This study aims at determining the prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats reared traditionally in northern Côte d’Ivoire villages. For that, serum samples collected from 171 goats randomly selected from five localities in the Departement of Korhogo and tested the presence of anti-PPRV antibodies by a Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). Overall, seroprevalence of PPR in the area was 36.26% (62/171). All the localities sampled had at least one PPR-positive animal. Age and sex of the animals were not significantly (p>0.05) associated with the infection; however, localities of sampled animals, showed significant (p<0.05) association with PPR virus-infection in goats. It is then concluded that there is high seroprevalence of PPR in traditional raised goats in northern Côte d’Ivoire. Therefore, vaccination campaigns against PPR are advocated to prevent the transmission and spread of PPR in the area.

1. Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Traditional Goats Reared in Northern Côte D'ivoire
Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Traditional
Goats Reared in Northern Côte D'ivoire
Gragnon B Guillaume1, *M’Bari K Benjamin2, Brou GK Gatien3, Coulibaly Adama4
1National Laboratory for Agricultural Development Support, BP 32 Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire
2,3Animal Biology, Production and Health Laboratory, Agropastoral Management Institute, Peleforo Gon Coulibaly
University, BP 1328 Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire
4Biosciences Training and Research Unit, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
This study aims at determining the prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats reared
traditionally in northern Côte d’Ivoire villages. For that, serum samples collected from 171 goats
randomly selected from five localities in the Departement of Korhogo and tested the presence of
anti-PPRV antibodies by a Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). Overall,
seroprevalence of PPR in the area was 36.26% (62/171). All the localities sampled had at least one
PPR-positive animal. Age and sex of the animals were not significantly (p>0.05) associated with
the infection; however, localities of sampled animals, showed significant (p<0.05) association with
PPR virus-infection in goats. It is then concluded that there is high seroprevalence of PPR in
traditional raised goats in northern Côte d’Ivoire. Therefore, vaccination campaigns against PPR
are advocated to prevent the transmission and spread of PPR in the area.
Keywords: PPR, Seroprevalence, Traditional goats, Northern Côte d'Ivoire
INTRODUCTION
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious
viral disease mainly affecting sheep and goats. However,
several cases of PPR have been reported in other
domestic and wild ungulates like Laristan sheep, gazelles
(Dorcas, Arabian, Arabian mountain, Rheem,
Thompson's), buffalo, springbuck, impala in captivity
(Govindarajan et al., 1997 ; Abu Elzein et al., 2004; Diallo
et al. 2007 ; Kinne et al., 2010). Cattle, camels and pigs
can be infected by this virus, but there is little or no
evidence of the disease associated with their infection
(Khalafallaa et al., 2010; Schulz et al., 2018).
This disease is caused by a virus belonging to morbillivirus
genre of paramyxovirus family (Kamissoko et al., 2013;
OIE, 2016). Once introduced, the virus can infect up to
90% of a herd, lead to morbidity rates of up to 100% and
the disease can kill 30 to 100% of infected animals (Sen et
al., 2010; Chowdhury et al., 2014).
Described for the first time in 1942 in Côte d'Ivoire, PPR
has subsequently spread to about 70 countries in Africa,
the Middle East and Asia (Kamissoko et al., 2013 ;
Ahaduzzaman, 2020). These regions regroup more than
80 percent of the world's sheep and goats populations, and
more than 330 million of the world's poorest people rely on
small ruminant livestock to live.
The tentatively diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants is
based on clinical, epidemiological and lesional
characteristics of this disease. However, confirmation of
this diagnosis is only obtained after laboratory analysis
(Grech-Angelini, 2012 ; Balamurugan et al., 2014; Kamel
and El-Sayed, 2019). These diagnosis tests are based on
highlighting the presence of PPRV (antigens or DNA) or
traces of its presence (anti-PPRV antibodies) in the serum.
Many diagnostic tests like agar gel immunodiffusion test or
AGIDT (Obi and Pattrick, 1984), immunohistochemical
staining such as immunoperoxidase (Saliki et al., 1994) or
*Corresponding Author: M’Bari K Benjamin, Animal
Biology, Production and Health Laboratory, Agropastoral
Management Institute, Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University,
BP 1328 Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire.
E-mail: mbariben@yahoo.fr
Research Article
Vol. 2(1), pp. 007-012, July, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2326-7193
International Research Journal of Virology

2. Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Traditional Goats Reared in Northern Côte D'ivoire
Gragnon et al. 8
the immunocapture ELISA test or ICE (Libeau et al., 1994)
can be used to confirm PPR. However, the most frequently
used techniques are the polymerase chain reaction by
reverse transcriptase or RT PCR (Forsyth et al., 2003;
Balamurugan et al., 2006), the viral seroneutralization and
the competitive immunoenzymatic technique or c-Elisa
(Balamurugan et al., 2014).
In Côte d'Ivoire, the small ruminant herd is concentrated in
the central, northern and southern regions of the country,
which account for 40%, 37% and 15% respectively
(MIPARH, 2003). PPR is regularly reported in all these
areas and recently identified in the central and southern
areas with an overall prevalence of 35.6% (Couacy-
Hymann et al., 2015). Despite annual reports, no recent
data are available on PPR in northern Côte d'Ivoire.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the
seroprevalence of the disease and assess the risk factors
associated with age, sex, and breed localities in the north
region.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area
The sero-prevalence study was done in the Department of
Korhogo. This administrative district is located between
Latitude 8 ° 26 and 9 ° 50 North and Longitude 5 ° 25 and
6 ° 19 west. It is bounded on the north by Mali, on the south
by the Region of Béré and on the east by the Regions
Tchologo and Hambol and on the west by the Region of
Bagoué. The climate is Sudanese, marked by an
alternation of two seasons, a dry season and a rainy
season. The dry season that runs from November to April
is very marked by the harmattan between December and
January and peaks of heat in March and April. This warm,
dry wind of the harmattan blows from the north to east. The
rainy season extends from May to October with maximum
rainfall in July and August. Average temperatures vary
between 24 and 33 ° C. The hottest months are February,
March and April with an average temperature of 36 ° C and
the coolest months are December and January with an
average temperature of 16 ° C. The average monthly
humidity is 20%. The average annual rainfall is between
1100 mm and 1600 mm. The duration of insolation is 2000
hours per year (Guillaumet and Adjanohoun, 1971).
Study Design
A cross-sectional approach involving goats was conducted
in five localities, namely Lataha, Napié, Korhogo, Karakoro
and Tioro in the Department of Korhogo. Data was
collected over a period of one month. It involved random
sample collection from households following consent.
Serological test and questionnaire survey were used as a
tool for the determination of PPR prevalence and assess
the risk factors associated with age, sex, and breed
localities.
Sample Size and Sampling Procedure
The sample size for the study was determined as
described by Ancelle (2017) :
n = z² x p ( 1 – p ) / m²
n = sample size
z = confidence level (for a confidence level of 95%, z =
1.96)
p = estimated proportion of the population with the
characteristic (p = 35.6%)
m = tolerated margin of error (5%)
Based on that, a total of 176 goats older than 3 months
regardless of sex, were examined for PPR in the study
area.
Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture of
each animal using a 10 ml syringe and 21G needle
following proper restraint. The blood samples were then
labeled and transported on an ice pack to the laboratory
where they were centrifuged for 15 min at 4000 rpm.
During blood samples processing, 5 samples were
removed from the batch due to their hemolysis. Clear sera
were harvested into labeled cryovials and stored at -20°C
in the biology laboratory, Peleforo GON COULIBALY’s
University, until needed for further analysis. In total, one
hundred and seventy one goats serum samples were
analyzed using the c-ELISA kit.
Serological test
The competition ELISA for the detection of anti-PPRV
antibodies (c-ELISA PPR), as described by the OIE
(2013), was used to test the samples for PPR antibodies.
The c-ELISA PPR test, presented in the form of a kit, was
used according to the supplier's recommendations. The
optical densities (OD) were read on the Multiskan EX
spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 492 nm and was
converted to percentage inhibition (PI) according to the
formula: PI = 100 - [OD of the sample sera / OD of
Monoclonal Control] x 100. Serum with PI greater than 50
% were considered positive.
Statistical Analysis
Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel 10 spreadsheet
(Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) and
analyzed using XLSTAT software (Addinsoft version
gratuite 2019.3.2). Descriptive statistics were used and
comparisons between qualitative data were made using
chi-square tests to assess significance. A p-value of less
than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Intensities of the link between seroprevalence of PPR, sex,
age and locality were calculated.

3. Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Traditional Goats Reared in Northern Côte D'ivoire
Int. Res. J. Virol. 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Of the one hundred and seventy one goats analysed, 133
(77.78%) female and 38 (22.22%) male goats. Ninety
(26.32%) of the goats were less than 12 months old and
126 (73.68%) were more than 12 months old (Table 1).
Table 1: Sex, age and locality of goats tested for PPR
antibodies in Northern Côte d’Ivoire
Locality
Sex Age group
Male
number
(%)
Female
number
(%)
< 1 year
number
(%)
≥ 1 year
number
(%)
Total
Number
(%)
Karakoro 8
(26.67%)
22
(73.33%)
7
(23.33%)
23
(76.67%)
30
(17.54%)
Napié 3
(12%)
22
(88.00%)
6
(24.00%)
19
(76.00%)
25
(14.62 %)
Tioro 7
(20.59%)
27
(79.41%)
11
(32.35%)
23
(67.65%)
34
(19.88%)
Lataha 9
(22.50%)
31
(77.50%)
12
(30.00%)
28
(70.00%)
40
(23.39%)
Korhogo 11
(26.19%)
31
(73.81%)
9
(21.43%)
33
(78.57%)
42
(24.56%)
Total 38
(22.22%)
133
(77.78%)
45
(26.32%)
126
(73.68 %)
171
(100%)
Antibodies specific for PPR were detected in animals from
all localities (Table 2). One hundred twenty four (62) of the
171 analyzed serum samples (36.26%) were positive for
PPR antibodies. PPR seroprevalence was higher in
females (30.10%) than in males (26.32%) but the
difference of positivity rate was statistically no significant
(P>0.05). Similarly, in relation to age group, the PPR
infection prevalence in young goats (44.44%) was higher
than adult goats (33.33%) one. The difference between
age group serostatus was not significantly different
(P>0.05). Furthermore, depending on the location of the
sampled animals, the seroprevalence of ppr was variable,
ranging between 21.43% and 64%. The PPR prevalence
seemed to be higher in Napié (64%) than in Karakoro
(40%), Lataha (37.5%), Tioro (29.41%) and Korhogo
(21.43%). However, the PPR seroprevalences according
to the localities are significantly different (P<0.05).
The intensity of the link between the studied variables and
PPR prevalence is presented in Table 3. The links
between PPR infection rate and goats sex on one hand
and PPR disease and animal age group, on the other
hand, are slight. The differences in prevalence between
that of Napié and the other localities sampled were all
signed except that of Karakoro (p> 0.05). However, goats
from the locality of Napié were 6.5 times more likely to be
infected with PPRV than those from Tioro (OR: 6.52 ;
CI95%: 2.22-19.10) against 4.3 times more risk of infection
than those de Korhogo (OR: 4.27 ; CI95%: 1.45-12.53). On
the other hand, goats raised in the locality of Lataha
present approximately 3 times less risk (OR: 2.96 ; CI95%:
1.07-8.20) of being seropositive for the anti-PPRV
antibody than those coming from Napié.
Table 2: Seroprevalence of PPR in goat populations reared in five localities in Northern Côte d’Ivoire
Risk factors
Number of
sampled animals
Number of
positive animals
Seroprevalence (%) X2
p-value
Karakoro 30 12 40%
13.220 0.010
Napié 25 16 64%
Locality Tioro 32 10 29.41%
Lataha 40 15 37.5%
Korhogo 42 9 21.43%
Sex
Male 38 10 26.32%
2.089 0.148
Female 133 52 39.10%
Age
< 1 year 45 20 44.44%
1.771 0.183
≥ 1 year 126 42 33.33%
Table 3 : Association of risk factors (Locality, Sex, Age) and seropositivity of goats to PPRV in Northern Côte
d’Ivoire
Variable OR CI95% (Min-max) Yule’s Q p value
Locality
Karakoro vs Napié* 2.667 0.91-7.80 0,455 0.076
Korhogo vs Napié* 6.519 2.22-19.10 0,734 0.000***
Tioro vs Napié* 4.267 1.45-12.53 0,620 0.008***
Lataha vs Napié* 2.963 1.07-8.20 0,495 0.037*
Sex
Male vs Female* 0.556 0.25-1.23 0,285 0.148
Age
< 1 year vs ≥ 1 year* 1.6 0.80-3.18 0,230 0.183
* denotes the reference risk factor

4. Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Traditional Goats Reared in Northern Côte D'ivoire
Gragnon et al. 10
DISCUSSION
Out of 171 goat sera samples tested, 62 were positive for
anti-PPRV antibodies, giving an overall seroprevalence of
36.26% in Korhogo department goats. This finding shows
that more than 1/3 of goats reared in Korhogo department
may be infected with PPR virus. The anti-PPRV antibodies
slightly high prevalence found in this study may result from
the fact that goats breed sampled is less susceptible to
PPR infection and may have survived from this disease
(Gopilo, 2005). This 36.26% prevalence is close to that
reported from other African regions. Couacy-Hymannet al,
(2015) had reported 35.6% prevalence in another region
of Côte d'Ivoire, Hailegebreal (2018) reported 34% in
Ethiopia and Dayhum et al. (2018) noticed 33% in Libya
.
However, the prevalence (36.26%) is lower than the 43%,
61.8%, 62.8%, 69.4% and 70.2% reported respectively in
Mauritania (El Arbi et al., 2014), in Nigeria (Abdalla et al.,
2012; Saeed et al., 2010; Akpavie et al., 1997) and in
Sudan (Shuaib, 2011). However, our findings were higher
than those reported by Hailegebreal et al. (2018) in
Ethiopia (29.2%), Sow et al. (2008) in Burkina Faso (23%),
Munir et al. (2008) in Pakistan (25.6%) and Al-Afaleq et al.
(2004) in Saudi Arabia (0.6%). As observed, the
seroprevalence of PPR varied from country to country and
even within the same country. This could be due to many
factors such as farming systems, exploited breeds and the
difference in climatic factors.
In our study, the prevalence of PPR higher in females
(30.10%) than in males (26.32%) goats, however the
difference in prevalence observed according to sex is not
significant. It could be due to the higher number of females
sampled. In other words, gender has no influence on the
infection rate of PPR virus animals. Our finding was
consistent with those of Dayhum et al. (2018) and
Hailegebreal et al. (2018), who reported that in their
respective studies the differences in prevalence observed
between females and males were not statistically
significant (p> 0.05) although anti-PPR antibodies were
more prevalent in males respectively (34.7% versus
32.5%) and (29.6% versus 28.66%).
The present study showed that the prevalence of PPR
appeared to be higher for PPR in young goats (44.44%)
than in adult goats (33.33%). However, the difference in
prevalence observed in the two age groups did not differ
significantly (p> 0.05). This result corroborates that of the
work of Rahman et al. (2016) in Bangladesh. These
authors also noted in their study that the prevalence of
PPR seemed higher in goats aged 4 to 12 months (42.30%
for black bengal goats; 42.85% for Jamunapari goats) than
goats aged more than 12 months (22.22% for black bengal
goats; 25.00% for Jamunapari goats) with no significance
between these values (p> 0.05). The trends observed in
the prevalence in goats under 12 months of age and in
older animals have been reported in numerous studies.
This is the case of those conducted by sarker and Islam
(2011) in Rajshahi district (Bangladesh) and Parvez et al.
(2014) in Chittagong district (Bangladesh). Indeed, these
authors have shown that the prevalence of PPR in young
goats, in particular those aged 4 to 12 months is higher
than that of older animals and that however, the
differences in positivity rates were significant (p<0.05).
Islam et al. (2012) also reported that the sensitivity of
young animals (less than 12 months old) is very high
compared to older animals. The discrepancies noted
between our results and those of sarker and Islam (2011)
and Parvez et al. (2014)could be due to the importance of
their studied population.
The seroprevalence of PPR was found to be significantly
higher at Napié (64%) when compared to the others
localities of the study area, whereas the lowest prevalence
level (21.43%) was obtained for Korhogo. This wide
variation of PPR seroprevalence within the same area
might be due to breeding systems.
CONCLUSION
This study showed the presence of Peste des Petits
Ruminants (PPR) in the northern part of Côte d'Ivoire, with
a prevalence ranging from 64% in Napié to 21.43% in
Korhogo. This could explain the high mortalities of small
ruminants that are generally observed in the rainy seasons
in this region. To reduce these mortalities it is highly
recommended to vaccinate small ruminants against the
PPR. However, this study has concerned only goats and
located in one department, further studies should be
encouraged to identify the epidemiology of PPR in the
northern part of the country.
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Accepted 9 July 2020
Citation: Gragnon BG, M’Bari KB, Brou GKG, Coulibaly A
(2020). Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in
Traditional Goats Reared in Northern Côte D'ivoire.
International Research Journal of Virology, 2(1): 007-012.
Copyright: © 2020: Gragnon et al. This is an open-access
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