How Did Marcus Garvey Influence African Americans

How Did Marcus Garvey Influence African Americans
The rights of every american citizens were not always granted. All of the African American
population had to fight to earn civil rights. None of them were treated better than the other. One
person that wanted to give some power back to the african american population name was, Marcus
Garvey.
Marcus Garvey affected the rights of african americans. One of the many ways is that he wanted to
have the African Americans return the to continent of Africa so they the can have the power that
they once had and not just some people that their lives do not matter. He wanted they to have a sense
of self pride without white discrimination. "In the newspaper Negro world, it told of exploits of
heroes of the race and of the splendour of the African Culture."(Britannica) Some of the other
African Americans started referring to him as the "Black Moses". ... Show more content on
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He founded the Negro World newspaper in 1916. The Negro World was a newspaper that told the
story of an African American throughout the normal day. It talked about all of the abuse and all the
harsh things that had happen to the African Americans. He was also a leader of a group called the
Universal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA). During World War I, the UNIA was the largest
Black secular organization in the African American History. Marcus Garvey was a public speaker
for African American civil rights. He had a message of pride and dignity the inspired many in the
early days of the civil rights movements. The concepts such as black nationalism and black pride
started with Marcus Garvey. By 1919 Marcus Garvey has claim about two million followers thought
he exact number of member in the UNIA was never clear. "If you have no confidence in self you are
twice defeated in the race of life. With your confidence you have won even before you have
started."– Marcus
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The Well Known African American Activist, Ida B. Wells
The well–known African–American activist, Ida B. Wells was born on July 16, 1862, during the
Civil War. The author, Mia Bay illustrated the life of Wells in her novel, To Tell the Truth Freely:
The Life of Ida B. Wells Bay demonstrated Well's accomplishments as a free African–American and
the many struggles she faced after Reconstruction ended and the Jim Crow Laws were enforced. The
events in her life were relatively distinct, but according to the Burns–Belfry Museum and the
historical marker labeled "Freedman Town" in Oxford, Mississippi, her experiences overall
represented the social, economic, and political circumstances that the majority of African Americans
faced in the southern United States during the thirty years, 1862 – 1892– from her birth in Holly
Springs in 1862 through her decision to leave Memphis in 1892. The Civil War and the Thirteenth
Amendment freed African Americans, providing them with more opportunities with education, jobs,
and religion. Unfortunately reconstruction ended in 1877 when "white southerners regained control
of the state legislatures" and reversed the progress made since 1865. Her parents raised Ida B. Wells
to take education seriously. Her responsibilities consisted of going to school and learning everything
she could. When she was a teenager, her aunt presented her with the opportunity to move to
Memphis to further her education as well as obtain a job. Like Wells, many other African Americans
moved to the cities in search of

Booker T Washington And W. E. B Dubois Summary
1. Describe the intellectual debate between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois about
improving conditions for African Americans, and explain whose opinion you would support and
why. Why not the other argument?
Booker T Washington and W.E.B Dubois are two African American leaders who took a different
look at discrimination and segregation experienced by African–Americans. Booker T Washington
wanted to take an approach to being discriminated against African Americans are going to have to
learn how to put up with this. Washington took what he considered to be a more practical approach
to these problems he emphasized discrimination and segregation for the time being. He also said that
if African Americans would like to make more money than they need to do things that people need
or want. Basically, he said African American people need to be or learn skilled trades to earn more
money and improve their lives. Booker T Washington didn't want anybody else he just wanted
African–American people to put up with discrimination. He wanted African Americans to cope with
this. Booker T Washington also didn't challenge social segregation. He did not want to be a part of
any violence so that's why he didn't challenge it because he knows that if he would have challenged
the racist people then he probably would have got killed. He wanted black people to prove
themselves to racist people. Black people would need to be able to do certain things that racist
people can do but African

Orangeburg Massacre Essay
Eventually, the occurrence of the Orangeburg Massacre led to the racial integration of Orangeburg
and many other parts of South Carolina. If the Orangeburg Massacre had not occurred, South
Carolina might not have become the racially equal society it is today. However, not everybody
agreed with the change that was being brought as a result of the event. Many caucasians at the time
attempted to cover the incident up, and to blame whatever could not be hidden on the protesters.
Nevertheless, civil rights protesters were not going to let the killing of their fellow pupils be in vain.
The students of Orangeburg demanded the punishment of highway patrolmen and other law
enforcers on scene the night of the massacre. "They wished to see the officers punished to the fullest
extent of the law so that justice could be served to the families of the three young men who were
killed" (Pulaski 10). But, as an attempt to hide the massacre, many white–owned newspaper
companies either simply refused to report the event, or blamed the massacre on the protesters that
participated that night (3 Negroes 1). "A skirmish line of highway patrolmen and city police
returned the fire of demonstrating college students last night" (3 Negroes 1). After a scant two
weeks, no white–owned newspaper business covered the event at all.
However, African American and civil rights supportive newspapers refused to give up. "The New
York Times, the Los Angeles Times, and the Charlotte Observer covered the shootings,

The American Of Western Communities
Western communities were experiencing a large influx of Black Americans for the first time, and
they arrived as part of a vast shift of the general population. Eight million Americans moved west in
1940, half of them to the Pacific coast. There were 171,000 Black Americans in the West in 1940,
but 620,000 by 1945. Between the spring of 1942 and 1945 alone, 340,000 Back Americans settled
in California. The Los Angeles Times is one of the dominant newspapers in the Los Angeles region.
The newspaper was first founded in the late 1980's and by 1914 was run by Norman Chandler.
Historically the Los Angeles Times has been editorially very anti–union, anti–communist and
against the New Deal. In the 1940's the newspaper circulated 226,395 readers. The Daily News was
runner up to the Los Angeles Times; it circulated 221,000 copies in 1940. The Daily News was more
liberal, against big business and endorsed organized labor. Manchester Boddy gained control of the
newspaper; he was a veteran and republican that shifted gears during the Depression, becoming a
Democratic supporter of the New Deal. However, in order for the Daily News to keep its
sponsorships it had to remain neutral on local politics.
The California Eagle began publishing in the 1890's. Charlotta Bass operated it from 1912 to 1951.
Many people in including Black Americans accused the paper and editor of being aligned with the
Communist Party. Bass refuted this by insisting that she had ties with the Republicans. In

Summary Of Mob Rule In New Orleans By Ida B. Wells
Have you faced racial persecution due to the color of your skin? The time was 1900's and this was
the nightmare that Ida B. Wells–Barnett wrote of in Mob Rule in New Orleans. This is the true
account of Robert Charles as he fights for his life to escape the hands of a lynching mob. This
impassion story collaborates with the witness of this terrifying event that Wells describes. Wells uses
her literary skills to shed light on racial discrimination, media bias, and her personal crusade for
justice to portray this heart wrenching reality of the violent lynching during the 19th century. Ida B.
Wells–Barnett wrote Mob Rule in New Orleans to express the discrimination and the hatred that the
African American faced during the 19th century. She suffered discrimination throughout her life and
knew firsthand how society would allow unjust crimes go unpunished. Many African–Americans
were discriminated against during this time. The story of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Wells–Barnett was an investigative journalist and was involved in researching, reporting, publishing
pamphlets, and eventually campaigning against the historical tragedy known as lynching. She
became aware of these atrocities occurring against African Americans at an alarming rate in the
United States. Wells–Barnett had published a total of three pamphlets that had worked through the
half–truths and outright lies to uncover the inhumane activity of lynching mob. In Mob Rule in New
Orleans, Wells–Barnett stated, "Legal sanction was given to the mob or any man of the mob to kill
Charles at sight by the Mayor of New Orleans, who publicly proclaimed a reward of two hundred
and fifty dollars, not for the arrest of Charles, not at all, but the reward was offered for Charles'
body, "dead or alive." (Wells–Barnett 842) This statement reflects the mindset of the majority of
white Americans during this turbulent time. Consequently, Ida B. Wells–Barnett became not just a
reporter of the facts, but a crusader for the cause of justice for

African Americans In The 1900's
Brendan Campbell 12/8/14
In the 1900's African Americans faced two main struggles in the South:
segregation and discrimination. Due to these hardships, the Southern African Americans migrated
North. This was called the Great Migration; which was a movement
of 6 million Southern African Americans into Northern cities like Chicago and Harlem. This
relocation led to the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920's. The Harlem Renaissance
was a rebirth in African American culture through art,music,dance, and poetry. The
Great Migration influenced the Harlem Renaissance by attracting African Americans to
the North where they felt that they had more power and equality there, so they
expressed it. Writers like, James Weldon Johnson contributed ... Show more content on
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These newspapers got to the
South by having Northern train workers put some papers on when they were going to a
Southern location. Once they reached the South the blacks would discreetly hand the
papers to others without getting caught by previous White Slave Owners ("Chicago
Newspaper Sparked the Great Migration"). Although African Americans expected
Harlem to be desegregated and have nice housing; it did not meet their expectations
they had. De Facto Segregation was the unwritten practice of keeping black and whites
separated. This affected their housing, which forced them to live in slums of the city
called ghettos. Ghettos were sections of a city where a minority or an ethnic group lives

due to social, economical, or legal pressure(Liccone). The African Americans left the
South due to discrimination and Voting Restrictions. This Great Migration then led to a
rebirth of African American culture called the Harlem Renaissance.
Despite the hardships African Americans faced in Harlem, they looked at the
North as a place where they could freely express themselves. One important Harlem
Renaissance writer was James Weldon Johnson. James attended Atlanta University

Ida B Wells Essay
Ida B. Wells was born in Mississippi on July 16 1862. Ida and her family were slaves but about six
months later her and all the slaves in America were freed, but for Ida and her family they had to face
a lot of discriminatory rules and practices since living and a southern state in America. Her father
James Bell was apart of a republican party and help start a school called Shaw University (now Rust
college). Here Ida received her early schooling. Sadly Ida had to drop out at the age of 16 when her
family was struck with yellow fever, Ida had to care for her whole family while they recovered.
Tragically both of her parents passed away from the sickness along with one of her siblings. In order
for her to care for the rest of her family she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her brothers found work as carpenter apprentices. For a time Ida continued her education at Fisk
University in Nashville. A moment in My 1884 will change Ida's life and goals forever. Having
bought a first class ticket for a train ride to Nashville Tennessee she was denied the right to her seat
and was forced to ride a car that was specifically for African Americans. Rightfully so she refused to
give up her seat and ticket and fought the train crew and even bit one of the crew members, she later
took the train company to court and won getting a 500$ settlement however the Supreme Court
overruled the hearing and took her money away. After that Ida decided to start her own newspaper
company named Memphis Free Speech and Highlight and begin to write her displeasure with the
american government and america's prejudice practices. In 1892 Three African American men
named Tom Moss, Calvin McDowell, and Will Stewart set up a grocery store in Memphis. This
drew customers from a local white owned store. The white owner and a few other began to attack
and rob Tom and the others store, After a few of these attacks Moss and a few others started to guard
the store and rebel against the attackers. One night Moss and the others shot and killed the owner
and his partners as they tried to rob the store, Tom and the others were taken to jail and imprisoned
for their crimes for self defense. Shortly after Tom and his friends were taken from their cells and
murdered by a lynch

Black Press : Soldiers Without Swords
The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords detailed the dynamic history of African–American media
in the United States. Newspapers created community amongst Black Americans by connecting
stories of Black life across the country, and allowed Black people the freedom to express themselves
politically and socially through their own words, as opposed to White people telling them how they
should feel. The story of the Black press as newspaper print faded before the end of the century, but
Black press as a cultural phenomenon continues today in the dawn of social media. This film adds
onto the class discussions of African–Americans' unification through Black culture, and its
contradiction to White American culture throughout history. The presentation of a 150 year timeline
of Black newspapers: from their roots during the Reconstruction period, to their "deaths" shortly
after the Civil Rights Movement through various aids proved the film's strength. The use of actual
photographers, journalists, and editors from the Black newspapers solidified this film's sincerity; it
allowed the people that actually lived through those changes and events to recount their stories.
Even when it profiled different people from the past, the filmmakers used voiceovers that fit each
character, facilitating the film's narrative. These qualities elevated the movie and enhanced the
understanding of it overall.
The inclusion of Black women and their vital roles within Black press also improved the film's

Chicago Defender Argumentative Essay
Housing and racial discrimination of the 1950's and 1960's can not start without the discussion of
the great migration of African Americans. African Americans left the south and moved to the north
to large cities like Portland, Detroit, Seattle and topic at hand Chicago. In search of new lives and to
avoid tough segregation laws blacks flooded the Chicago area. According to online reports more
than 6 million African Americans moved up north from 1916 to 1970. The mistreatment of the
southerners and segregation alone was a huge incentive for African Americans to leave the south.
Blacks were unable to drink out of the same water fountains as whites or even allowed to walk on
the same sidewalks. The southern states during this period also promoted ... Show more content on
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Banks would get in on the action as well, they would deny mortgages to african americans in a
specific section of the city. The first african americans families to try to integrate to all white
neighborhoods were forced to deal with unfair terms of mortgages. Lena a character in Raisin in the
Sun states to her mother that "Them houses they put up for colored in them areas way out all seem
to cost twice as much as other houses. Although african americans fought the system with lawsuits
and marching this would still not help with the injustice of equal housing. The "contract holders"
would draw potential home owners in by requesting a low down payment and demand a high
monthly payment for families. The family would have to leave the title to their new home with the
mortgage holder, this was an upper hand for the opposition. This gave the lender the right to evict
the home owner at any point for the smallest violation or missed payment. Given the high monthly
payments to home owners they were forced into some of the same practice in the ghettos, to invite
numerous people to move in. With little funds after paying the mortgage and living expenses left
little money to keep up with property

Racism in the Sports Pages Essay
September 1, 1955: The African–American Absence
The 1950's saw the birth of rock and roll and the explosion of television sitcoms. The decade was
also marked by the influx of African–American athletes into the sporting world following Jackie
Robinson's debut for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. However, one would not realize the
significance of African–Americans in athletics by reading sports pages during the 1950's. The
athletic achievements of African–Americans were often doomed to the latter pages of sports sections
in favor of advertisements and routine sports articles. The San Francisco Chronicle is guilty of
hiding the impact of African–Americans in sports, reflecting a lack of racial tolerance.
It can be said that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The school missed the boat the first time around, as Jackie Robinson, himself, lettered in football for
the Bruins. He was a star on the team as a running back and from all reports was a man of great
character, yet was passed over when it came time to elect the captain of the team.
Hardiman Cureton, a decade later, had more luck than Robinson. He must have been ecstatic to be
elected captain. However, to be called a "Negro" in the headline of an article written about an honor
bestowed upon him must have felt like a slap in the face. Or maybe it didn't. Maybe he expected to
be called a "Negro" because it was commonplace in 1950's American society. The San Francisco
Chronicle certainly portrayed it as such.
The fact that this article even needed to be written says a lot about American society as a whole.
Nowadays, it is fairly uncommon to find a college football team without a black captain. Back in
1955, the naming of a black captain was news. Maybe it was not news that people had an interest in
reading, as evidenced by the article's short length and less than ideal page placement. If it truly
meant a great amount to the readers or writers of the San Francisco Chronicle, the sports editor
probably would have placed it on the front page of his section. Although this story might not have
been deemed front–page material like articles on

Black Newspapers And The Holocaust
After researching newspaper articles covering the events of Kristallnacht, one question lingered:
How did black newspapers continue to cover the Holocaust? After finding limited articles pertaining
to the events of Kristallnacht, I was curious to see if more coverage would be dedicated to the events
that came after. I specifically wanted to look into African American newspapers of the day in order
to see how the African American community reacted to the atrocities. During this time period many
African Americans were facing persecution at home, so I figured they would approach new of the
Holocaust with a different outlook than the rest of Americans. For this paper I focused on African
American newspapers from November 1938, or the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Were they given ample amounts of space to tell the full story or were they only given two
paragraphs? These questions can help me understand how prioritized news of the Holocaust was in
the black newspapers. Another driving question I had was how did the newspapers approach each
story. Did they approach it as a simple news piece only displaying the facts or did they dedicate
space to give their opinions on the matter? If they gave their opinions, we could see how African
American journalists thought about the events, and more importantly, how they wanted others in
their community to feel about these events. Lastly I wanted to know how these newspapers related
these stories to the persecution they faced in America. Did they use this opportunity to shed light on
their own suffering? Did they use their own suffering to offer empathy to European Jews? Did they
use their own suffering to discredit the suffering the European Jews? Answering these questions will
be immensely helpful when determining how black newspapers covered the Holocaust as it
happened. They will also help me focus on certain areas when looking over primary documents.
During this time period there were many flourishing African American newspapers across the
country. I chose to pick four, the Chicago Defender, the Pittsburgh Courier, the Philadelphia
Tribune, and the Los Angeles Sentinel. These newspapers stretch from the East Coast to the

The Black Press Analysis
In the Black press, writers and editors could support abolitionism and construct arguments
supporting their humanity and equality on a platform designated for their people. Since the
beginning of the slave trade individuals of African descent have used their literary gifts in print to
convey the injustices of racial oppression. From narratives to poems and novels, African Americans
have had their work circulated worldwide. Black literature had provided consistent and enduring
outlets for African–American authors for more than 200 years. The Black Press has been a major
key behind the driving force in conveying the hopes, frustrations, culture, and political strategies for
African–Americans. Before and after slavery, African–Americans used the ... Show more content on
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Often, when one paper closed down, another immediately arose to take its place. Although
newspapers were financially and at times physically risky ventures, Black editors were dedicated to
disseminating a variety of ways in which free Blacks could argue against slavery and racism. The
editors and their leadership were, for the most part, Christian, and exhorted Blacks to live in unison
with Christian moral teachings and the mainstream values of the day. The main readers of Black
Press were children and adults with educational opportunities and middle–class women and men
who read content that served their communities road to excellence; Free Black communities were
the main audience for Black press. Black press was determined to showcase Blacks who were
providing children and adults with educational opportunities, announcing society events planned by
middle–class working men and women, and instructing readers to maintain good manners and
temperance when dealing with racial injustice. This content served at least two purposes. It provided
a picture of Black communities that were building their own institutions and Black life and
livelihood for White readers who might take a glimpse at a Black paper to gain more insight on the
Negro.
Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, commonly known as Frederick Douglas, is an African–
American author, orator and writer who became a national leader from his astounding oratory skills
and anti–slavery

The History Of Segregation
Bradley, Stefan. "Watching Jim Crow: The Struggles over Mississippi TV, 1955–1969." The Journal
of African American History 90.1–2 (2005): 171+. World History Collection. Web. 31 Aug. 2015.
Segregation has happened in several places but this article shows how segregation came to Jackson
TN. In 1964 WJTV was supposed to broadcast a local hearing on civil rights, but anything that was
ever supposed to have been broadcasted about civil rights, "technical difficulties" always occurred
during the programming, and every time the station manager was questioned he was always
insidious about the matter, he wanted to keep blacks off of his station, today this is a different matter
all kinds of people are on television and are not judgmental like they

The Harlem Renaissance: The Struggle Of Art
Julio Valdez
Olsen
ICS 5
10/21/14
The Struggle of Art Ever since Africans were brought over from Africa against their will, they have
been segregated from the elite class. They have been frowned upon for over two hundred years,
even in this point and time in the twenty–first century. Through time they had some ways of
expressing themselves to show the world of their culture, heritage, and believes. They expressed
themselves by paintings, architecture, graphic arts, and sculptures. Slavery started in 1619 when a
Dutch ship was transporting twenty West Africans to Jamestown in the East coast of the United
States. It was hard for slaves to escape from slavery. There has been art made by Africans and
African Americans, during the colonial days ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were all fighting for the same cause: To be known and show their art. African americans in
portraits made by whites they were depicted to have inhuman features, some where made into
animals or clowns. Artists did not know if to let their art be inspired by the British art or to embrace
their culture and background. The Harlem Renaissance was the African American movement after
the First World War. During that time there was a mixture of music, literature, and art. During this
time, African Americans began to assimilate into the American society. Alain Locke was a
philosopher who started the newspaper "The New Negro," he was able to give the people the voice
they needed and gave a couple of people chances to show their art. Thanks to Alain Locke helped
African Americans make art that showed self pride, self respect, and independence. Locke wanted
whites and blacks to paint side by side but having blacks be rooted with their culture. Many artist
were able to sell their art; with that money they had earned they then traveled to Paris to live and try
different kinds of art styles. W. E. B. Du Bois was an activist, spokesman and, a writer who also
supported African Americans. He was able to start "The Philadelphia Negro" newspaper, he tried to
show the people what racism is, and how to fight it

Jim Crow Newspapers
After the end of Reconstruction in the Southern United States, many emancipated slaves looked to
the North for a number of opportunities that evaded them in the Jim Crow south. Either individually,
as a family, or sometimes as a whole community, African Americans made their way to more
northern states. The ability to move – not just from plantation to plantation but now around the
entire country – as well as own land, and receive and education in order to earn a skilled–labor job
were hallmarks of the newly free group. Newspapers became important staples in these new,
majority black communities. The Wichita Protest in Kansas was produced in the early 1900s and
focused itself on everything from social to economic to political issues. Although ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
On every single page, there is either ad space taken out or an article about businesses looking to
advertise. Emblazoned underneath all of the stories on the Red Summer is a footer which reads
"Patronize the Merchants Who Advertise in a Race Paper – They Appreciate Your Trade" in large,
bold, black letters. For the rest of the issue, advertisements take up close to fifty percent of the page.
Coca Cola takes out an ad that is more than a quarter of the third page; this is evidence of a people
who are becoming upwardly mobile. Not only are the ones who make it to Kansas those who have
enough liquid assets to make it half way across the country (actual cash was hard to come by in the
chit–based economy of the south), but they are now making more money thanks to obtaining skills
taught at schools like the Kansas Industrial and Educational Institute. It should be no surprise Coca
Cola invests so much in a black newspaper such as The Wichita Protest due to the improvement in
economic and therefore social standing amongst the African American exodusters. White businesses,
such as Fuller and Faulker Hardware Store, were anxious as to whether blacks would patronize their
store if they advertised in the paper; as a result, on page 4, there is a small article calling readers of
the newspaper to "[drop] around and [give] him

African Americans And The Civil War
During the Civil War, Georgia seceded from the United States and joined the Confederacy. In 1865,
the Confederacy collapsed and the Civil War came to an end. Following the Civil War, the city of
Atlanta was destroyed. Despite the political and socioeconomic struggles during the Reconstruction
Era, Atlanta began rebuilding and became an up–and–coming metropolitan city where both whites
and African–Americans could live together, "The white man and the negro have lived together in
this city more peacefully and in better spirit than in any other city, in either the North or South." As
Atlanta's economy was growing, so was its population. Atlanta began to experience a high influx of
African–American migrants from surrounding states, and an increase in tensions between whites
and African–Americans began to grow. As African–Americans obtained rights, competition amongst
whites and blacks increased and tensions only further escalated between the two groups. In
September of 1906, the racial hostility between whites and African–Americans resulted in a violent
race riot. Although Atlanta was once the city where whites and blacks could live together in racial
harmony, the Atlanta Race Riots of 1906 changed the relationship between the two groups. By the
late nineteenth century, Atlanta had rebuilt its economy and became the center of the economic
boom in the South. Atlanta's population in 1880 was 89,000 and by 1900 the population increased to
150,000. In 1880, there were

Daily Tar Heel Newspaper Report
As I was walking past the Daily Tar Heel newspaper holder, I noticed an African American male on
the front page. It easily caught my attention because it seems that blacks often are not featured on
the front covers of newspapers and magazines. Usually, I see pictures of whites covering the front
page of most newspapers. I grabbed the newspaper and began to read because of my interest in
African American news around the Chapel Hill area. According to the Daily Tar Heel, the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is ranked quite high for percentage of minority faculty when
compared to its peer institutions. "UNC ranks first in percentage of minority faculty among 13 peer
schools to which it's frequently compared, the closest being the University

A Media Controlled Race Riot
A Media Controlled Race Riot
The very first thing millions of people do when they wake up is check their phones, and log into
whatever social media sites that they are a part of, such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr,
and many more. On these sites, there are several ads or newspaper articles depicting different
political messages or views. These advertisements and news articles can easily influence our
thoughts on different aspects of life, such as religious view or racial identity. During the era of the
race riot, the people of this time had their own version of media: the newspaper. More often than
not, the first thing people did in the morning was read the newspaper. The image that comes to mind
is businessmen sitting on trains or families gathered together in the morning reading the newspaper.
In 1908, Springfield, Illinois experienced a race riot that was mainly controlled by the opinion they
were receiving from the material from the media that they read and viewed.
Material that was available to the people of Springfield were newspapers and occasionally plays. A
play that was taking place almost a year before a riot was seriously on the minds of Springfield
citizens was The Birth of a Nation. A major occurrence that happened almost every time this play
was to take place in a northern community was interracial violence in and around the theaters that
offered it (Roche pg. 25). It may have been a mistake, but Springfield's black newspaper the Forum
claimed that

Ida B Wells Research Paper
Ida B. Wells–Barnett was a bold fight against lynching, suffragist, defender of the rights of women,
journalist and speaker of international stature. It stands as one of the most intransigent leaders, and
more determined to defend democracy. Born in 1862 in Holly Springs, Mississippi, and died in 1931
in Chicago, Illinois, at the age of sixty–nine. Ida's parents, although enslaved prior to the Civil War,
could support their seven children because her mother was recognized as a cook and his father as a
skilled carpenter. When Ida was only fourteen years old, Holly Springs was affected by a tragic
epidemic of yellow fever, because of which his parents and younger brother died. Ida, with fairness,
responsibility and integrity that characterized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their names were Thomas Moss, Calvin McDowell and Henry Stewart. The three men were owners
of a popular store called People's Grocery Company and there were those who believed that the
store had taken customers to competitors white–owned businesses. In response, a group of angry
white men tried to eliminate competition attacking the People's Grocery store, cuyosdueños resisted
and shot an attacker. The owners of People's Grocery were arrested, but did not take long for a lynch
mob broke into the jail where they were arrested. The mob took the three men from prison and
brought to the outskirts of the city, where they were brutally murdered. This atrocity catalyzed the
indignation of Wells, who wrote in the newspaper Free Speech: The city of Memphis has shown that
black does not serve neither the character nor the position when dares to protect the white man or
become his rival. There is nothing we can do about the lynching now, since we are outnumbered and
lack of weapons. White peat can get ammunition without paying for them, but the order prohibiting
the sale of arms to blacks is applied rigidly. It remains therefore only one thing to do; save our
money and go to a city that does not protect our lives and our property or give us a fair trial in court,
but that takes us out and murders in cold blood when we are accused by white

Who Is Jackie Robinson Appears Before Huac
Jackie Robinson. "Jackie Robinson Appears Before HUAC" Hearings Regarding Communist
Infiltration of Minority Groups–Part 1, Hearings Before the Committee on Un–American Activities,
House of Representatives, Eighty First Congress, First Session. 18 July. 1949.
This is a transcript from 1949, when Jackie Robinson was summoned before the HUAC to discuss
communism to Black America. He reminds the court that he is coming from a view of being a
colored American, "with 30 years of experience". Jackie follows to explain that democracy will only
work for those who are willing to fight for it (addressed Negro Americans).
Du Bois, W.E.B. "The Talented Tenth." N.p., Sept. 1903. Print.
This is a letter from African–American civil rights activist, W.E.B. Du Bois, explaining what the
Talented Tenth is and their goal.
Du Bois, W.E.B. "Criteria of Negro Art." The Crisis Oct. 1926: n. pag. Print.
A newspaper article about what William Edward Burghard, a civil rights activist, thinks about the
current state that black people are in. It entails ways of how art should be used to raise the status of
black people in America. W.E.B. Du Bois helped others understand the thinking of people,
especially African intellectuals, during the Harlem Renaissance.
Hatch, James V. Hamalian, Leo. "Lost Plays of the Harlem Renaissance". 1920–1940. Detroit.
This book holds scenes from 16 individual plays during the Harlem Renaissance. It holds scripts
from playwright and social activist, Langston Hughes. This

Thomas T. Fortune House: Journalist Born a Slave Essay
"Can you imagine being born a slave in Florida and living in a beautiful Second Empire mansion in
New Jersey?" Primavera asked. "It's a remarkable American history story. I think what's left of the
house could be easily restored to a sufficient level so the story could be told in an incredibly
effective way" (Shockley). Thomas T. Fortune was an important journalist in the history of America
who was born into slavery in the state of Florida. He was an educated man and one of the most
influential African–American journalists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Thomas T.
Fortune played an important role in the civil rights movement in America and he deserves to be
memorialized in an attempt to remind future generations of the leaders ... Show more content on
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Thomas was able to attend Law School as just "one of five students in Howard's law department for
the 1877–1878 term" (Carle 1490). Fortune unfortunately did not finish college and did not receive
a degree because of financial hardships. Even though he did not finish law school he still gained a
lot of knowledge during the time he was there, "Fortune gained an understanding of fundamentals,
especially in American constitutional law, which was reflected in his writings in later years" (Carle
1493). Thomas T. Fortune held several unsuccessful jobs before he landed his mark as the managing
editor of the newspaper New York Globe in 1883, "thus launching himself at the age of twenty–five
into a career as a national public intellectual" (Carle 1494). Thomas T. Fortune's paper was
successful until about the year 1907. "In 1901 Fortune moved his family to Red Bank, which had a
well–established, segregated black community on the Westside, where Fortune bought a twelve
room, Second Empire style home a short walk from the train station" (Zipprich). While living in
New Jersey he commuted to New York for work once a week and the rest of the week he worked
from home. During the time his newspaper was active it changed names a couple of times, from
New York Globe, New York Freeman, and finally New York Age. Fortune's purpose of his paper
stayed continuous which was to "present

The Louisiana Weekly: an Historical Overview Essay
THE LOUISIANA WEEKLY: AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The Founding: The Twenties
The Louisiana Weekly is among the oldest newspapers that African Americans publish in the United
States. The weekly paper published in New Orleans for 80 years, as of 2005, has chronicled the ups
and downs of black people, particularly before the mid–1960s when mainstream newspapers began
the slow climb toward progressive reporting of the affairs of blacks.
Constant Charles Dejoie, Sr., president of the Unity Industrial Life Insurance Company in New
Orleans, invested approximately $2,000 and founded The Louisiana Weekly, the first issue of which
was dated September 19, 1925. Dejoie, then age 44 and without journalism training, took the title of
publisher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to sociologist Daniel C. Thompson:
Over the years, therefore, Negro publications in New Orleans, especially the Louisiana Weekly,
have done a gigantic job of collecting and interpreting information on vital issues affecting Negroes
and the Negro community. There is some feeling among Negro leaders, however, that this
information reaches very few white men of power.
Of course, the Weekly was far from the first black newspaper in New Orleans. That honor went to
L'Union; the premier issue of which was published in the city on September 27, 1862, and
represented the first black newspaper established in the south. (The Weekly was also unable to claim
the title of being the oldest continuing black newspaper in Louisiana.) The Shreveport Sun, which
opened in 1920 in northwest Louisiana, remains in business and is five years older than the Weekly.
Nevertheless, New Orleans, the largest city in the state and one of the key cities of the South, in
1925 had been without a local black newspaper for 18 years. The Weekly, which followed the
Southern Republican (1898–1907), filled the void.
Black New Orleanians needed the Weekly just as any other group needs a press to serve its special
interests, according to one of the paper's first editorials which said:
We know that there must always be papers devoted to special interests. We know that certain
societies are justified in having their papers for

The Late 1800s Wilmington North Carolina
At the end of the 1800s Wilmington North Carolina was a very active city which centered on its
port. At that time it was the largest city in North Carolina. They had a very large African American
population, only one–third of the people in the city were not African American. Wilmington was
considered a great place for African Americans because they were thriving economically and
involved politically.
The late 1800s were a different time politically. In Wilmington there were three main political
parties. The first was the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party at that time was much different
than the one today. They were the original party that supported slavery. At one time they controlled
most of the government but at that time

The Effects Of Racially Motivated Violence During The...
As the country was embroiled in an unremitting civil war, New York City was afflicted by riots that
would become the city's most devastating instance of racially motivated violence. Between July
13th and July 16th, 1863, ten days after 46,000 Americans were slain at Gettysburg, riots broke out
over a new law passed by Congress. This law, the Enrollment Act, was established to bring new
recruits into the Union Army that was being diminished by the increasing amount of high–casualty
battles. What initially began as a protest against the draft and the commutation fee that allowed
wealthier citizens to buy their way out of the draft, soon turned into a race–riot, led primarily by
Irish–American immigrants against New York's African–American community. The riots led to a
mass exodus of New York's African–American population and resulted in the deaths of 119 men,
many of whom were African–American, who were lynched and beaten by the white mobs. Behind
the scenes of violence and disorder was Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that
controlled City Hall from 1854 to 1932. This corrupt and venal organization, whose crimes normally
consisted of doling out city contracts to supporters and precipitating Irish immigrants' entrance to
the voter rolls, now included murder. Rather than seek to have the draft declared unconstitutional, as
many of the Irish working–class rioters wanted, Tammany inflamed already burgeoning racial
tensions. Tammany did this by

Ida B Wells Research Paper
Ida B. Wells was born to slave parents in 1862; six months after her birth the slaves were freed. A
few years later her father helped open Shaw University; which is where Ida received her education.
After her parents and one sibling died from a fever epidemic Ida had no choice but to leave her
education and care for her younger siblings. She lied about her age and became a teacher, later
pursuing journalism. She worked at the Free Speech Press where she also became an editor. The
Free Speech newspaper was an anti–segregation paper funded by african–americans. She
passionately investigated and wrote about the injustices of american black citizens. It would seem as
though Ida wrote this document and most of her other documents for all americans seeking to know
the truth and desperate for change. She wanted to make all americans aware of what was really
going on and be a reliable source for the historical records. She ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Wells means a great deal to me. Even in today's society the crimes of American history are being
withheld or softened. This leaves many americans in the dark or in denial about what really
happened. The unfathomable truths about what black citizens really went through. About children
just 15 years old were being brutally murdered without valid reason; while white americans stood by
unbothered and unwilling to change. These pieces of history, this evidence of despicable injustices
are vital to understanding the position of african–americans today. History is not meant to be
forgotten; but rather learned from. Many african –americans are not alone today in feeling like
america, in all her glory still clings to its prejudice roots. Subtly denying men and women of their
civil and basic rights wherever she can. As hard as it is to read truths like Ida's, it can show how far
we have come as a nation and yet how far we still have to go before we can truly be a land that
holds and honors freedom, liberty, justice and

The Power Of Power In America
reconstructed community thought that through social reform can prevent racial tension but writers
were critical of President Roosevelt to find the culprits responsible for the riot.
The Los Angeles Times had conservative writers that expressed their opinion in their own columns
but the newspaper had writers that reported events with a political bias. A conservative writer, of the
LA Times was Westbrook Pegler, in his column called "Fair Enough." Pegler's was an anti–New
Deal writer that criticized the Detroit Riot as examples of "lawless aggression and brutalitarian." As
Pegler's column continued, the rhetoric used to criminalize African Americans made the argument
that Roosevelt was not upholding the Four Freedoms presented to the ... Show more content on
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As the Detroit Riot was reported in the Los Angeles Times, as a neutral tone that tried to place the
blame on a group or person. With the interference of federal troops, Cadillac Square had been placed
with restrictions to prevent from another uprising from the community. For example, the restrictions
varied from "...banning alcohol sales, closing places of amusement by 9 PM, and ordered that only
police and military personnel carry weapons." As the restrictions were placed on the community
both black and white Americans rallied around city hall to prevent these mandates that enforced
actions but were thrown tear gas to disperse. During World War II, there were conspiracy theories
that the Axis powers caused racial tension to disrupt the war production to devastate the United
States and Allies. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had
defended that the "...Negroes in particular, the opportunity to participate in the war effort on the
same basis as other Americans." Through the defense of the NAACP cleared that the African
Americans in the Detroit were not purposefully trying to halt war industries on purpose due to the
history of prejudice, but they were still questioned for the possible activity to oppose the United
States. On June 24, 1943, the Los Angeles reported that there was a four–man committee which
investigated the origins of the riot and decide if the perpetrators need to be prosecuted. The article,
"Special

Racial Stereotypes In The Media In American Mass Media
The mass media is a powerful force today in American pop culture. A lot of the images seen on
television, magazines, billboards, and on television have lasting impressions. Sometimes these
impressions create a negative impact. The media can be very destructive to society. Many different
ethnic groups and cultures are negatively affected by the content and images in the media. African
Americans seem to be on the very top of that list.
For some people in society, the only time they get to see another race is from the images portrayed
through the media. America is populated with many different cultures and races, often considered as
the world's largest melting pot. Learned ignorance with a combination of limited exposure and
negative images being the only depiction seen in different areas of the media lead to stereotyping of
an entire race. Since the infancy of television and newspaper, exposure of African Americans has
been scarce or even non–existent. In the early times black culture in television and film were limited
to demeaning and cruel depictions of black people as being submissive, docile, and unintelligent.
Many black actors were only assigned to domestic roles, portrayed as savages, and other images that
added to the stereotypes of black people in that time in history. Blacks were rarely seen in news
shows, newspapers, but it seemed to only be shown if they were committing crimes. The negative
stereotypes of blacks in the media were a result of the lack of African

Racism And Racism
When we are children, we are told that no matter the color of our skin, we are equal. We are told that
we have the power to think for ourselves. In a country built on innovative free thinkers, we like to
believe that we are immune to any outside influence. However, that is not the case. Many studies
have proven that the media has a big impact on the way that we think and feel. Americans are in
denial, and refuse to believe that racism in any form is still prevalent in the United States. However,
while we have shifted from traditional to modern racism, race is still a major factor in how we view
the world. The way the media portrays African Americans plays a part in this. Racism is not the only
thing that the media can influence in our society. modern television conventions have been shown to
alter the way we think and feel about events that are shown on television. While this can be harmful,
and cause us to think in a closed minded way, it can also be helpful. When traumatic events take
place that are difficult for us to understand, television conventions can provide us with a way to help
process traumatic events. While many Americans believe we live in a color blind society where we
are not influenced by the media, due to the way the media portrays African Americans and modern
television conventions, racism is still prevalent and the media has the power to alter the way we
think and feel about certain events. The article, Loot or Find: Fact or Frame, discusses racism in

Cause Of Racial Discrimination
Throughout the twentieth century, racial tension became a core problem in the United States after
African Americans started to migrate from the South to North for industrial jobs. As the United
States became engulfed in World War II, war industries were nationalized and Franklin Delano
Roosevelt banned discrimination through the Executive Order 8802. As African Americans moved
to cities with abundant war factories to advance their economic status which challenged White
Americans social status and integration. Detroit became overpopulated by African Americans, which
tightened police within the city, began the construction of public housing, and increased the unequal
access to goods and services. With increasingly racial tensions within ... Show more content on
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In comparison to mainstream media such as Los Angeles Times and the Chicago Tribune provided
facts that challenged society to challenge their perspective of their version of the truth. The Los
Angeles Times and Chicago Tribute that had neutral reportage about the Detroit Riots and provided
information about the facts. Except for one article from the LA Times, known as the column "Fair
Enough" written by Westbrook Pegler that gave an anti–New Deal sentiment and consistently
criticized Franklin Delano Roosevelt for his failure to defend the American people. Lastly, African
American newspapers such as the Chicago Defender, Cleveland Call and Post, and Pittsburgh
Courier focused on the perception of African Americans as the authors debated the false reports of
the White media. As the newspapers validated their perspective that the White Americans were
supported by the police to attack African American specifically the younger generations under 21
years of age and created an excuse about "enemy agents" of the Axis power to scapegoat blame from
the continual racial discrimination.
Throughout the San Francisco Examiner, the articles were in support of the police power to restrain
Negro rioters and through these methods of violence demonstrated this was only system to

What Was The Purpose Of The Freedom's Journal
The Freedom's Journal was the very first newspaper runned and owned by two free born African
Americans, Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm, in the United States. It was found on March 16,
1827, the same year that slavery was abolished in New York City. This weekly four page, four
column paper was started by a group of free African Americans in New York City and its purpose
was to go against the racist articles in the main newspaper and to let its reader know news from all
over the world while also entertaining them and educating them. This journal was not just a place of
news but they also tried to inspire their readers by publishing biographies of black figures, they tried
to better their readers by having a column for job listings African American people can apply to, and
they advocated for the basic rights for African Americans like voting, political rights, and to stop the
lynching. The columns and articles that were written were so popular and well liked that the
newspaper began to circulate in eleven different states in the United States, Europe, Canada, the
District of Columbia, and Haiti, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The men who ran the paper were putting their safety behind the safety and equality for all. The
Freedom's Journal only lasted a short period of two years, due the separation of the two owners and
one leaving the country, but it was a gate to the African American community to not be afraid in the
world they live in. This newspaper made a huge impact to the antebellum African American
communities and 30 years later, during the Civil War, there were more than 40 newspapers in the
United States that were runned and operated by African

Biography Of Jacqueline Bacon, African American Writer,...
Jacqueline Bacon, African American writer, quoted Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm in her
essay Freedom's Journal, The First African–American Newspaper: " We wish to plead our own
cause. Too long have others spoken for us" (Brown 13). This quote gave slaves a sense of
empowerment to stand up for themselves and no longer be property, but people. The Freedom
Journal is the first African American newspaper that was published in March 16, 1827 in New York
City by free black men Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm. They felt that a national newspaper
will give them a chance to have freedom to voice their opinions about public debates. Through their
process of creating their newspaper they endured many trials of deal with hatred and being criticized
for their choices. Through the time of creating the newspaper they were able to establish a black free
communities. " Beginning in the 1780s, a first generation of leaders began to address issues if
identity, self–determination, and group consciousness. They did so against a backdrop of racism,
oppression, violence, and tension within the new republic about slavery and the place of free African
American in the nation" ( Brown 14). Richard Allen, Frederick Douglass, and Solomon Northrup are
leaders for overcoming slavery, shaping African American history, and creating a community for
blacks to come together. These three influential people pleaded their case to gain their own voice
and identity.
Richard Allen was born a slave in

Ida B. Wells : An Influential African American Woman Of...
Ida B. Wells was the most influential African American woman of her time, who set the path for
many women like Rosa Parks, Shirley Chisholm, and many others, who can walk with their heads
held high and no more looking back. She achieved so much while she was here on earth. Wells' was
born in during slavery in Holly Springs, Mississippi. She grew up with both parents (her mother's
name was Lizzie Bell, who was sold by a number of owners and her father's name was James Wells,
who had one master, who was also his father and whose last name he took his own) living in the
home and she had seven siblings. It was important two both of her parents that their children would
receive the best education, her father served on the first board of trustees of Rust College, a founder
of the school, and it was ran by Northern missionaries. Once she reached her teenage years her
parents and youngest sibling were stroke with an incurable disease and died from it. She decided to
keep her family together by accepting a teacher position. Ida managed to continue her education at a
nearby college named Rust College and once completed her moved to Memphis, Tennessee, to help
with raising her younger siblings. In Tennessee, Ida started to fight for racial and gender justice; the
cause for her willing to a take stand on these issues was an incident that happened to her aboard a
train leading to her sue the railroad company for violating the 1875 Civil Right Act. Wells' was an
anti–lynching crusader

The Civil Rights Movement: A Historical Analysis
African Americans had always realized the significance of military service in promoting their
demands for equality. Yet some white Americans were also aware of the connection between
military participation and claims for equal citizenship. Since the War of Independence, black
Americans hoped to use military service as a claim to equal citizenship while at the same time,
white Americans protested for the same exact reason. World War II was no different yet more
African–Americans served and more federal policies were changed than previous military conflicts.
The next conflict had blacks and whites serving in desegregated units for the first time, and the
famous Civil Rights Movement began its civil disobedience a few years later. Was there a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his essay 1997 African American Militancy in the World War Two South: Another Perspective,
Harvard Sitkoff stressed that evidence of an increased black aggressiveness against white supremacy
remained unseen. He noted that previous literature focused on the same key moments such as A
Philip Randolph's March On Washington that forced President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order
8802. Yet he showed that as the war went on, some of the most political black newspapers
diminished their vicious rhetoric against the US and rallied support for the war. Black protests for
equal treatment, Sitkoff contended, happened before Pearl Harbor, not after. Therefore, he
concluded, evidence of prewar militancy was not evidence of a supposed wartime militancy, and
thus cannot contribute to the "militancy–watershed" that others have

Essay on Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) was a newspaper editor and journalist who went on to lead the American
anti–lynching crusade. Working closely with both African–American community leaders and
American suffragists, Wells worked to raise gender issues within the "Race Question"
and race issues within the "Woman Question." Wells was born the daughter of slaves in
Holly Springs, Mississippi, on July 16, 1862. During Reconstruction, she was educated at a
Missouri Freedman's School, Rust University, and began teaching school at the age of fourteen. In
1884, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where she continued to teach while attending Fisk
University during summer sessions. In Tennessee, especially, she was appalled at ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the aftermath of the lynching and her outspoken criticism of it, her newspaper's office was
sacked. Wells then moved to New York City, where she continued to write editorials and against
lynching, which was at an all time high level in the years after Reconstruction. Joining the staff of
The New York Age, Wells became a very respected lecturer and organizer for anti–lynching
societies made up of men and women of all races. She traveled throughout the U.S. and went to
Britain twice to speak about anti–lynching activities.
In 1895 Wells married Ferdinand L. Barnett, a Chicago lawyer, public official, and publisher of the
Conservator. She settled in Chicago and adopted as her married name Ida Wells–Barnett. After 1895
she limited her activities to Chicago, but she was quite active in Chicago's rapidly growing African–
American community. In Chicago she wrote for the Conservator, published an expose of lynching,
The Red Record, and organized Chicago women regarding several causes, from anti–lynching to
suffrage. From 1898 to 1902, Wells served as secretary of the National Afro–American Council, and
in 1910 she founded and became the first president of the Negro Fellowship League.
Throughout her life, Wells was militant in her demands for equality and justice for African–
Americans, and insisted that the African–American community must win justice through its own
efforts. She

Analysis Of A Political Cartoon, By Marc Murphy
This a political cartoon made by Marc Murphy that address both black history month and Journalist
Laura Ingraham's remark to basketball player Lebron James. Murphy put this cartoon together to
show the similarities of Ingraham's comment and the bus racial struggle in the 50s. Lebron James
was having an interview and discussed many things such as family, personal growth and the racial
issues he had encountered (his home was graffitied with racial slurs). Ingraham had a very
interesting response to his interview. She called him "Barely intelligible," "ungrammatical," and
ended up telling him to "Keep the political comments to yourselves. ... Shut up and dribble." The
other half of this political image says "shut up and sit back there" which refers to the struggle of bus
sitting in the 50s. African Americans were forced to sit in the back of the bus while whites could sit
in the front. These two events are tied together with the image of shackles representing the
restrictions many African Americans face in America. Furthermore, it has more of impact because it
was black history month and history was being repeated with African Americans being treated as
though ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Murphy uses the symbols of shackles to represent the binds on African Americans throughout time.
Then, the two examples from different parts of history have emotional appeal on the audience. There
is no way to not feel sympathetic for the men and women who are treated negatively because of
their skin tone after seeing this cartoon. The cartoon has two known examples of racism in
dramatically different time periods. By putting them side by side it shows how similar they are even
though they are from such different time periods. Murphy uses these bias in his work to make his
cartoon stand out more. People who see this message can easily tell what is trying to be said because
of the images clearly illustrates Murphy's

All Lives Matter, By Nikita Carney Essay
Media bias is displayed repeatedly in news coverage of black tragedies and in the persecution of
black bodies. From protest following the non indictments of cop killing unarmed black men to the
uninformed persecution of the BlackLivesMatter movement, mainstream media is constantly
standing in opposition to anything that threatens the status quo. My five articles assessed said media
bias, and if that bias whether negative or positive affected the African–American community.
Nikita Carney's "All Lives Matter, but so Does Race: Black Lives Matter and the Evolving Role of
Social Media" assesses the role of social media as a public sphere, capable of influencing public
discourse and the evolution of social media as a platform for discussing racial injustice. Carney uses
twitter as her subject and analyzes the opposing discourse surrounding hashtags
"#BlackLivesMatter" and "#AllLivesMatter" occurring after the non–indictments of white police
officers in the killings of Eric Garner and Michael Brown. These hashtags represent opposing
ideology about police brutality and the persecution of black bodies. Carney begins by establishing
Twitter as a place for marginalized youth of color to engage in meaningful discourse about their
experiences of racial inequality. Carney notes that "different groups viewing the same media
coverage interpret issues of race and police violence in drastically different ways", proving the
existence of confirmation bias on social media. Millennials have

Black Wall Street Essay
"Black Wall Street" was the name given to Greenwood Avenue of North Tulsa, Oklahoma during the
early 1900's. Because of strict segregation, Blacks were only allowed to shop, spend, and live in a
35 square block area called the Greenwood district. The "circulation of Black dollars" only in the
Black community produced a tremendously prosperous Black business district that was admired and
envied by the whole country.
Oklahoma's first African–American settlers were Indian slaves of the so–called "Five Civilized
Tribes": Chickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles. These tribes were forced to
leave the Southeastern United States and resettle in Oklahoma in mid–winter over the infamous
"Trail of Tears." After the Civil War, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Washington during his visit bestowed the moniker: "Negro Wall Street." By 1921, Tulsa's African–
American population of 11,000 had its own bus line, two high schools, one hospital, two
newspapers, two theaters, three drug stores, four hotels, a public library, and thirteen churches. In
addition, there were over 150 two and three story brick commercial buildings that housed clothing
and grocery stores, cafes, rooming houses, nightclubs, and a large number of professional offices
including doctors, lawyers, and dentists. Tulsa's progressive African American community boasted
some of the city's most elegant brick homes, well furnished with china, fine linens, beautiful
furniture, and grand pianos. Mary Elizabeth Parrish from Rochester, New York wrote: "In the
residential section there were homes of beauty and splendor which would please the most critical
eye." Well known African American personalities often visited the Greenwood district including:
educators Mary McCloud Bethune and W.E.B. DuBois, scientist George Washington Carver, opera
singer Marian Anderson, blues singer Dinah Washington, and noted Chicago chemist Percy Julian.
T.P. Scott wrote in "Negro City Directory": "Early African American business leaders in Tulsa
patterned the development of Tulsa's thriving Greenwood district after the successful African
American entrepreneurial activity in Durham, North

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