A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Jimma zone of Oromiya region, to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the sheep. Abomasum of sheep was incised following the standard procedures. A total of 387 abomasums were incised and using standards of parasite identification methods two genera of nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 78.29%. The prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei was 66.67% and 53.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between origins in prevalence of these parasites. However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of the prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body condition (97.26%). The overall mean worm count was 5334.97 and the mean worm count of specific nematode were 675.19 and 690.82 for Hemonchus and T. axei, respectively. The great majority of the infected sheep was with light, moderate and heavy degree of infestation. The current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis was high and consequently; sustainable control programs should warrant.

1. Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
IJVSAH
Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma
Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Asaye Moges1 and Araya Mengistu2*
1,2College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Vet. Epidemiology and Public Health, University of
Gondar, Ethiopia
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Jimma zone of
Oromiya region, to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep slaughtered at
Jimma municipal abattoir. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the
sheep. Abomasum of sheep was incised following the standard procedures. A total of 387
abomasums were incised and using standards of parasite identification methods two genera of
nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 78.29%. The prevalence of Haemonchus
contortus and Trichostrongylus axei was 66.67% and 53.5%, respectively. A statistically
significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between origins in prevalence of these parasites.
However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of the
prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body
condition (97.26%). The overall mean worm count was 5334.97 and the mean worm count of
specific nematode were 675.19 and 690.82 for Hemonchus and T. axei, respectively. The great
majority of the infected sheep was with light, moderate and heavy degree of infestation. The
current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis was high and consequently;
sustainable control programs should warrant.
Key words: Abomasam, Hemonchus, Jimma, Sheep, Trichostrongylus axei
INTRODUCTION
The agricultural sector in Ethiopia has the biggest
contribution to the national gross domestic population
(NGDP) and is the major contributor to the export of
livestock production with 32% to agricultural gross
domestic production and 18% to the export sector (Tegegn
and Gebrewold, 1997). Small ruminants play a significant
role in maintaining household stability by providing meat,
milk, skin and wool, generate cash income and play
traditional social and religious roles (Devendera and
Mclery, 1982; El- Azazy, 1995). The Sheep husbandry is
an important component of the livestock sector and is
critical sources of cash income, meat and fiber for
smallholder keepers in different farming systems
(Getahun, 2008), yet, the productivity of small ruminant
under tropical settings is severely influenced by parasitic
infestation (Markos, 2006).
Nematode parasites play an important role in small
ruminant production leading to enormous economic losses
through mortality, weight loss, reduced milk, meat and
wool production (Mehlhorn, 2008). Nematode parasites of
small ruminants result in low productivity due to stunted
growth, poor weight gain and poor feeding and water
intake (Pedreira et al., 2006). Sheep acquire little immunity
to nematodes and remain susceptible throughout their
lives to diseases caused by that parasite (Kaplan et al.,
2004). Infections with nematode occur in many countries
throughout the world; however, the highest prevalence is
seen in warm, moist temperate and tropical regions
(McKellar and Jackson, 2004). Parasitic gastrointestinal
nematodes are perhaps the leading cause of productivity
losses in small ruminant production in Ethiopia (Biffa,
2007).
*Corresponding Author: Araya Mengistu, College of
Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of
Vet. Epidemiology and Public Health, University of
Gondar, Ethiopia.
Email: armen.kassa@gmail.com
Research Article
Vol. 6(2), pp. 073-080, November, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org ISSN: 8991-0338
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry

2. Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Asaye and Araya. 74
Helminth infections in domestic ruminants are of major
importance in many agro-ecological zones in Africa and
had the highest index as an animal health constraint to the
poor keepers of livestock worldwide through losses due to
reduced weight gains and growth rate, reduced nutrient
utilization, lower meat, wool and milk production,
involuntary culling, cost of treatment and mortality (Allonby
and Urquhart, 1996). Health disorders in all classes of
small ruminants represent the major problems and greatly
affect the economics of sheep and goat production.
Gastrointestinal helminthiasis is among the main
constraints to small ruminant productions in Ethiopia.
These parasites pose subtle economic losses and are the
major factors responsible for lowered levels of production
in many parts of the country. Abomasal nematodes and
liver flukes are believed to be the most prevalent and
widely distributed helminthes (Barger, 1982).
The principal abomasal worms of small ruminants are
Haemochus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta,
Ostertagia trifuricata, and Trichostronglus axei.
Homonchus contortus is one of the most common
abomasal worms of small ruminants which are known as
“red stomach worm” or” wire worm “. It is the most
prevalent and pathogenic parasite and also economically
important of small ruminants (Urquhart et al., 1996).
Available information in Ethiopia revealed that infection
due to abomasal nematodes, especially Haemonchus
contortus is responsible for important morbidities and
mortalities in sheep and goats in different parts of the
country (Bekele et al., 1982; Teklye et al., 1987).
According to Mulugeta et al. (1989) report, yearly losses
amounting to USD 82 million encountered in Ethiopia due
to endo-parasites. Studies conducted on gastrointestinal
helminthiasis of small ruminants indicated the importance
of nematodes as a cause of impaired productivity (Abebe
and Esayas, 2001; Bekele et al., 1982; Donald, 1999).
However, nationwide studies have never been carried out
to determine the distribution of abomasal nematodes and
therefore, the present study is important. The study aimed
to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes and
parasite species composition in sheep in Jimma Municipal
abattoir.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study was conducted at Jimma municipal abattoirs in
Jimma town. Jimma zone is located in Oromia regional
administration at 346 km South West of Addis Ababa. The
town lies between 360 10´ E longitudes and 70 40´ N
latitude at an elevation ranging from 880 meters to 3360
meters above sea level. Jimma Zone is divided into 17
districts hosting a total population of over 2.4 million people
with an agro-ecological setting of highlands (15%),
midlands (67%) and lowlands (18%). Farmers in the area
practice mixed crop-livestock agriculture. The zone is one
of the major coffee producing areas in Ethiopia. Jimma
zone is well endowed with natural resources contributing
significantly to the national economy of the country. In
normal years, the rainy season extends from February to
early October. The 13 years mean annual minimum and
maximum temperature of the area was 11.3°C and 26.2°C,
respectively. The study area receives a mean annual
rainfall of about 1530mm which comes from long and short
rain season. The soil type of the study area is
characterized by black to red soils. The total livestock
population of Jimma zone is estimated to constitute, 2.02
million cattle, 288,411 goats, 942,908 sheep, 152434
equines, 1,139,735 poultry and 418,831 beehives (CSA,
2008).
Study Population
A total of 387 sheep abomasum were examined and used
to determine the prevalence, nematode species and worm
burden of abomasal parasites. All of the study animals
were male and sheep of the local breed with different body
condition brought to slaughter. The age of the sheep was
categorized into adult and young after characterizing using
teeth eruption methods (Vatta, et al.,2006) and body
condition scoring method (ESGPIP, 2007).
Study design
Across sectional study were carried out to determine the
prevalence of nematodes in sheep slaughtered in Jimma
municipal abattoirs. A total of 20-30 samples were
collected on four days per week during the study period.
Information like a place of origin, body condition and age
were included to generate the required information.
Sampling method and Sample size
The sampling method employed was a systematic random
sampling by choosing the first case and the interval
between cases with the lottery method. Determine the
sample size an expected prevalence of 50% was taken
into consideration since there was no previous study
conducted in the Jimma municipal abattoirs. The sample
size for the study was calculated using Thrusfield, (2005)
formula. Accordingly, a sample size of 387 small ruminants
was considered for the study.
n = 1.962. Pex (1-Pex)
d2
Where: n = required sample size, Pex = recorded previous
prevalence = 50%, d = desired absolute precision =5%
Study methodology
Sample collection, worm recovery and count
Four days per week visit was made to hotels and abattoir.
The purpose of visit the hotels was to take information
regarding origin and number of sheep to be slaughtered
per day. Origin, body condition and age of sheep were

3. Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 75
recorded and identification numbers were given before the
slaughter carried out. A total of 387 sheep abomasums
was collected and examined for the presence of adult
abomasal nematodes and worm status. Worm recovery,
species identification and determination of worm burden
were carried out according to standard procedures
(Hansen and Perry, 1994; MAFF, 1977).
The abomasum’s wall was carefully observed for any
gross changes including its contents and the adult
nematodes worms were identified visually by standard
methods (Urquhart et al., 1996). The abomasums
removed from the omasum and duodenum immediately
after the opening of the abdominal cavity, legated at both
ends, and immediately taken out and washed to the
sample container. The mucus membrane was carefully
rubbed with fingers to remove any worms adhering to it.
The contents and washings were made to a total volume
of two liters. The total content was stirred vigorously until
all food material, mucous and water will mix. Finally, 200
ml of the contents were transferred to another container in
5 steps of 40 ml per stir by stirring the mixture
continuously. The collected sample transported to the
laboratory of veterinary parasitology of the college of
veterinary medicine, Jimma University for appropriate
examination. Then 20 ml of the content poured into Petri
dishes and a few drops of iodine solution added and mixed
with the sample (Hansen and Perry, 1994). Species
identification and worm counts were done according to the
standard methods (MAFF, 1986; Hansen and Perry,
1994). Finally, the number of parasites found in 20 ml was
multiplied by 100 and then by 20 to give the total number
of parasites found in the abomasum’s (MAFF, 1986).The
degree of worm burden was categorized as light (1-500 for
H. contortus and 11000 for T. axei), moderate (501-1500
for H. contortus and 1001-10,000 for T. axei) and heavy
(>1500 for H. contortus and >10,000 for T. axei) (Hansen
and Perry, 1994).
Data Management and Analysis
The collected data from the abattoir and laboratory were
entered into a computer, on the Microsoft Excel spread
sheets. Descriptive statistics like percentages and chi-
square (x2) tests were used to describe the prevalence and
association between the prevalence of positive risk
factors. The data were analyzed statistically using the Chi-
square test by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences
(SPSS) Version 22. Differences between parameters were
tested for significance at probability levels of P< 0.05.
RESULTS
Examination of 387 abomasum of sheep revealed the
presence of two different genera of nematodes with an
overall prevalence of 78.29%. The two identified genera of
abomasal nematodes of sheep were H. contortus and T.
axei with a prevalence of 66.7% and 53.5%, respectively.
Table 1: Prevalence of the each species of parasite in
Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia.
Abomasal
nematodes
No.
examined
No.
positive
Prevalence
(%)
H. contortus 387 258 66.7
T. axei 387 207 53.5
Out of 387 sheep examined 78.29% were infected with one
or more genera of the abomasal nematode. There was no
significant difference in prevalence (P > 0.05) between the
origins of the animal. There were significantly difference
(P=0.008) and (P= 0.0001) between age and body
conditions, respectively.
Table 2: Prevalence of abomasal nematode infection
based on origin, age and body conditions in Jimma
Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia.
Risk
factors
Cate-
gories
No. of
examined
No. of
positive
Preva-
lence
(%)
Chi-
square
P-
value
Origin Dedo 157 120 76.4 2.136 0.545
Kersa 111 89 80.2
Seka 69 55 79.7
Manna 50 39 78
Age Young 85 56 65.9 6.936 0.008
Adult 302 247 81.8
Body
Condi-
tions
Poor 73 71 97.26 84.488 0.0001
Medium 98 87 88.77
Good 165 126 76.36
Very
good
51 19 37.25
The overall prevalence of Hemonchus in sheep was
66.67%. The prevalence of this parasite in terms of origin
was 67.51% in Dedo, 66.67% in Kersa, 62.32% and 70%
in Manna, with age: 51% and 70.86% in young and adult
respectively. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference
in origin susceptibility. In the same manner, the prevalence
with body conditions of study animals were: (95.89%),
(81.63%), (56.97%) and (27.45%) for poor, medium, good
and very good body conditions, respectively as described
in the Table-3 below. as described in the table below.
There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in
prevalence among body condition scored in sheep.
As the result indicated below in the Table 4, the total
prevalence of T. axei in the study animals was 53.5%. The
prevalence of T. axei with related to the animal origin was
47.77% in Dedo, 57.66% in Kersa, 65.22% in Seka and
46% in Manna, with age: 43.52% and 56.29% in young and
adult respectively. Similarly, the prevalence with body
conditions of study animals were: (75.34%), (68.37%),
(45.45%) and (19.61%) for the animals with poor, medium,
good and very good body conditions, respectively. There
was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in
prevalence among body condition scored.

4. Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Asaye and Araya. 76
Table 3: Prevalence of H. contortus based on age group, origin and body conditions of the sheep in Jimma Municipal
Abattoir, Ethiopia.
Risk factors Categories No. examined No. positive Prevalence (%) Chi-square P-value
Origin Dedo 157 106 67.51 0.888 0.828
Kersa 111 74 66.67
Seka 69 43 62.318
Manna 50 35 70
Total 387 258 66.67
Age Young 85 44 51.76 10.885 0.001
Adult 302 214 70.86
Total 387 258 66.67
Body condition Poor 73 70 95.89 80.208 0.0001
Medium 98 80 81.63
Good 165 94 56.969
V. good 51 14 27.45
Total 387 258 66.67
Table 4: Prevalence of T. axei based on age group, origin and body conditions of the sheep in Jimma Municipal Abattoir,
Ethiopia.
Risk factors Categories No. examined No. positive Prevalence (%) Chi-square P-value
Origin Dedo 157 75 47.77 7.781 0.051
Kersa 111 64 57.657
Seka 69 45 65.217
Manna 50 23 46.0
Total 387 207 53.5
Age Young 85 37 43.529 4.342 0.037
Adult 302 170 56.29
Total 387 207 53.5
Body conditions Poor 73 55 75.34 50.547 0.0001
Medium 98 67 68.37
Good 165 75 45.45
Very good 51 10 19.607
Total 387 207 53.48
The overall mean worm count of the present study was
5334.97. The mean count of Hemonchus and T.axei were
675.19 and 690.82, respectively. The count of both
nematodes was significantly higher in sheep with poor
body condition than with good body condition. The mean
count of Hemonchus and T. axei in poor and good body
conditions were 1865.96 and 1011.4, respectively.
Table 5: The overall mean worm count of both nematodes in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
List factors categories Number H. contortus Number T. axei
Mean P-value Mean P-value Total
Origin Dedo 106 682.07 0.828 75 721.33 0.051 1403.4
Kersa 74 698.64 64 678.12 1376.76
Seka 43 665.11 45 737.78 1402.89
Manna 35 617.14 23 534.78 1151.92
Age Young 44 588.63 0.0001 37 654.05 0.037 1242.68
Adult 214 692.99 170 698.82 1391.81
BCs Poor 70 911.42 0.0001 55 954.54 0.0001 1865.96
Medium 80 673.75 67 729.85 1403.6
Good 94 523.4 75 488 1011.4
very good 14 521.42 10 500 1021.42
From a total of 258 H. contortus positive cases, 46.12,
44.57 and 9.3% were infected with light, moderate and
heavy degrees of infection, respectively. In the case of T.
axei infection, from the total positive cases, 78.74 and
21.25% were infected with light and a moderate degree of
infection, respectively (Table-6).

5. Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 77
Table 6: Proportion and Number of sheep in Relation to
Degree of Infection by adult abomasal Nematodes in
Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia.
Abomasal
Nematodes
Infection
categories
No. of sheep Burden in (%)
H. contortus Light 119 46.
Moderate 115 44.57
Heavy 24 9.3
T. axei Light 163 78.74
Moderate 44 21.25
Heavy 0 0
DISCUSSION
The present study revealed the overall prevalence of
78.29% abomasal nematodes in sheep of the study area.
This observed a high prevalence of the area was due to
the fact that sheep of the area are managed under an
extensive management system with high stocking system
density where large numbers of animals graze together
during all months of the year, inadequate nutritional status
and poor veterinary infrastructure and services of the area.
The present prevalence of 78.29% was high when
compared to the 60.2% prevalence recorded in Bahir Dar
(Teshale and Aragaw, 2014). The recorded prevalence in
the study area was low when compared to 92.9% in
Ogaden (Kumsa and Wossene, 2006).
There was a statistically significant difference in
prevalence among the two nematodes with the prevalence
of haemonchosis higher than T. axei (P<0.05). The
prevalence rate of Hemonchus 66.67% is similar with a
finding of 67.57% and 69.8% in Finoteselam (Ethiopia)
and Behshahr Town, Iran (Mengist et al., 2014, Garedaghi
.et al., 2013). While high prevalence rate of Haemonchus
was reported in Ogaden, Hawassa and Debreziet
(Bersissa and Abebe, 2006; Demissie et al., 2013;
Abunna et al., 2009), and the higher prevalence of
Haemonchus might be due to various factors like its ability
to produce large number of eggs (Getachew et al., 2007)
and this allows Haemonchus an advantage over other
parasites in that it can easily contaminate grazing areas or
its ability to survive adverse climatic conditions through
hypobiosis (Waller et al., 2004). In contrast the prevalence
of Haemonchus was high relative to 25.36% in Baneh Iran
(Garedaghi and Fattahi, 2014), and 47.9% in Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia Jeddah (El-azazy, 1995). Such variations
may be due to agro-ecological, breed, management and/or
veterinary health care level differences (Radostits et al.,
2007).
The present findings of T. axei 53.5% were lower than
Abunna et al (2009) who reported 90.4% in Bushoftu, and
Gonfa et al (2013) 74.37% in Debrezeit. The prevalence of
T. axei was high when compared to the finding of Bersissa
and Abebe (2006), which is 37.7% in sheep at the Ogaden
region. A variety of factors such as host, age, breeding
status, grazing habits, level of education and economical
capacity of the community, the standard of management
and anthelmentics usage are crucial elements influencing
the development, distribution and survival of parasites
(Rahmeto et al., 2010). Many epidemiological factors may
be attributed to this difference in prevalence in different
study sites in Ethiopia. Conder and Jonson (1996) stated
seasonal difference for Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus
with Trichostrongylus preferring the time of the year when
temperatures are normally moderate, and significant
rainfalls occur. These conditions are favorable for the free
living stages of Trichostrongylus spp. which are inactive at
the temperatures optimum for Haemonchus contortus. In
addition, although Trichostrongylus eggs may have been
passed throughout the grazing season and a large
proportion killed by desiccation, those which manage to
become embryonated remain latent, but viable, and do not
turn into larvae until suitable climatic conditions, in the form
of mild weather and rain, occur. At that time there is
massive hatching, overwhelming pasture infestation and
clinical trichostrongylosis which may persist until well into
the wintering period. Since at this time most lambs are
approaching market weight trichostrongylosis may cause
losses by delaying marketing for several months.
There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the
prevalence of abomasal parasites in relation to the origin.
Despite their slight difference in their infection rate of
abomasal nematode between origin of animals, this is due
to the study area has the same environmental conditions
(temperature and humidity), so the study animals were
equally susceptible to nematodes. However, there was
significantly difference in relation to age 51.76 and 70.86%
in young and adult respectively. The present study
indicates the prevalence of infection was higher in adult
than young. This is probably due to the facts that adults
might be stressed on seasonal change and developed
resistance against the frequently used anthelminthic; while
the young ones might be responding to anthelminthic that
minimizes their infection rate as mentioned by Mengist et
al, (2014) in Finoteselam. In addition to this report the adult
worm load of H. contortus is higher in adults as compared
to young ones. This is probably due to the fact that the
adult animals can withstand higher infection without much
adverse effect leading to the chronicity of infection (Raza
et al., 2007).
In the present study, Haemonchus was the most prevalent
nematode. It might be due to its biotic potential which
justified the percentage of infection (Nginyi et al., 2001).
The H. contortus larval development occurs when there
are high temperature, rainfall and high humidity favorable
microclimate of herbage and faeces (Urquhart et al.,
1996). In contrast, Trichostrongylus species has the
capability to develop and survive at a lower temperature
(Mallet and Kerboeuf, 1986). Furthermore,
Trichostrongylus is the dominant parasite in temperate
areas with the cooler environment creating an optimum
condition for larval development (O’Connor et al., 2006).
The present study was conducted in a relatively wet and
humid climate with available amount of rain occurring
during all months of the study period in Jimma.

6. Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Asaye and Araya. 78
The mean adult worm count of Hemonchus 675.19 and T.
axei 690.82 in our study is high compared to the count
recorded 275.44 and 469.3 in central Ethiopia Abunna et
al., (2009). All the infections observed in the present study
fall under light, moderate and heavy degrees. The present
result showed that body condition significantly associated
P<0.05) with prevalence and worm count of Hemonchus
and T. axei. This is in agreement with Rahmeto et al.,
(2010) who recorded the highest prevalence of
gastrointestinal nematode in sheep with poor body
conditions. The highest infection rate recorded in poor
body condition may be due to the effect of heavy infection
rate of abomasal nematode parasite and other factors,
which lead to significant weight loss. Chronic hemonchosis
and trichostrongylosis are associated with weight loss,
poor growth rates and in appetence (Urquhart et al., 1996).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study result indicated that abomasal nematodes are
of the major helminthiasis of sheep in Jimma zone, with
high overall and specific prevalence of tow abomasal
nematodes (Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus) infection
and these two nematodes are equally affect the sheep of
the area. The mucosa of infected sheep abomasum
affected by adult parasites were hemorrhagic as well as
damaged. Most sheep were infected by a mixed type of
infection with few animals showing single parasite
infection. Mild, moderate and heavy infections were also
encountered. Therefore, significant economic losses in
production are expected to occur in the area. The findings
of this study also indicate that management of worm in
sheep is important. To control the parasites and benefit
from small ruminant sector good management systems
and strategic deworming are suggested.
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8. Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Asaye and Araya. 80
Accepted 12 September 2020
Citation: Asaye M, Araya M (2020). Prevalence of
Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal
Abattoir, Ethiopia. International Journal of Veterinary
Science and Animal Husbandry 6(2): 073-080.
Copyright: © 2020. Asaye and Araya. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
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