. Wells would go further by appropriating and redefining the term "new world order" as a synonym for the establishment of a
scientifically–managed world state and socialist economy.[12]
During the Red Scare of 1947–1957, conspiracy theorists of the American secular and Christian right increasingly embraced and mongered unfounded
fears of Freemasons, Illuminati, and Jews being the driving force behind an "international communist conspiracy". The threat ofworld communism in
the form of a state atheistic and bureaucratic collectivist world government, demonized as a "Red Menace", therefore became the main focus of
apocalyptic millenarian conspiracism.[13]
In the 1960s, right–wing populist individuals and groups with a producerist worldview, such as members of the John Birch Society, disseminated a
great deal of conspiracy theories claiming that the governments of both the United States and the Soviet

Anthropology: The Characteristics And Aspects Of Cultural...
Cultural Anthropology
2015–11–09 12:34 PM
Anthropology
Anthropos = humanity Archaeology, Biological/Physical, Linguistic (salvage ethnography)
Ethnography
Ethnos = culture Graphy = writing Field work: 'go native' – live among, adapt and become the kind of people
CHAPTER 1 – What is Anthropology?
How is anthropology different from...
Sociology – both study social relations Political Science – both interested in power relations Economics – both study material conditions of peoples
lives History Psychology – both study relationships between people and society
Key Distinguishing Features:
A focus on the concept of culture A comparative perspective A holistic perspective– look at culture as an integrated whole ... Show more content on
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Often occurs under pressure from the domination of a more powerful group over a subjugated one Global Culture: a constellation of technologies,
practices, attitudes, values, and symbols that spread internationally Globalization: the process by which the exchange of products, investment, and
people across national and regional boundaries increases Liberalization policies: policies that attempt to eliminate national government controls on
investment, imports, currency rates, and many other practices that ere considered to constrain

Tattoos In Western Culture
Tattoos in Western Culture The art of tattooing has changed in modern times quite drastically. It is slowly becoming more acceptable to own and
display tattoos on one's body. In more conservative times, those with tattoos were looked on as social outcast, turned down for jobs and seen as strange
outsiders. However, within the past half century, tattoos have steadily become more acceptable. Millions of people in America now proudly tattoo their
skin, with everything from religious symbols to naked women. There is a whole industry based around tattoos, tattoo care, and basically everything
tattoo. There are now expensive clothing lines that base their imagery on tattoo art, such as the Ed Hardy brand (no matter how stupid the clothes...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With that high of a percentage, the popularity of memorial tattoos obviously has a direct impact on the overall popularity and acceptance of tattoos
in general. All of these are possible reasons as to why tattoos have become more popular in recent years. However, the most likely reason for the
spike in popularity is not one, but all of these reasons. They all increase the number of people willing to go out and get tattoos, and all of them are
responsible for making tattoos more acceptable by society. The rise in popularity has created a community for those associated with the art form. There
are conventions, shows, magazines, and websites dedicated solely to the art of tattooing. Not only is there a community for those who adorn tattoos,
but that community is broken up into different classes. There are three separate sub–classes of this "tattoo community." The first is the biker/working
class. These people are often poorer and have cheaper tattoos. They are looked down upon by the highest class as being losers and outsiders, and the
high class in the tattoo community feels no connection with them. The next class is the "young punks." This young class is obviously made up of
young members, a lot of them involved in some other sub culture, music, MMA fighting, etc. There is some overlap between this class and the other
classes, since some of them are richer and some are poorer. At the

Different Types of popular music.
Music is all around us. We all grew up listening to some type of music. No one can really determine when music began or which cultures had music
first. There are stories of its origins that go back to ancient times. "Popular music is music produced for and sold to a broad audience."(1) The types of
popular music we are going to look at are jazz, country–and–western music, rhythm–and–blues music (R&B), rock music, and rap, also know as
hip–hop.(1)
First, we will look at jazz. Jazz is a type of music that was first developed by African Americans around the first decade of the 20th century. (2) It is
believed that jazz originated in New Orleans. The first ever recording of jazz was in the 1890's. (3) Jazz developed into different styles. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The electric guitar is the instrument most associated with rock music. Another instrument is the electric bass guitar, which was introduced by Fender in
1951. (8) The drum set is used in rock music also. "Rock–and–roll guitarist Chuck Berry established a style of playing in the late 1950s that remains a
great influence on rock music."(8) Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, and Carlos Santana are a few more rock musicians. One of my favorite rock groups is
The Rolling Stones. "Closely connected with youth culture, rock music and musicians have helped to establish new fashions, forms of language,
attitudes, and political views. However, rock music is no longer limited to an audience of teenagers, since many current listeners formed their musical
tastes during the golden age of rock and roll. Similarly, while rock has historically encouraged new creative expressions, the innovations of Chuck
Berry, Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, the Beatles, and Jimi Hendrix have defined a tradition to which successive generations of musicians have repeatedly
turned for inspiration."(8)
A special day in the history of rock music was February 7, 1964; it was the day that a band called the Beatles that came from Liverpool, England to the
United States. On February 11, 1964, the Beatles sang their first concert in the United States, at the Washington Coliseum. (12)
The Beatles, one of the most popular rock and roll sensations in history, created frenzy in the U.S., as they became a model for rock and

Afropunk Analysis
"The group tended to invoke ideas and meanings that mattered for a Western audience because that's where they had been conceptualized as feminist,
while in the post–Soviet region they became charged and often associated with global capitalism" (2014: 24).
The key point here is that Gapova's analysis draws on class and gender paradigms to explain cultural articulation of sociopolitical protest. A clear
continuation of the CCCS's method of studying subcultures, which points to the academic significance of subculture.
Surprisingly little academic writing addresses the political and cultural Afropunk subculture. The Afropunk movement provides space for expression
and resistance to white cultural dominance which causes exclusion and stereotyping ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2014) 'A History of Pussy Riot: Watch the Band's Early Performances/Protests Against the Putin Regime', accessed at: http://www.openculture.com
/2014/03/a–history–of–pussy–riot.html on 11/5/2017.
Maffesoli, M. (2016) 'From society to tribal communities', the Sociological Review, 64(4): 739– 747, accessed at: http:/
/onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.sussex.ac.uk/doi/10.1111/1467
–954X.12434/full on 9/5/2017.
Marcus, G. (1989) 'Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the 20th Century', London: Secker & Warburg, pp 1– 24.
McRobbie, A. (1977) 'The culture of working class girls' in McRobbie, A. (2000) Feminism and Youth Culture, second edition, Hampshire: Macmillan
Pres LTD, pp 44–66.
McRobbie, A. (1980) 'Settling Accounts with Subcultures: A Feminist Critique' in McRobbie, A. (2000) Feminism and Youth Culture, second edition,
Hampshire: Macmillan Pres LTD, pp 26–43.
Moss, C. (2015) 'Why don't young people want to be part of a tribe anymore?' accessed at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/fashion–and–style/11624401
/Why–dont–young–people–want–to–be–part–of–a–tribe–any–more.html on 4/5/2017.
Mungham, G. (1976) Working Class Youth Culture, London: Routledge, pp

The United States
The history of the United States tends to be understood through analysis of periods of conflict. From the Revolutionary War, to the Civil War, both
World Wars, the Cold War (and its affiliate proxy incidents), and finally modern day. What this skeletal description misses are the individual struggles
of people who spent their lives marginalized due to societal stereotypes and discriminatory legislation. Groups have been affected due to identities that
include but are not limited to: race, religion, ethnicity, immigration status, and sexual orientation. Of course this history of identity politics is not
limited to the US, but the exploration of the LGBT movement within these borders can offer an important perspective on the tumultuous ... Show more
LGBT acceptance has varied greatly over time in every culture in the world. For example, while it is commonly accepted that homosexual relations
were common in Ancient Greece and Rome, the same cannot be said for the Middle Ages' Holy Roman Empire. In American culture throughout the
18th and 19th centuries, sodomy was the phrase used to describe all "deviant" sexual acts. A homosexual lifestyle was unthinkable, mainly due to the
high rate of Christians who devoutly believed in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. However people such as Walt Whitman, Charlotte Cushman, Emily
Dickinson, Henry James, among others all achieved greatness in literature, the arts, and other fields, while also maintaining a secretive LGBT identity
(Norton, 2004). To say that the proven biological inclinations of LGBT people is a "new" occurrence that exists solely due to societal acceptance
simply contradicts historical evidence.
At the turn of the century, metropolitan areas began to have secretive subcultures that allowed queer citizens to socialize among each other. This
largely went unnoticed by the government until the 1914 Portland Vice Scandal, when over fifty people were detained and tried for engaging in
sodomy in Portland, Oregon (Boag, n.d.). This brought the issue of homosexuality to the mainstream and quickly led to nearby states enacting harsher
punishments to discourage such activities, including the demand for sterilization.

Tattoo's : a Permanent Mark on Pop Culture Essay
The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian "tatu" which means "to mark something." It is arguably claimed that tattooing has existed since 12,000 years
BC.
The purpose of tattooing has varied from culture to culture and its place on the time line. But there are similarities that prevail form the earliest known
tattoos to those being performed on people around the world today.
Tattoos have always had an important role in ritual and tradition. In Borneo, women tattooed symbols on their forearm indicating their particular skill.
If a woman wore a symbol indicating she was a skilled weaver, her status as prime marriageable material was increased. Tattoos around the wrist and
fingers were believed to ward away illness. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1
The tattooed in the western world today include many people from various walks of life including doctors, skateboarders, artists and teachers, punks
and bus drivers, lawyers,bikers, convicts, mothers, fathers, grandparents, gang members, professors, students, street performers and even dentists.
Tattoos today seem to cross all boundaries, cultural, political and socio–economic. The act of tattooing, one of but many forms of intentional body
modification, has been enveloped by the mainstream into the popular culture of the new millennium. Tattoos have become contemporary symbols of
western identity and individualism.
1Atkinson, Michael. Tattooed: The Sociogenesis of a Body Art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. As elements of mainstream, consumer
culture, tattoos today have essentially become fashionable art. Those that tattoo are В‘tattoo artists;' those that get tattooed bear В‘skin art.' This has not
always been the case. The introduction of tattoos into popular culture has been a very recent phenomenon. Tattoos were once the exclusive domain of
sailors, bikers, convicts and punks, and were considered, through the eyes of the mainstream, a deviant behaviour, a low culture. In fact, tattoos for
most of the twentieth century in North America existed solely at the sub– cultural level When

The Concept of Encounter of Cultures in the Philosophy of...
The Concept of Encounter of Cultures in the Philosophy of History
ABSTRACT: A general problem of philosophical interests concerns the possibility of objective knowledge of other cultures and a past culture, as well
as the adequacy of their reconstruction. The problem of cultural development is also crucial. By the criterion I develop, a culture which has expanded
its potentialities in various independent forms is an open culture able to enter into dialogue with any other culture. 1. To begin with, I must mention
that at first I intended to present my paper at the Section of Philosophy of History, because the point at issue here has a great concern to the concept of
history and to the methodological approaches of historians. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The phenomenon of encounter of cultures has been known and described long ago, but in its definite meaning the theoretical analysis of the
phenomenon may be dated by the late 19th and early 20th cc., the period of shaping of contemporary anthropology and philosophy of history. In this
connection, in the field of the philosophy of history the work of Arnold Toynbee ought to be mentioned who has put forward a conception and a model
for systematic representation of the whole diversity of historical facts concerning the encounter of societies, civilizations, cultures in space and time, (1)
and, in the field of ethnology, the work of the American cultural anthropologists, of Franz Boas' school, in which theory and practice of intercultural
and cross–cultural research have been initiated in different forms. (2)
3. In such a broad meaning of the term, the history of mankind presents itself as a variegated picturesque panorama of encounters of cultures. The
immediate reminiscences are the great migrations of tribes and peoples; the Graeco–Roman invasion of the East; the incursion of barbarians into
Europe; the invasion of Turkic nomads of the area of ancient civilizations; the Crusades; the discovery

Greed Study Guide
ti
Quiz V Study Guide (Greed)
Humanities 102: Introduction to Western Civilization
Mr. Vehse
1. Phyllis Tickle is the author of our current text, Greed. What is Ms. Tickle's profession?
–A religion editor for a trade journal
2. How does Tickle define or, if you like, describe religion?
–From that perspective, religion is most accurately seen as a rope or cable of meaning that stretches through human history and has anchored, in one
form or another, every culture or subculture of human society from its beginning
3. The metaphor Tickle uses to describe religion invokes the notion of strands, as in strings or threads. How many strands does she cite in her
description of religion? the strands are three in number: spirituality, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Of all the vices, there is none more frightening than greed," writes Prudentius. Where does he depict greed prowling with her "rake–like fingers,"
accompanied by "the brood of their mother Greed's black milk:" murder, pillage, scavenging of the dead, civil war, etc? decimated field
25. In Prudentius' allegory of sin, greed is temporarily defeated by reason when she tries to seduce a group of priests. She then changes her
appearance, taking on a more benign form. What form does greed take when she assumes "the delicate veil of maternal concern?" mother 26. Two
painters, according to Phyllis Tickle, "caught greed's progress across" the century that produced both the Renaissance and Reformation better than any
verbal commentary ever could have. The first of the two pictured the Seven Deadly Sins in a circle, with a human enactment of each sin portrayed in
one of seven pie–shaped wedges. Whose painting of greed shows a corrupt judge receiving a bribe? bosch 27. A second painting by this artist is a
triptych or three–paneled work. In the first panel, Adam and Eve are being expelled from Eden. In the third panel, there are the tortures of Hell. In the
middle panel, a wagon passes through a landscape with all manner of people riding, trying to catch a ride, or being run over, with others walking,
standing, or resting along the way. What is this second painting called?
The haywain
28. The second painter depicted greed in an engraving, entitled Big Fish Eat

Essay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs
Chapter 1: The Invention of Writing
– From the early Paleolithic to the Neolithic period (35,000 BC to 4,000 BC), early Africans and Europeans left paintings in caves, including the
Lascaux caves in Southern France.
– Early pictures were made for survival and for utilitarian and ritualistic purposes. – Petroglyphs are carved or scratched signs on rock.
– These images became symbols for what would be the first spokenlanguage.
– Cuneiform – Wedged shaped writing, created in 3000BC. Started as pictographs. – With the discovery of cuneiform, there was a knowledge
explosion, where libraries were organized filling with tablets about religion, mathematics, and history. Writing enabled society to stabilize itself, and
laws were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Chinese is thought to have been invented by Tsang Chieh, who was inspired to invent writing after studying the claw marks of birds.
– Chinese characters are logograms meaning that each character represents an entire word (like $ = dollar).
– Paper, a Chinese invention, is attributed with the high government official
Ts'ai Lun.
– Ts'ai Lun's method of making paper was unchanged until nineteenth century England.
– After the invention of paper, the Chinese also began to use it for wrapping presents, wallpaper, napkins and toilet paper.
– Printing was invented by the Chinese.
– The first method of printing was block printing, using stamps.
– Rubbings were also made by carving words into stone, then inking the stone and making a print on a piece of paper. This is also known as relief
printing. – The oldest surviving printed manuscript is the Diamond Sutra.
– Around 1000AD, paper money was printed.
– An early form of Chinese graphic design was playing cards.
– In 1045 AD, Chinese alchemist Pi Sheng developed movable type, using clay and glue.
– Because types are not moveable, characters were organized by rhyme.
– Moveable type never replaced the handcut woodblock of the orient.
– The invention of paper and printing arrived in Europe just as the
Renaissance began.
Chapter 4: Illuminated Manuscripts
– Hand–written books are referred to as Illuminated Manuscripts.

– Two notable traditions of illuminated

Rastafari and Vodou Essay
The first attempt by Christopher Columbus to chart a direct trading route from Spain to India was blocked by land previously unknown to Western
Society. Assuming the possibility of sailing due east, rather than around the horn of Africa to reach India, Columbus ran into the West Indies of the
Caribbean "discovering" the New World. This accidental initial contact in 1492 would set into motion monumental events in world history. For the next
three centuries conquest, slavery, and colonization would create a blending and clashing of Native, European, and African cultures in this area of many
islands and coastlines of South America, Central America, and North America. New cultures were created through the mingling of separate cultures due
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rastafarians split from organized religion, but hold onto their Christian faith by interpreting the Bible for themselves in new unique ways. "This is
what Rastafarian "theology" is about: taking the discourse into intellectual landscapes beyond narrow theological hermeneutics and exegesis, whose
methods of argumentation are considered Christian–specific and predetermination in that tradition." (Nettleford 313)
Haiti and Jamaica were both colonized for economic purposes. Like the other Caribbean islands that were initially inhabited by native peoples such
as the Taino, they traded hands as one European power after another fought each other claiming territory for their selves. Haiti eventually fell to the
French and England took Jamaica. Both islands were used for sugar production and both France and England relied on slave labor for success. The
native populations were not a part of the European slave system because they were either wiped out during the initial conquests or were able to
emigrate to familiar lands in the Caribbean. France and England capitalized on the existing slave market of western Africa to supply the demand for
labor. European exploitation of slaves from Africa increased the slave trade so that, until the trade was abolished in the late nineteenth century, millions
of humans were stolen from their homeland and transported across the Atlantic not.
The African

Case Study On Skoda Cars
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SKODA is automotive manufacturing company started 1895 in Czech klement. It was acquired by Skoda work
in1925 and become a wholly owned subsidiary of the Volkswagen group in 2000, positioned as the entry brand to the group. Skoda have
worldwide area of operation. The reason to choose Skoda was to know the market share of Skoda with Its competitors in the local market & as it
has taken an upward direction to reach higher sales in last several years as compared to other private car providers. The project title a study on
consumer behaviour towards Skoda cars in Mysore city has basically prepared to know the customer behaviour towards Skoda cars. The Primary
objective of this research was to know the market share of Skoda cars... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These articles can be found from various business magazines, trade journals, academic publications, and the Internet and they offer a great number
of insights about product placement, interviews and comments from various product placement professionals and some research results on the
feasibility and effectiveness of product placement along with audience attitudes (Nebenzahl&Secunda 1993; d'Astous&SГ©guin 1999;
d'Astous&Chartier 2000; Gould et al. 2000; Gupta et al. 2000; Law & Braun 2000). Other research papers are also available ranging from brand
recognition and recall studies to media effect factors and further to e.g. image management studies (Babin& Carder 1996; Brennan et al. 1999;
Sandler &Secunda 1993; Bennett 1999; Meenaghan& Shipley 1999; Ferrand& Pages 1999). The majority of magazine articles handle the issues
about the alliances in the product placement business as well as the individual companies' experiences as in a form of case studies illustrating both
the success stories as well as the failures in product placement. The practical elements of product placement gained from the variety of articles and
publications will be complemented with primary research data received from some of the companies used as case examples at the end of the paper
(Grollman 2001; Wallace

Essay on Mateship in Australian Films
Mateship in Australian Films
Mateship has long been a major aspect of the national image as projected by Australian films, yet the moralities of mateship and the image of men as
mates did not go unchallenged. Australian cinema as a significant part of the whole industry of image–makers in the country, the way it portrays
mateship, the single most important mythic element in the cultural identity of Australia, is worth analysing.
This paper first reviews the historical background of mateship in Australia and its contemporary development. The review here serves as a general
discussion of mateship that provides the potential readers with some basic understandings of the idea, and as background ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
used to a casual acquaintance and esp. in recent useГўв‚¬В¦ironic.'
Other dictionaries also have their definitions of the two terms.
Mate is 'Companion, fellow worker, form of address among equals, especially sailors and labourers. 2. One of a pair, especially of birds; fitting partner
in marriage etc' (Concise Oxford Dictionary).
Mateship is 'The quality or state of being a mate. 2. A code of conduct among men stressing equality and friendship' (The Macquarie Dictionary).
In his sociology paper, Professor Robert Bell (1973, p1) defines mateship as 'the sex segregated involvement of men and it implies both physical and
intellectual exclusion of women.' Miriam Dixson (1976, cited by Ken Inglis, 1998, p417), from another point of view, defines mateship as including
sublimation of homosexuality.
The definitions of mateship and mate cited here are by no means comprehensive and exhaustive. Nevertheless, from the variety of them, it is evident
that mateship in Australia is conceived

Swot Analysis
End of Book Case Studies
16/7/03
3:16 PM
Page 642
end–of–book
End–of–book: Case studies Q 643
case studies 19
Think design and performance– think Sunbeam CafГ© Series
Nicole Stegemann, School of Management and International Business, University of Western Sydney
Limited, a manufacturer of pumps, filters and security products. GUD's acquired Sunbeam in 1996. After catering for predominately female needs, it
was the male population's turn to benefit from Sunbeam's innovations. The electric shaver–Shavemaster–was introduced to the market. Despite heavy
international competition, Shavemaster became a market leader shortly after its launch. The appliance revolution continued to penetrate the Australian
market. Consumers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The evolution of cafГ© groupies Dick Smith–the great adventurer Apple's renaissance– the agreement that works
End of Book Case Studies
16/7/03
3:16 PM

rewarding themselves by giving themselves a rest from their growing workloads. An increased interest among consumers with respect to alternative
health practices was another growing trend. Sunbeam's response came in the form of Sunbeam's therapeutics product line, and its massage and
aromatherapy offerings. Sunbeam continues to lead the market in electrical appliances, offering more than 250 products to the market. To date,
Sunbeam's sales exceed A$100 million from its numerous product categories. Sunbeam is currently experiencing overall growth in all its product
categories and is gaining solid market share from its competitors. The market is oligopolistic. Competitors such as Kenwood, Remington, Ronson,
Krups, and Mistral & Breville are all competing in the small appliance market. As of January 2002 Sunbeam held a 20.1 per cent share of the small
appliance market. Its competitor,
A change in lifestyles towards cafГ© lifestyles, and a renaissance in the demand for high–quality products prompted Sunbeam to adapt heavy–duty
appliances, that were traditionally found in restaurants and cafГ©s, for the consumer market. Sunbeam introduced a range of commercial–style
appliances called

Religion, Politics And Society : Israel
Social Justice 12
Religion, Politics and Society: Israel
Milad Zamany
April, 12th, 2016
To begin, the country we chose to do our research one was Israel, because of it vast religious affiliation amidst the religious groups within its borders.
Israel is comprised of a major part of the Holy Land, a region of significant importance to all Jews, Christians, Muslims, Druze and Baha'is within Israel
. Firstly, the Israeli system of government is based on a parliamentary democracy. The prime minister is the head of the government as well as the
leader of a multi–party system. The government is comprised of 3 branches; the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch and the Judicial Branch.
Executive power is exercised by the government; legislative power is vested in the Knesset and the judiciary is independent of the Executive and
Legislative Branch. The word 'Knesset' originates from the Hebrew word, meaning 'assembly'. The Knesset acts as the parliament and the legislate
branch of Israeli government. The Knesset passes all laws; elects the President and Prime Minister; approves the cabinet and supervises the work of
the government (Knesset, LookLex). In addition, "the political system of Israel and its principles are set out in 11 Basic Laws" (The Political System
of Israel, Wikipedia), because Israel doesn't have a constitution. Furthermore, the predominant religious groups within Israel are Jews, Muslims,
Christians and Druze. A recent census from 2015 showed that the

Essay on Fundamentalism and Inerrancy of Scripture
Inerrancy as an Issue in the Fundamentalist Movement: 1900 to the Present." A Paper Submitted to Dr. Homer Massey In Partial Fulfillment Of the
Requirements for the Course History of Christianity II CHHI 525 By, Johnny walker INERRANCY OF THE SCRIPTURES Outline Fundamentalism
is a type of religious reaction to all forms of modernity. Within Christianity this phenomenon is mostly characteristic of Protestantism but is also found
in Catholicism. In fact, the term fundamentalism was coined in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, but it was only toward the end
of that century that the term began to be applied to some... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Opposing their extremist positions, in 1942 the moderates created a World Evangelical Association that the fundamentalists attacked. The
fundamentalists became visible again in the last third of the 20th century, reacting against the liberal trends in major Protestant churches. Catholicism
The fundamentalist movement in the Catholic Church has not been significant. The infallibility of the Bible is not a dogma for Catholics, thus offering
little ground for fundamentalism. Catholicism allows some leeway for developing dogma (John Henry Newman ) as well as for the importance of
tradition and, in contrast to the fundamentalists, it does not consider the Bible to be the only authority. Catholic movements today emphasize the
conservative pontifical documents from the last few centuries and are wary of the more moderate decrees of Vatican II (Monsignor LefГЁbvre's
anti–Vatican II movement in France is a vivid example). These movements did not draw undue attention from the hierarchy , but they did influence
certain informal developers of fundamentalism among some Catholics. Some such influences came from relations with Protestants–such as through
charismatic movements that crossed denominational borders. Main Characteristics of Fundamentalism The array of conservative, orthodox , and other
traditional movements are not

The Formation of Black English and Its Influences on...
1.Introduction African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is one special dialect of American English, and it is different from Standard American
English. African American Vernacular English can also be called as Black English, Black Vernacular English or African American Language
(AAL).Black English had been discriminated for a long time in history. There was a saying that "Black English is not a language". The saying is not
correct. According to Montgomery, culture should not be biased, but should be including all that are produced and shared by the society( Montgomery
7). Even though Black English is different from Standard English, Black English has its unique linguistic system. It has its own system in phonetics,
lexicology and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well–known linguist William Labov is the first one to system study Black English. On June of 1979, Detroit court judged that Black English is a
language. That means Black English finally earned its status. 3. Characteristics of Black English In his book Information to Those Who Would
Remove to America, Benjamin Franklin recorded a short paragraph as follows: Boccarorra [a form of buckra 'white man']make de Black Man
workee, make de Horse workee, make de Ox workee, made ebery thing workee; only de Hog. He, de Hog, no workee; he eat, he drink, he walk
about, he go to sleep when he please, he libb like a gentleman. (Franklin 606) This short paragraph is a clear evident that the Black English has its
own characteristics in some aspects. Its phonetics, grammar and lexicology are different The Black English has its own characteristics in some
aspects. Its phonetics, grammar and lexicology are different from Standard English. Even though there are some differences in certain aspects of
language between Black English and American English, after all, Black English is a variant of English. So the differences are only in some degree
rather than fundamental. 3.1 Phonetics The first generation of black American was all African slaves, so their African tone was inevitable when they
spoke English. The African tone mixing with Standard English tone makes the special Black English tone.

Difference Between Modernism And Postmodernism
Modernism and postmodernism: the two periods in the history which had a big meaning for humanity. Times of changes and cultural development
around the world. This paper will explore both terms along with a number of movements that occurred at that times. During the course of this essay
themes such as modernism, postmodernism, feminism, colonialism and subculture will be explained using theories of writers such as Charles Harrison,
Michael Whitworth, Shane Weller and Peter Childs. Modernism
The term modernism was first invented on the beginning of the 20th century, and it had some important artistic and philosophical movements,
including symbolism, futurism, surrealism, expressionism or dada, which were fundamental in art, architecture, photography, music and literature.
During the time of modernism people accepted new ways and new points of view, what often lead to attempts of cutting off the traditional ways.
According to Charles Harrison, the idea of modernism "Refers to a range of technological, economic and political processes associated with the
industrial revolution and its aftermath". (Harrison, 1997, p.6).
Another point of view on modernism was presented by Shane Weller... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These cultures are defined in terms of western nations view about issues, and these only assist in killing their sub–cultures. Based on this fact, the most
effective and influential exports by the Western countries is their cultures, and they are packaged in the form of pop culture (Castle, 33). This culture is
normally propagated by influential people, such as sportsmen, musicians, actors, etc. From, dressing code to ways of eating to language, these tenets
have all been exported both willingly and unwillingly through commercial, economic or political

Influence Of International Culture On The Fashion Industry
Influence of International Culture on the Fashion Industry The author's curiosity towards the Fashion industry, and all the different sub sectors in and
amongst it, was ignited at an adolescent age through the phenomenal approbation they felt for the Walt Disney motion pictures and viewing for the first
time all the heroes, protagonists and villains that were featured on the animated screens wearing fabulous, flamboyant costumes and garments, that
projected high fashion, couture in the most over embellished manner. Introduction The fashion industry is a multibillion global initiative, circulating
around the design, manufacture, supply, marketing and retail of clothing, it is one of the most lucrative industries throughout the biosphere. It
exemplifies an imperative fragment towards individuals expressing their identity. (Vidyadharghate 2015) Fashion is a replication of societal, monetary,
dogmatic and cultural vicissitudes. It articulates avant–gardism, signifying the essence of the eras. (Zegheau, L 2014) Fashion, accommodates to
everyone, men, women, children and infants. It can be differentiated into subdivisions; high fashion, couture, haute, mass apparel, fast fashion and
ready to wear. (Steele, V 2015) Clothing allows individuals the opportunity to differentiate themselves, whilst fulfilling a chief part in the societal
edifice of distinctiveness. Apparel adoptions allow people the opportunity to construe culture in their own way. Over the generations clothing has

The Problem Of A Dichotomy Of Civil And Ethnic Nationalism
conceptualization
Not only economic, but also political realities of global process of democratization of the 1990s of the 20th century had impact on development of the
political analysis of nationalism, having stabilized a problem of the analysis of a ratio of civil and ethnic nationalism not so much in
general–theoretical, but in a regional direction.
The problem of a dichotomy of civil nationalism (as inherent mainly in countries of Western Europe and North America) and ethnic nationalism
(widespread, according to the standard version, in the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe) became a subject of scientific discussion.
Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the USA were distinguished as a political type. Ideas of nation and the corresponding type of
nationalism, according to Kohn (1961), arose and were created within earlier existing government institutions promoting distribution of the process of
cultural homogenization (that is relative uniformity of society). The Western model of nationalism borrowed ideas of freedom and equality, fight
against dynastic board, equating of nationality with nation accessory when all nations, which are a part, are united by the equal political status and
desire (will) of the individual to be part of the nation. Within the Western model, the state preceded (or process of its formation coincided) to
development of the nation. Kohn (1961) wrote that "nationalism transcends localism and kinship; cosmopolitanism

ANIME ADDICTION
ANIME ADDICTION
A Term Paper
Presented to
Instructor. MANGORSI, FARHANNA
Department of English
Philippine Muslim Teacher,s College
Marawi City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course
General–Education ( English II)
2014–2015
By
KHALID, AMNAH L.
January, 2014
Anime Addiction
Anime had widely spread in the whole world, its positive and negative effects are continuously being debated.
1.What is the history of Anime?
2.What are the reasons Anime Addiction?
3.What are the common positive effects of anime Addiction?
4.What are the common negative effects of anime Addiction?
Intoduction
A.Background information
B.Importance of the paper
C.Statement of the problem

D.Definition of terms Anime addicton
A.Reason ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His works include around 15 movies.
Seitaro Kitayama was an early animator who made animations on his own, not hired by larger corporations. He even founded his own animation
studio, the Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo, which was later closed due to lack of commercial success. He utilized the chalkboard technique, and later paper
animation, with and without pre–printed backgrounds.
The works of these two pioneers include Namakura Gatana (An Obtuse Sword, 1917) and a 1918 film Urashima TarЕЌ which were discovered
together at an antique market in 2007.[3]
Anime and manga is not 'kid stuff,' and it's nothing like American cartoons. Most of it is produced for a teenage or adult audience. Anime series
change over time; the plot is often intricate, and characters change, grow, and often die. The unpredictibility and emotional depth of anime as opposed
to American cartoons is part of the appeal. Many anime series such as 'Evangelion' or 'Battle Angel Alita' are quite introspective as well as
action–packed, and study questions of love, trust, and other deep feelings.
To understand anime, it is fairly important to have at least a little understanding of Japanese culture itself. Anime and manga are currently produced for
an exclusively Japanese audience––authors are often shocked to hear that they have American or European fans––and are thus based on cultural
assumptions and references that Americans find puzzling at best. Some

The Role Of Gangs On The Criminal Justice System
Brendan O'Callaghan
2/24/16
Juvenile Justice
Gangs Assessed Juveniles' participation in gangs is an ongoing issue continuing to face the Unites States of America's criminal justice system in
modern society. The first active gangs to appear within Western society were inscribed by a respected chronicler ofcrime in Britain 1873. Gangs first
emerged into American society around 1783 as the American Revolution drew to a close. More serious street gangs, however, did not surface until the
early part of the nineteenth century. Although gangs appear to specialize recruits at the ages of seventeen and eighteen years old, in some instances,
gangs begin to mold future recruits at a younger age. The problem facilitate a rippling effect that can be felt throughout local communities, cities, and
American society as a whole, affecting parts of society such as juvenile detention and correctional facilities (breeding grounds for recruitment), the
economy, and parts of the local community. Activities perpetrated by juveniles in gangs stretches from drug trafficking and gun trafficking, which
often results in physical violence (including murder, homicide, and drive by shootings), to less serious, more deviant offenses that are nonetheless
viewed as problematic for the community. With the drastic influence and effect that gangs are having on juveniles, one may scrounge into
hopelessness, fearful that there is no solution, when in fact the answer lies within all citizens throughout society

Jazz And The Past, Present, And Future
Jazz and the Past, Present, and Future
One of the most profound paradoxes that Jazz as a musical genre has spurred by way of its mere existence is contained within the connotation of the
word "Jazz" itself. Attempting to unravel the mysterious history of this familiar word is a sisyphusian task due in part to the contested nature of the
word, yet as Alan P. Merriam and Fradley H. Garner postulate in their articleJazz – The Word from the journal Ethnomusicology: studying the
problems associated with the contested nature of the term reveal critical information on the history of Jazz, the music and the stories of the
disenfranchised people who forged Jazz (Merriam, 373). Merriam and Garner establish in Jazz – The Word that Jazz has a foot firmly rooted in the past
and owes itself considerably to the experiences of Africans brought to the New World by Europeans under the brutal imposition of slavery, among many
other injustices in the annals of history; However, the volatility of Jazz means that the contributions of the past are tightly intertwined with the events
of the present, and predictions in the future. In this paper I will be using the model of "past, present, and future" to compare and contrast what Jazz
means to different people at different times, and argue that the past, present, and future are tightly intertwined and the relationships between these
events make up what Jazz is. In order to make this comparison, I will use several interviews with musicians and

Social Norms In Latin American Culture
Are our cultural and societal norms a result of our evolution or interaction between other cultures?
Abstract:
Word Count:248
The objectification and sexualization of female breasts is implemented in many cultures, including in the American culture. It has been a common
occurrence to see women cover their breasts in public as a social norm, unless they engaged in a sexual behavior they should not be seen. Even
something as natural as breastfeeding is seen as an act of public indecency. However, this is not the case for other cultures around the world. Some of
the most modest dressing cultures see breastfeeding as completely natural, while still seeing other parts of the female body as sexual. In this case, why
do some cultures sexualize female breasts and breastfeeding, and others do not? The purpose of this investigation is to find if human cultural and
societal norms are affected by our evolution, or if they are influenced by our interactions with other cultures around us. For the purpose of this
investigation, a chosen culture from varying continents will be explored on their perspective of the female breast and how each came to their current
perspective. The national bubbles will be the bases for the investigation, as exploring each individual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a common sight to see mothers feed their children in public, often without coverings of any type. Brazil is the least conservative on the
conversation of breastfeeding than most other Latin countries as well, as it actively promotes breastfeeding (Khazan). It is one of the few countries to
ban promoting or advertising baby milk formula as healthier than breast milk, and fine businesses if that try to prevent mothers from breastfeeding
(Khazan). The Brazilian government is supportive of breastfeeding culture as a way to combat their incredibly high infant mortality, which lead to the
creation of these

United Arab of Emirates Country Notebook
United Arab of Emirates Country Notebook Presented to Dr. Shahira El Alfy Prepared by: Mohamed Ibrahim Osama Mosher Ismail Ahmed
El–Mohamady Hesham Mostafa Eslsca 36 – Global Management I. Cultural Analysis: Identification of the Emirates History: The United Arab Emirates
(UAE) consists of the seven emirates, which are: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al–Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al–Qaiwain, and Fujairah. They were
united as a federal state on 2 December 1971 and formed the so called "United Arab Emirates". Before the discovery of oil and establishment of the oil
economy in the early 1960s, two main orientations shaped traditional local culture: the nomadic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since then, the country has progressed with efforts of ensuring high literacy rates, modern programs and women's share in education. The UAE
currently devotes approximately 25 percent of total federal government spending to education. Public education is free for male and female citizen
children through the university level. Beginning in the academic year 2006–7, expatriate students may, for a fee, attend government schools. The UAE
has one of the lowest student–to–teacher ratios (15:1) in the world. A–Primary Education Education is compulsory through the ninth grade, Citizen
Children are required to attend gender–segregated schools through the sixth grade, the last grade of primary education. Primary school enrollment for
males in 2006 stood at 85% and 82% of females. 97% of entrants reached the 5th grade. The Ministry of Education has adopted "Education 2020," a
series of five–year plans designed to introduce advanced education techniques, improve innovative skills, and focus more on the self–learning abilities
of students. As part of this program, an enhanced curriculum for mathematics and integrated science was introduced at first–grade level for the 2003–4
academic year in all government schools. The UAE has sought to implement and monitor high quality education standards by undertaking new policies,
programs and initiatives. Stressing the importance of "modern curricula with assorted and

The Problem Of A Dichotomy Of Civil And Ethnic Nationalism
Not only economic, but also political realities of global process of democratization of the 1990s of the 20th century had impact on development of the
political analysis of nationalism, having stabilized a problem of the analysis of a ratio of civil and ethnic nationalism not so much in
general–theoretical, but in a regional direction.
The problem of a dichotomy of civil nationalism (as inherent mainly in countries of Western Europe and North America) and ethnic nationalism
(widespread, according to the standard version, in the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe) became a subject of scientific discussion.
Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the USA were distinguished as a political type. Ideas of nation and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the second half of the 1990s, the problem of conceptualization of national identity is characterized by the shift of emphasis on definition like national
identification in the countries of democratic post–socialist transit. The considerable group of the researchers specializing in the field of the political
analysis of nationalism in post–socialist "New Europe" remained on former positions and referred to the features of national identity of the countries of
this region to ethnic type. It is possible to determine such prominent experts in nationalism problems in countries of Eastern Europe as Rogers Brubaker
and George Schopflin.
Brubaker puts forward the provision on prevalence in type of national identity of transit democracies of Eastern Europe and Eurasia of ethno–cultural
aspect and lack of necessary conditions for an interiorization of patterns of civil national identity. R. Brubaker comes to a conclusion that in these
countries, the creation of statehood was preceded by the nationalist movements, and the state was created in interests of concrete ethno–political group.
In this regard, the researcher believes, in the new democratic countries of Eurasia chances of distribution of patterns of civil identity are very small. In
new democracies, there was an institutionalization of the ethno–cultural concept of national identity which is distanced from the idea of civic
consciousness and is focused on transfer of social responsibility to structures of the power.
D.

The Role Of Media And Communications Developed Over The...
How has the study of media and communications developed over the last century?
Media and communications are powerful tools in the world that has had major input in the development of technology and knowledge. However, there
are theoretical aspects that have gone into the development of media and communications such Marxism, structuralism, cultural studies, subcultural
theory, feminism and postmodernism. Louis Althusser (1970) wrote an essay called 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses', in which he explains
how the various parts of social formation– "the family, education, the mass media, cultural and political institutions" all serve to preserve the sense of
the ruling ideology (Hebdige, 2012). This connotes that there are many things that have influenced the development of mass media.
MARXISM
The theory came from Karl Marx (1848) who anticipated the different classes are used as a way of maintaining social order. The theory focuses on the
social standing of different classes and their relation to each other in an oppressed society. Marx co–wrote a book called 'The German Ideology', with
Frederick Engels, which they stated, "the one goal of ideology is to legitimize those forces in a position of hegemony" (Modules on Marx: Ideology,
2011). He believed the manner that people thought was based on the economic status of the country they were based in. Furthermore, he thought
people were affected by false consciousness, which is when people's beliefs have been

Japanese Animation: A Global Cultural Phenomenon Essay
Astro Boy, Doraemon, PokГ©mon, Slam Dunk, Dragon Ball, Shinchan, many of us may heard about one or few of these names despite where we
come from, they are some of the famous Japanese animations, which have worldwide influences and have become more than a regional pop culture,
but a transnational culture phenomenon. Like many transnational pop cultures, the reasons of why they can be popular in other countries while others
cannot are complicated, it may relate with the social environment, cultural background, and many other factors. This article will briefly introduce the
history and development o Japanese animations, and analyze their influences and reasons of why they become a worldwide cultural phenomenon.
Today Japan has become the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Japanese animation firstly became popular in Japan, but because of the common cultural background shared by Japan and most countries in Asia,
Japanese animations soon gained popularity in other Asian countries as well. China began to import Japanese animation in 1980s, the first Japanese
animation played in Chinese television is Astro Boy, imported by CCTV (China Central Television). This animation was given for free to CCTV as a
gift by Casio, a Japanese electronics manufacturing company, in exchange, Casio required that its advertisements must be played along with the
animation. Astro boy caused significant influence in China, until today, most Chinese with ages over 25 can still remember the name and the story of
this animation. After Astro Boy was played in Chinese television, many other Japanese animations were imported by other television stations in China.
For example, Doraemon, which tells a story of a robotic cat called Doraemon who travels back through time from 22nd century, it is not a science
fiction animation based on rigorous scientific theory, but the imaginative story and creative technology it contains did influence many people, and is
considered to be the first teacher in science for many children. Other animations including Slam Dunk and Captain Tsubasa are also considered to be
responsible for

Exploring Corporate Strategy
ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page
599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge
speciп¬Ѓc issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case
studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciп¬Ѓc organisations
in much greater depth – and often providing 'solutions' to some of the problems or difп¬Ѓculties identiп¬Ѓed in the case. There... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Pharmaceutical Industry – global forces at work in the ethical pharmaceutical industry. TUI– competitive forces in the travel industry. HiFi – how can
small players survive changing markets? Amazon (B) – latest developments in a successful dot.com. Formula One – developing the capabilities for
competitive success in a hi–tech industry. Manchester United – clash of expectations in the football world. Salvation Army – strategic challenges for a
global not–for–profit organisation with a mission. Bayer MS –

Impact of Consumer Protection Agencie in Nigeria
IMPACT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION AGENCIES IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF CPC, CAFON AND CEON
BY
AMZAT SHERIFFDEEN ADEWALE
MATRIC NO: 06076963
A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, OLABISI ONABANJO
UNIVERSITY, AGO–IWOYE, OGUN STATE.
MARCH, 2012
CHAPTER ONE
1.0BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Consumer protection is defined as the efforts of the government and private organizations to ensure that the consumers are not exploited by the
producers. Through consumer protection, the government ensures that the consumers derive maximum satisfaction from the goods and services
available in the market.
All of us are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.1DEFINITION OF PROBLEMS
As a result of heavy profiteering by commercial organizations at the expense of the uninformed consuming public, governmental and independent
consumer protection agencies, organizations and forums are being formed to address the apparent negligence of consumer rights, protection and
customer care in service delivery.
The enforcement of consumer rights is a serious problem in Nigeria. Consumers are often reluctant to enforce their rights for a variety of reasons:
ignorance of their rights, poverty, and the judiciary's rigid adherence to strict legal rules that make it very difficult for consumers to prevail.
When a consumer alleges that the defects in a particular product are the result of negligence, for example, the consumer must prove the acts or
omissions in the production process that constitute negligence. The issue is complicated by the defense of "foolproof system of production," which

has become rather popular with manufacturers. The practice adopted by manufacturers is to demonstrate an impeccable system of production with a
view to convincing the court that such a system is incapable of admitting any defect as alleged by the consumer. Decided cases show judicial
inclination to accept such "foolproof system" as a defense. (See, e.g. Boardman v Guinness (Nig.) Ltd. (1980)

Essay on Microcultures in Canada
Microcultures in Canada A Comparative Approach Introduction Every society contains both a mainstream culture and many different subcultures. The
mainstream culture is how one is identified as. However, microcultures consist of how we identify ourselves within the global mainstream culture.
There are multitudes of ways to participate in a microculture. It could be along ethnic, religious lines, or even lifestyle. All these factors come into play
with regards to the different aspects of microcultures. This paper will delve into all three types of microcultures; it will look at Vietnamese, Jewish, and
Vegan cultures and compare them to mainstream Canadian culture. The subsequent comparative analysis aims at finding differences in an... Show more
Vietnam's colourful history dates back thousands of years to when settlers began harvesting rice in the fertile ground of the red river valley. However,
despite its peaceful beginnings, the subsequent years brought significant turmoil as the nation fell victim to several takeovers from China and
Mongolia. Over the course of centuries, the land was a hotly contest by east–Asian leaders until Emperor Gia Long raised an army to expel foreign
domination in 1802. Under his guidance, Vietnam became a united the nation for the first time (localhistories.org). In spite of this, independence was
short lived as colonisation became prominent in the Western world. In the late 19th century France invaded the country, making Vietnam a French
colony. The change of power caused some tensions to the region as internal and external forces pressured the French rule. In the mid 20th century,
warfare once again engulfed the nation as Ho Chi Minh and his communist party sought to regain Vietnam's independence. With the intention of uniting
the north and south, he undertook a guerilla style war against the south who was backed by the United states. The conflict continued until 1975 when
the Communist regime united the country at last (local histories). In the years that followed, the nation has emerged

History of Transgender
A time–line of transgender identities.
© 1999 Drs. Arianne van der Ven
Contents
Summery2
Introduction: The development of gender as we know it
How does history relate to us? 3
From a one–gender system to a two–gender system, and on to 'third sex' categories.3
Some specifics of gender transitions.5
Part I: Sexology begins.
Transgender Identities before the 19th century7
The early 19th century: Enters forensic psychiatry7
The late nineteenth century: Inverts turn to Experts.
Enters sexology and the empirical case history.8
Part II: Early 20th century The rise of Psychoanalysis and it's denial of transgender identities
Developments in Medical technology. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction: The development of gender as we know it.
How does history relate to our genders?
Most introductions to gender–studies start telling us how basic one's gender is. "The first thing they said when you were born was: "it's a girl!" or
"it's a boy!" and "the first thing people notice about you is your gender" (quotations from a gender course). The two–gender order is pervasive indeed.

This paper tries to give an insight into the historical development of the two–gender order and more specifically transgender–identity. Some people who
read this paper may be questioning their gender.
Once, after a lecture I did on the topic of this paper at the University of Amsterdam, a TG member of the audience got up and said the material from
this paper clearly showed the two–gender system to be a shared psychosis. She had 'stepped outside' this psychosis and had decided against medical
treatment. I felt s/he misunderstood what the lecture was about. No one should allow him– or herself to be critically influenced by a description of
large societal developments through time, which have set the stage for today's life. The depth of our own sense of gender is rooted in our personal
histories. Most children grow up trying to be a good son or a good daughter, to a father who wants to be a good

Tattoos And Consumer Culture
In recent days, the consumption of tattoos may be considered contradictory in its ability to make someone be different and its potential symbolism of
various subcultures allowing the consumer to fit in. While many cultures around the world started using tattoos as a way to mark status, spiritual
devotion, bravery and protection, Western society began using tattoos as a symbol of criminality and deviance. This perception of degeneracy has been
argued to derive from European middle–class ideas of evolutionary superiority of their "civilised" society versus other "savage" ones (1993, p. 10).
With the rise of the "rock star" in the seventies, many subcultures began to use tattooing to defy the dominant ideology of an ink–free body being
society's attractive norm (Kosut 2013, p. 143; Sternberg, 2017 a). In recent years, popular culture and incorporation altered mainstream perceptions of
tattoos and challenged the traditional ideologies connecting tattoos and deviance (Kjeldgaard & Bengtsson 2005, p. 172). By exploring the
development of tattoos in consumer culture, this essay examines the contrasting beliefs regarding whether consumption practices are sites of resistance
to the dominant order or sites of conformity.
The history and social significance of tattoos is very complex, as stated by Karacaoglan (2012):
"Although the practice of tattooing has been in existence for millennia, tattoos have acquired renewed and widespread currency in contemporary
Western culture. Tattooing

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