stone

1. NUR FARRA NAJWA BINTI ABDUL AZIM
082015100035
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CALCULI

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the seminar, students should be able
to
 List various type renal calculi
 List the frequency of each renal calculi
 Explain the etiology of calcium phosphate stone
 Describe the shape and colour of calcium
phosphate stone

3. INTRODUCTION
 Calcium phosphate calculi is kidney stone
 Hardened minerals deposited in kidney
 Nephrolithiasis , renal stone diseases
 The kidneys filter waste products and add them to
the urine.
 When waste materials in the urine do not dissolve
completely, crystals and kidney stones may form.
 Stones may pass out of the kidney, lodged in the
tube that carries urine from the kidney to the
bladder (ureter).
 A lodged stone can block the flow of urine,
causing pressure to build in the affected ureter

4. CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
CALCULI

5. VARIOUS RENAL STONE
 Kidney stone form when urine contains more crystal froming
substances
 Calcium
 Oxalates
 Uric acid
 Or due to lack of substances that prevent crystal fom sticking
together
 Chemical composition of stone depends on chemical
imbalance in urine
 Most common
 Calcium oxalates
 Calcium phosphate
 Uric acid
 Struvite

7. CALCULI FREQUENCY

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Approximately 85 percent of stones are composed
predominantly of calcium compounds.
 The most common cause of calcium stone production
is excess calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria) and
normocalciuria
 Extra calcium is normally removed from the blood by
the kidneys and excreted in the urine.
 In hypercalciuria, excess calcium builds up in the
kidneys and urine, where it combines with other
waste products to form kidney stones.
Exces
s
calciu
m
Phosph
ate
Calcium
phosphat
e stone

9.  Low levels of urinary citrate and magnesium, high
levels of oxalate, sodium and uric acid, and
inadequate urinary volume may also cause calcium
stone formation.
 Calcium stones are composed of calcium that is
chemically bound phosphate (calcium phosphate).
 Calcium phosphate stones typically occur in patients
with metabolic or hormonal disorders such as
 Hyperparathyroidism and
 Renal tubular acidosis.

10. CAUSES
 Hypercalciuria
 Increased intestinal absorption of calcium (absorptive
hypercalciuria)
 excessive hormone levels (hyperparathyroidism,
hypervitaminosis D)
 renal calcium leak (kidney defect that causes excessive
calcium to enter the urine)
 Prolonged inactivity also increases urinary calcium and
may cause stones. (This is why astronauts in space tend
to lose bone mass and form kidney stones.)
 Renal tubular acidosis (inherited condition in which
the kidneys are unable to excrete acid) significantly
reduces urinary citrate (a natural urinary antacid) as
well as total urinary acid levels and can lead to stone

11.  Animal protein may also raise the risk of calcium
stone by increasing the excretion of calcium and
reducing excretion of citrate into urine.
 Citrate prevent kidney stone but acid in animal
protein reduces citrate in urine
 In prolonged immobilization the bone will turn
over creates hypercalciuria (bone will
demineralized)
 Sodium often from salt, causes kidney to excrete
more calcium into urine, hence it will combine
with oxalates and phosphorus to form stone.
CONT.

12. STONE SHAPE AND COLOUR
• Smooth , round , yellow orange in
colour appearance
• Dirty white
• Radio-opaque in radiograph
• Calcium phosphate stone
greatest density

13.  Calcium supplements are also associated
with a slight risk of kidney stones. However,
consuming too little calcium from food can
promote kidney stone development. Since the
most common type of kidney stone is formed
from calcium combined with oxalate or
phosphate, it may seem counter-intuitive to
eat calcium-rich foods. However, when
consumed, calcium binds with oxalate and
leaves the body through the stool. When
oxalate doesn't have enough calcium to bind
with, it builds up in the bloodstream and
enters the urine, where it can cause stones.

14. SUMMARY
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
CALCULI
Etiology
Hypercalciu
ria
Normocalciuri
a
Types
Frequency

15. REFERENCES
 http://www.healthcommunities.com/kidney-
stones/treatment.shtml