Affirmative Action Definition

Affirmative Action Definition
Affirmative action was first created in 1961 and was signed by President John F. Kennedy, with intent to improve the lives of those who tend to suffer
from discrimination. Court rulings have upheld affirmative action policies, we have seen examples of this in court but also in employment
opportunities and school admission processes.
Affirmative action policies have continued to be supported in court rulings. The final rulings of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
(1978) are significant as they allowed race to be one of the several factors allowed in college admission policies. Allan Bakke, a thirty–five year old
white man, applied twice to the University of California Medical School in Davis. Although his qualifications exceeded
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Affirmative Action Essays
The affirmative action program is important because it gives job opportunities for many people regardless of their race, color, religion, gender, and
national origin. The work force should be well represented by the different ethnic backgrounds of our society. Some people look at affirmative action
as reverse discrimination, but this program doesn't guarantee employment based on race, ethnicity, or gender. Theaffirmative action program gives
equal consideration to individuals from a different race, ethnicity, or gender, but not one of these factors may be the only factor used to determine an
individual's qualifications for any job.
The biggest dispute of the program is the belief that the policy allows less qualified candidates to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The truth of the matter is that many people climb the corporate ladder because they are associated with the right people whom are making executive
decisions that make a difference. The government intends to provide equal opportunity based upon the individual's merit. Affirmative action provides
qualified individuals with a variety of job opportunities; this program could be viewed as another avenue to excel in a career or towards a higher
education.
In many occurrences, minorities have been discriminated because it has been the custom not to hire them. Many city police and fire departments
traditionally did not hire blacks; many craft unions did not accept black members. Many big companies did not hire blacks for higher positions;
instead, blacks were hired as kitchen assistants and janitors. When these kinds of patterns are evident, affirmative action and quotas may be valid tools
to respond with.
Cannon 3
The use of affirmative action and quotas was demonstrated in 1983 in hearings held by Representative Don Edwards (D–Cal.) and Patricia Schroeder
(D–Colo.). Alabama has seen dramatic changes in black employment in public agencies over the past decade. Judge Frank Johnson of Montgomery,
Alabama contributed to these changes.
Johnson established a quota on temporary hires. The quota was at 25 percent and the quota was met, but there was still no

Affirmative Action
RESEARCH PAPER
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
INTRODUCTION Affirmative Action is an employment legislation protection system that is intended to address the systemized discrimination faced
by women and minorities. It achieves this by enforcing diversity through operational intrusions into recruitment, selection, and other personnel
functions and practices in America. Originally,Affirmative Action arose because of President Lyndon B. Johnson's desire to integrate society on
educational, employment, and economic levels, yet it was John F. Kennedy who issued Executive Order 10925 to create the Commission on Equal
Employment Opportunity, a commission that evolved into our modern Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ... Show more content on
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The various alternative forms of Affirmative Action all have received national attention. Yet, the country is divided on all of these issues, specifically
how university admissions should assess issues of merit and diversity against national fundamental issues of diversity and fairness. One author argues
that there is a "theory of successful intelligence"[3] that says minorities can achieve no matter if Affirmative Action policies are in place or not. He
says, "Successful intelligence is the ability to succeed in life, according to one 's own conception of success."[4] This author also makes the argument
that successful intelligence is not about being good at one thing only. It instead views, everyone as having strengths and weaknesses, no matter how
smart or intelligent they are. In the Affirmative Action case Grutter v. Bolinger, there was a majority opinion 5
–4 that continued the use of Affirmative
Action in college admissions. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor stated, "In order to cultivate a set of leaders with legitimacy in the eyes of the citizenry,
it is necessary that the path to leadership be visibly open to talented and qualified individuals of every race and ethnicity."[5] However, it is apparent
that Affirmative Action is only used to "open the door" as many believe that AA should not be needed for any

Disadvantages Of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in College Applications: Financial and Racial Disadvantages Affirmative action is the improving of educational and job
opportunities for members of groups that had not been treated fairly in the past. Affirmative Action came to be following the Civil Rights Movement to
treat years of discrimination and to promote equality, though as John Fobanjong denotes in his article Affirmative Action, some policy makers sought
only to improve diversity statistics, not to level the playing field. This nationwide program makes race a qualifying factor in college and job
applications: it's in place to encourage diversity because according to Issues & Controversies' Affirmative Action: Are Affirmative Action Programs
Necessary, minorities represent less than their percent of the population in academic careers. Even though the "1964 Civil Rights Act, a landmark law
that banned discrimination based on race, sex, religion, or national origin in schools," was put into place, Affirmative Action, a program that uses race
in college admissions, still continues (Affirmative Action: Are Affirmative). Regardless of surrounding law, Affirmative Action is fundamentally
flawed because there is no cause–effect relationship between skin color and income, an underlying assumption of the program. Affirmative Action
blankets all minorities, whether lower, middle, or higher class, labeling entire races "disadvantaged". Furthermore, as covered in John Johnson and
Robert Green's book titled

Affirmative Action
Name
Professor Name
Management
11th November 2011
Affirmative Action
Thesis: Affirmative Action has helped many women and minorities in entering the job market. Although there has been a lot of hue and cry regarding
the benefits of the affirmative action and the suitability of candidates selected thorough affirmative action; research has shown that affirmative action
is beneficial and the candidates of affirmative action perform as well as those who are selected through the normal process. I. An overview of
affirmative action and the different viewpoints presented by different groups. II. Reasons for affirmative action by corporate III. The History of
Affirmative action and how it was started. IV.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Holzer and Neumark have gone one step forward in their study and have tried to analyze the fate of women and minority employees who had been
hired by firms in order to fulfill their obligations under the affirmative action order. They found that women and minority employees performed as
well as their white male counterparts if all of them had the same educational qualifications. They also concluded in their study that firms which had
objective methods of analyzing employee's performance saw more number of women high performers than those who simply depended on the rating
given by superiors. Thus this study proves that if objective HR practices are followed and personal biases of the reporting managers are removed;
women and minority employees perform as well as male counterparts. Their study also suggests that following affirmative action consistently makes a
firm more impartial and the bias is more or less removed after the initial reluctance. One of the major points of argument lately has been the glass
ceiling which women employees have to face in Corporate America. People have claimed that there is a barrier which prevents women from reaching
the upper echelons. Unfortunately

Affirmative Action Essay
Affirmative action is the nation's most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination, however in modern times and
approximately forty years after the establishment of this policy, society is plagued with the issues of whether affirmative action is necessary, whether it
is a benefit or detriment to society, and why it incites rather then eases the nation's internal dilemmas after so many years of having been in effect. In
the following paragraphs the issues surrounding this debate, such as what is the definition of affirmative action, how and why affirmative action was
established to begin with, who is affected by this policy, whether affirmative action is still necessary in today's society or if such ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus it is not enough just to open the gates or opportunity. All our citizens must have the ability to walk through those gates .... We seek not...just
equality as a right and a theory but equality as a fact and equality as a result."
And so several months later President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which stated that "It is the policy of the Government of the United
States to provide equal opportunity in federal employment for all qualified persons, to prohibit discrimination in employment because of race, creed,
color or national origin, and to promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, continuing program in each department
and agency." Two years later the order was amended to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. While the aim of President Johnson's order
was similar to that of President Kennedy's, President Johnson's eliminated the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, transferred its
responsibilities to the Secretary of Labor, and authorized the Secretary to "adopt such rules and regulations and issue such orders as he deems
necessary and appropriate to achieve the purposes thereof." (QUOTE) Acting on the basis of this mandate, the Department of Labor in December
1971, during the administration of President Richard M. Nixon, issued Revised Order No. 4, requiring all contractors to develop "an acceptable

Affirmative action– a plan to offset past discrimination in employing or educating women, blacks etc. (Websters New World Dictionary.)
The history of affirmative action has its roots in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and stems from the United States Supreme case of Brown vs. Board of
Education of Topeka Kansas. In 1965, President Linden B. Johnson issued Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal
contractors to undertake affirmative action to increase the number of minorities that they employ. President Johnson wanted to ensure that minorities
were recruited to have real opportunities to be hired and then eventually get a promotion. (Internet www.sru.edu) In 1969, the department of ... Show
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He created the Office of Federal Contract compliance Program (OFCCP) in 1978 to ensure compliance with the affirmative action policies.
Affirmative action began to go down hill when Ronald Regan and later George Bush came into office. Affirmative action lost some gains it had made
and was more or less ignored by the Republicans in the White House and Congress. The Republicans are attempting to scare people into changing their
party lines by misusing affirmative action. They are saying that affirmative action is nothing more than a quota or reverse discrimination. (Internet
www.sru.edu)
Affirmative action was implemented with the idea and hope that America would finally become truly equal. The tension of the 1960's civil rights
movement had made it very clear, that the nations minority and female population was not receiving equal and social economic opportunity. The
implementation of affirmative action was America's first honest attempt at solving a problem it had previously chose to ignore. Affirmative action has
had its greatest amount of success in city, state, and government jobs. Since the 1960s the area of law enforcement witnessed the greatest increase in
minority applicants, and in jobs offered to minorities. The influx has been greatest in the area of government, state and city, because this type of work
is easier for affirmative action to watch over and regulate.

Affirmative Action
Affirmative action is a practice that is intended to promote opportunities for the "protected class" which includes minorities, woman, and people with
disabilities or any disadvantaged group for that matter. With affirmative action in place people of this protected class are given an even playing field in
terms of hiring, promotion, as well as compensation. Historically, affirmative action is only known to have protected African Americans and woman;
however that is not the case. Affirmative action protects a variety of people and without this statute many people included in this protected class would
be unfairly discriminated against. There are many reasons why affirmative action should continue to be a part of workplace such as:
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a very legal way in ensuring minorities an even playing field (Campus that Looks like America). Because of the effectiveness of affirmative
action other statues have been put into place to ensure that other members of this protected class are not getting discriminated against such as the
Rehabilitation Act. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which makes it unlawful for certain employers to discriminate against a qualified individual
exclusively by reason of her or his disability. The Rehabilitation Act does not specifically address medical inquiries, although it provides that the
judicial standards used to determine whether an employer has unlawfully discriminated shall be the standards applied under the ADA. This is
merely one of many statutes that were created as a part of affirmative action to promote equal employment. Clearly, with all of the mandates that
were branched off of affirmative action the need for this program in the workplace is vital. Affirmative action promotes diversity which is known to
be a vital part of any company's success. Many companies even the U.S Government pride their selves on diversity and use various affirmative action
programs to achieve such a company culture. For example the U.S. Census Bureau recently conducted a case study regarding the issue of diversity.
The Census Bureau defines adversity as the all of the ways in which we differ. Among these dimensions are race, gender, age, disability, religion, sexual

Affirmative Action Reality
The Reality of Affirmative Action Have you ever thought how our educational system works? Many people believe that race has nothing to do with
the way people view them and don't think that this affects them in any aspect. Others believe that race is just something people overlook but in reality
that's what we have to discuss and figure out today. Under our constitution every person who is legally able to be here has the right to be treated equal
as everyone else. Why is that the way someone looks or where their from affects the way people judge them. A system called Affirmative Actions has
been used to promote access in opportunities dealing with education, employment, housing, and government contracts.... Show more content on
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Now this example has been proven and researched so it is based of off facts. This leads us to believe that this impacts in a negative way. The
affirmative action is a type of discrimination in a way because not all people benefit from it, so a lot of people are being excluded. Just because
someone is not necessarily caucasian it doesn't mean that they are not equal to them. Minorities are the most targeted in these cases and no one does
anything to help them because they believe that if they do they can get affected by what might happen. So people have allowed that things like
affirmative action to occur without really knowing what it actually does and how this affects

Is Affirmative Action Fair
Jerrica Martin
PHI 103: Informal Logic
Is Affirmative Action Fair?
Brian Addis
August 23, 2010
Is Affirmative Action Fair?
Affirmative action was created to increase the number of people from certain social groups in employment, education, business, government, and other
areas (LaNoue, G., 2010). This policy is geared toward women, and minorities such as African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans,
American Indians, and disabled people. Generally speaking, Affirmative Action was put into place to benefit groups that are thought to have suffered
from discrimination. Some believe that affirmative action is just a means for minorities to get ahead, but the benefit is for minorities to first of all ...
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Therefore, the rationale behind most affirmative action is sound. It does make sense to attempt to normalize for differences in the college entry level
because of the quality of preparation at the elementary and secondary levels because children have no say in where they attend school. Typically, they
are forced to attend a school nearest to their home and they normally do not have any control over the quality of education they receive. I made no
mention here of race, but the quality of the education; the unfortunate truth here is that these two are highly correlated in our country. I derive that
those who may benefit from affirmative action policies have the ability to succeed but the preparation is lacking. No matter what the case may be, they
do deserve a chance. Some would argue that once you reach post–college employment opportunities that there is no need for affirmative action since
presumably the educational differences you find in secondary schools and colleges would have balanced out by the end of your college career. So
often we still see employers choosing to hire someone that is under qualified as opposed to someone who is over qualified. Have you ever heard the
statement, "We decided to go with someone with a little less experience"? Oftentimes, potential employers will tell candidates for positions this because
it is sounds

Affirmative Action Implications
Political Implications
As would be expected, those who support affirmative action are typically women, people of color, Hispanics and/or Democrats, while those who
oppose affirmative action are typically men, whites, and/or Republican, as demonstrated by the graphs below.
It's clear that those who benefit from affirmative action tend to support it, and those who do not benefit or feel that it discriminates against them are
against it (though this is not always the case).
Supporters of affirmative action claim that it is the best way to increase diversity in schools and workplaces. Diversity is seen as important because it
brings different thoughts, ideas and viewpoints to the table, and richens the learning experience for all. Another reason... Show more content on
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In 2005, Richard H. Sander, a law professor at U.C.L.A., published an important article in the Stanford Law Review regarding the mismatch theory. It
focused on how affirmative action affected law students. Mr. Sander claimed that "a student who gains special admission to a more elite school on
partly nonacademic grounds is likely to struggle more" and contended that "if the struggling leads to lower grades and less learning, then a variety of
bad outcomes may result: higher attrition rates, lower pass rates on the bar, problems in the job market." A separate study showed that when the top
black students in the country were admitted into the top colleges in the country, they tended to be in the bottom ten percent of their class. When
students were in the bottom ten percent, they were far more likely to drop out due to demotivation or classes being too fast–paced. Minority students,
the study found, were far less likely to succeed at the best colleges in the country than they were to succeed at colleges whose students' average test
scores matched those of the minority

According to Newman, affirmative action is a "program designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had
previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome some institutional racism" (Newman, 536). Affirmative action made its debut with a piece of
legislature passed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and continues to this day. However, the concept ofaffirmative action is a controversial issue that
continues to be hotly debated.
Affirmative action policies are passionately debated by everyone from educators and politicians to ordinary citizens, all who hold differing opinions on
both the necessity and validity of the policies. There is no doubt affirmative action is an emotional topic and deals with the ... Show more content on
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Among the citizens of America affirmative action is a sensitive subject with some seeing it as a necessity to help those who have been repressed and
others seeing it as reverse racism. Many Americans may also be conflicted about affirmative action, because it is such a complex issue. People
fervently debate affirmative action, because it is a complex issue revolving around one's own race, experiences, and desires.
It cannot be denied that there are many benefits to affirmative action in that it helps to ensure both fairness and diversity in organizations, such as
schools. In many places across American discrimination is still alive and well. Because of this, affirmative action is necessary to action ensure that
people of minority groups will not be denied admission to schools or employment based on their race. After all, there are some organizations who
would not be willing to change their policies unless forced by the government to do so. Also, many minority groups are still underrepresented in
schools and occupations, which is unfortunate because it gives people a skewed view of what the population of America truly looks like and lets them
think of different races as simply the homogenous others, instead of seeing them as people. Being around people who are different is "necessary to
dispel stereotypes about minorities" and as the Department of Education points out, "Interacting with students who have different perspectives and life
experiences can

Affirmative Action Plan.
Affirmative Action Plan
Affirmative action is a plan to promote the efforts of employers, schools and other organizations to recruit and hire groups that have previously been
discriminated against. It is important to note that affirmative action programs do not require employers to hire unqualified people for a job. Equal
employment opportunity is used to describe policies that prohibit discrimination of any kind. Affirmative action is a program that analyses the make up
of the current workforce, establishes guidelines to insure an employer is not underutilizing certain groups and identifies and removes barriers for
employment. Equal employment is the legislation that provides the oversight and investigates any allegations of ... Show more content on
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It is important to tie the affirmative action objectives to an individual 's performance and part of the review process. This will ensure adherence.
6. The communication plan is another crucial part of the program and involves many steps. Employers should get the word out that they are an equal
opportunity employer. Communicating this message is great publicity. Unless it is communicated effectively no one will know.
Communications must be used to promote implementation internally. Posters can be put up throughout the facility or special edition newsletters to
create enthusiasm for the program. The next level of communication is to go out into the communities by placing advertisements in local papers, talks
with the local officials to gain support. Perhaps by establishing an arrangement to get applicant referrals through various state agencies, college
placement offices and labor organizations perspective employees can be canvassed.
Develop the appropriate communication strategies to target the right candidates for openings. If women are being sought after, then perhaps placing
advertisements in a journal or periodical that has a higher female readership.
Provide written notification of company affirmative action policy to subcontractors, vendors and suppliers and make sure that the company is
partnering with the right mix. Today it is very important to align with other organizations that are minority owned.
7.

Affirmative Action Plan
To understand the reasoning or drive behind an organization implementing a voluntary affirmative action plan it is important to understand what such a
plan might entail. An affirmative action plan is different than the basic Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) laws and guidelines. EEO laws are
designed to ensure that employers do not use race, gender, or religion when viewing a person's job qualifications or performance (Bernardin & Russell,
2013). Affirmative action plans work a step further to establish practices and procedures that aim to recruit and promote diversity and inclusion of
individuals traditionally under represented or historically viewed as disadvantaged groups (Affirmative Action and Diversity: Partners and
Protagonists, 2007).

Essay On Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action was implemented as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorized under President Lyndon B. Johnson's executive order 11246,
and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The quota based system was enacted to close the gap between white
male privilege and all ethnic minority groups to include women, homosexuals, the disabled as well as the elderly in attempt to rid professional
institutions like businesses and universities of prejudice discrimination. In its 50 year history, much debate remains on whether the success of the
program has actually aided in breaking down barriers or simply created a reverse discrimination paradox that disparages white males. As a result of
this controversial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, obligating defense contractors "not to discriminate against any worker because of race, creed, color, or
national origin" but the term Affirmative action was not used until the Kennedy administration in the year 1961, only a few short years before the
implementation of Johnson's EO 11246. Along the way Affirmative Action was the center of much national attention as it was often seen as harboring
and fueling white resentment from ethnic minorities causing reverse discrimination. In the year 1978, the resentment of whites caught wave in a
Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. The case stated that Affirmative Action created a reverse discrimination thus
disparaging white youth from the same level of opportunity in the college application process. As a result, the Supreme Court upheld affirmative
action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. Although according to Parrillo, since a more conservative court has taken
less of a leading role in legislating away discrimination, Affirmative Action has endured a multitude of lawsuits to

Is Affirmative Action Necessary
Schools across America are being prosecuted and praised for their use of Affirmative Action. But what is Affirmative Action? It is an admissions
policy that sets aside a specific amount of spots for students of different races or ethnic backgrounds. It was first decided to use Affirmative Action by
the Supreme Court nearly 40 years ago. Many colleges across America use Affirmative Action, but not everybody thinks of it as a positive thing.
Affirmative Action is a necessary part of society because it ensures a diverse student body, it gives opportunities to underprivileged kids, and it
promotes education and work. Every college strives for a diverse group of students to attend their school and Affirmative Action is one of the only
ways to ensure this. When students with different backgrounds come together, they grow and learn from each other. According to Justice Lewis F.
Powell Jr., ВЁA farm boy from Idaho can bring something to Harvard College that a Bostonian cannot offer. Similarly, a black student can usually bring
something that a white person cannot offer." ( Anderson) Students of different... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article "Debate Over Affirmative Action in College Admissions Continue", the executive director of the Princeton review foundation says, "
Underrepresented students get these little advantages, if you will, these very tiny breaks in admissions, and that's what preference means." (Hu)
Students that are apart of underrepresented races and cultures do not get many opportunities, but Affirmative Action brings these people forward and
makes them noticed. Some argue that Affirmative Action is a way for colleges to only accept students of color even if they didn't have the grades.
Even though their grades may not be extremely good, they are still good and their grades do not represent the struggles that they went through and the
knowledge they have from

The Affirmative Of Affirmative Action Essay
Many affirmative action efforts have been made since the end of the Civil War in order to remedy the results of hundreds of years of slavery,
segregation and denial of opportunity for groups that face discrimination. Many African Americans such as President Barack Obama, Senator Cory
Booker, the writer Toni Morrison, the literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, media star Oprah Winfrey, and rap star Jay
–Z have achieved positions of
power and influence in the wider society (Giddens, Duneier, Appelbaum, Carr). However, today blacks and other minorities are still more likely to
live in poverty, be killed by the police, attend poor schools, and have unequal economic opportunities. This object of this paper is to understand why
affirmative action is still needed in the United State by discussing the differences between whites' and racial/ethnic minorities' access to education and
employment.
Racial Inequality in Educational Attainment in America Historically, African
–American, Latino and Native American students were educated in
wholly segregated schools whose funding rates were several times lower than schools made up of all white students. These minority students were also
being excluded from many higher institutions (Darling–Hammond). This happened until legal segregation came to an end in the 1960s and many
efforts were made to equalize school funding. These efforts have made a substantial difference for student achievement and significantly narrowed
minority and white

Essay on Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action is any effort taken to expand opportunity for women or racial, ethnic and national origin minorities by using membership in those
groups that have been subject to discrimination as a consideration. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no person in the United States shall, on the
ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any
program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. As a result, Affirmative action is not consistent with theFourteenth Amendment. In this essay,
I will first discuss the violation of Affirmative Action against theFourteenth Amendment. Second, how Affirmative Action helps one group of... Show
In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, a Louisiana statute, passed in 1890, made it legal for railway companies carrying passengers in the state to "provide
equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races." Homer Plessy, a man of mixed ancestry, refused to surrender his seat in a white
compartment of a railway car and was subsequently arrested for violation of the statute. What happened to equal protection? When race is taken into
account, equal protection is disclaimed. What if race is not taken into account then Affirmative Action is the problem.
With the Affirmative Action violating the Fourteenth Amendment, theMedical School of University of California at Davis believes that the special
admissions program does not violate any law. Having the program was to increase the population of minorities in the Medical School. The reason the
University is doing this is because of strict scrutiny (to examine extremely closely or strictly whether there is a compelling state interest for treating
people differently). In this case, strict scrutiny has to do with past discrimination and to undo the wrong doing from the past. The special admissions
programs purports to serve the purpose of: (i) reducing the historic deficit of traditionally disfavored minorities in medical schools and in the medical
profession; (ii) countering the effects

Affirmative Action In The 1960s
In June of 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked in an emphatic address, why the black inhabitants had fallen behind the white majority during the
two decades since the end of World War II. He accentuated the need to embrace audacious new policies and originated an extensive new government
policy called affirmative action to aid the disabilities following from two centuries of brutality and unfairness. The objective of this policy was to
defeat the accrued human mutilation triggered by Jim Crow and 350 years of slavery and also to guarantee further advancement toward equality. For
an example, African Americans being victimized simply because they are black and for no other reason. This type of bigotry infringes basic norms of
fairness. But ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Affirmative action from the 1960s has generated a more diverse society and it focused mainly on opportunities for middle–class African–Americans
pursuing an approach to exceptional jobs and higher education. "Affirmative action has done more to advance fair treatment across racial lines than any
other recent public policy. If affirmative action did not exist, the United States would be a vastly more segregated country. Without such efforts, most
white Americans would have far less contact with their fellow black citizens." (171) In other words, without affirmative action, diversity could no
longer survive. Black Americans would be stigmatized and condemned as a subordinate group even more so. In the 1978 Supreme Court case of the
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Justice Lewis Powell offered firm standards for racial modification. He argued that adjustments to
color–blind strategies could be commenced to remedy race–based detriments when two circumstances are met. There has to be a pure connection to
affirmative action's remedies and past harms based on race. Also, the tie between past actions and present policy must be sturdy and accurate. Powell
also believed if there is a non–racial way to chase a specified goal, that way should always be the preferred route. Affirmative action is legitimized
because the detriment of blacks in the Roosevelt and Truman years satisfies Powell's "strict–scrutiny" test. "Combining Powell's principles and
Johnson's ambitions . . . push us forward to a framework for public policies that can respond to the injuries inflicted by officially sanctioned

Affirmative action is meant to be an attempt at equality throughout society. It supposedly proposes that each person receives equal opportunities in the
classroom as well as the work force. Not only would this apply to minorities but to women as well. Every sector in America would be equal and
unprejudiced – or so proponents say. On the other hand, adopting affirmative action would force many employers to replace hard–working employees
with those of less qualification simply due to their gender or ethnic background. Many people feel that affirmative action would be very beneficial to
our society. They have many thought–inspiring arguments. Some claim that we owe blacks for what we took from them in the past. We gave them a
setback in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, it could also create tension due to the fact that the minorities may replace those who have held a particular job for a long period
of time. There would be a feeling of loyalty among those previously employed, and it would only be natural for them to become bitter and resent the
minority worker who took the already filled positions simply due to their race or gender.
Instead of creating a more unified society, as some would suggest, it is more likely that affirmative action could create more divisions among
employees and people in general. Statistics have shown that affirmative action has found jobs for a large number of minorities and women. In 1995,
sixty percent of the work force was made up of minorities and women. That was an increase from the 1979 estimate of forty percent.
In the same way, women's wages increased 119 percent from 1979 to 1982 (Carlton
22). There still remains the question: how much longer should we attempt to right
3
our wrongs? If minorities make up sixty percent of today's work force, will we keep going until it

Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action Right?
Affirmative action has been around for decades. Some believe it isn't fair but others do. Those who believe and agree with affirmative action tend to
say, "The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people"
(Bidmead, Andrew pg 3). Others that disagree with it and find it unfair simply see it as another form of discrimination, giving one group extra
advantages based upon nothing but their skin color (Cline, Austin pg 1). I believe that affirmative action is indeed fair because it gives minorities a
better chance at having a successful career in their near future.
"Affirmative action has been extremely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another kind of employment opportunity seeks the best possible applicant for the job. This category includes engineering jobs, management and
professorships. In order to keep away from the appearance of racism, consultancy groups may unwillingly employ an analyst who they know will not
produce as many good ideas, hospitals may grudgingly employ a surgeon who they know will not be as effective in the ER, and universities will admit
students who they know will not be as hard–working. (Daniel Golden, from the Wall Street Journal pg 1)
Because employment opportunities are given to less experienced, there will be less opportunities awarded to the most qualified. Therefore, applicants
who don't belong to a legally protected group compete for fewer positions and therefore face more exclusive standards for selection. As high school
graduates know, SAT and/or ACT scores and GPA requirements for admission to the most gung ho universities are apparently higher for students of
East Asian or East Indian descent. (Daniel Golden, from the Wall Street Journal pg 2)
A high school student with a below average academic record is likely to be a below average college student. As a result, students admitted through
alternative recruiting programs often end up in remedial classes with mediocre academic performance. Affirmative action programs extend

Affirmative Action
Affirmative action is a deliberate effort to provide full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas for women, minorities, and
individuals belonging to other traditionally disadvantaged groups. As an issue of today's society, affirmative action requires corporations, universities
and other organizations to establish programs designed to ensure that all applicants are treated fairly. It also places a burden of proof on the providers
of opportunities; to some degree, the providers must be able to demonstrate that their granting of opportunities to white males is not discriminatory.
The policy mentioned above was first brought before the Supreme Court in 1978 in the case of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Affirmative action programs may be approved only after close examination by a court and that such programs can be challenged later by white workers
who were not a part of the original agreement. Moreover, in some instances, minority group members must prove that racial imbalances in hiring or
promotion have no substantial business purpose.
The Supreme Court made a key decision in 1995 in the case of Adarand v. Pena. The court sharply abridged their affirmative–action authority. The case
came about when Adarand Constructors filed suit over a federal contract that was awarded to a Hispanic–owned company even though Adarand had
submitted a lower bid. In a 5 to 4 ruling the Court said that the government had to prove that a preference program for minorities was a response to
specific past acts of discrimination, not just discrimination in a historic sense. This decision basically reversed earlier precedents that allowed the
federal government to give a preference to minority applicants. The Court said that Washington cannot set aside contracts for minority applicants
unless, through costly and definitive studies. It can demonstrate past discrimination particular to a situation, and even then it must devise a program
Anarrowly tailored to the situation. (Adarand v. Pena, 94–310 (1995)).
The Supreme Court's

Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
Marlene S. Smith
MGT/434
October 28, 2013
Thomas
Affirmative Action Affirmative action is an action that was purposefully designed to provide full and equal opportunities for employment and
education for women, minorities, and other individuals belonging to disadvantaged groups. This paper will assess the rudiments of Affirmative Action
as it applies to public and private sector employers. The paper will also evaluate what employers are subject to affirmative action plans, what the plans
require employers to do, and what happens if employers do not meet the objectives of the affirmative action plan.
Affirmative action has been around for many years. Fullinwinder (2009), "Affirmative action means positive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Executive Order 11246 states employers must prepare a written affirmative action plan within 120 days. The plan must contain the following: the
employer's current workforce in regard to race and sex, a detail analysis stating whether minorities or females are under–represented or under–utilized
in the workforce, the rules and regulations for job categories in which minorities or females are under–represented, an action plan or goals necessary to
fix the problem areas, and a detail time table for when the employer plans to achieve these goals. When developing an affirmative action plan this can
be time consuming and this requires heavy documentation, reviews, and updates. When implementing an affirmative action plan, the plan must apply
to all facilities and employees (Phillips, 2010).
Courts can require employers to adopt an affirmative action plan as a remedy under Title VII. The requirements in court ordered affirmative action
plans prevent employers from allowing unqualified individuals from being hired or promoted. A court ordered affirmative action plan must be
temporary only until the employer can achieve the goals set under the plan.
There are strict penalties if the affirmative action plan is not followed. When an employer is under a court order to obey an affirmative action plan, the
employer could be subject to hefty fines. If the plans are not followed

The president of a large firm announces he will be retiring. Word spreads throughout the community and resumes begin to pour in daily. The board
members filter through hundreds of applications according to qualifications and experience. Fifteen applicants are selected and notified to set up an
interview. One applicant surpasses all the others with his qualifications and impresses the board with his charm. The man leaves the interview confident
that he will be the next president of the firm. Unfortunately, he never hears from them again. Since he was Hispanic the firm could not hire him
because they already had enough Hispanic people employed. Under the Affirmative Action policy, or preferential hiring, the firm must hire someone ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Racial discrimination has been a major issue in the United States history and many people have fought to have equal rights. Affirmative Action still
draws a line between the races.
Whether the policy is enforced at a school or a workplace, it still generates inequality. The University of North Carolina has a diverse student body with
a majority of its students being African–American. An African–American student coming out of high school with a 4.0 grade point average and various
extra curricular will not be accepted because of his ethnicity. Instead, a Hispanic student with a 2.9 grade point average and no extra curricular
activities will be accepted just so the school will meet their quota. Why should a student who did not put forth the effort be rewarded? Nobody has
the choice of ethnicity, but everyone has the choice to succeed. There is no reason to believe that anyone, in today's society, cannot achieve
whatever they wish. Hard work and diligence pay off, and eventually race and sex will no longer be an issue. The goal is to make race and sex
irrelevant, and preferential hiring only keeps these issues alive. Next, the inequality affirmative action brings is also seen in the workplace. A new
administrative position opened in a hospital and a black male was hired. Although the man was not qualified for the job, he was chosen over a white
male because the hospital already had too many white males employed. What happens when someone goes to the

Affirmative Action
The concept of affirmative action has been persistent in America since the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Beginning in 1961, with Executive
Order 10925, President John F. Kennedy declared that the U.S government and its contractors would "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants
are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" (US Department of
Labor). According to the Cornell University Institute of Law,affirmative action is defined as a set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful
discrimination among applicants (Cornell Law School). However, these policies typically impose "remedies" against discrimination by giving
preference to minority groups ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to a study conducted by sociologists Daniel Hirschman of Brown University and Ellen Berry of the University of Toronto, from 1994 to
2014 there was a 25% decrease in race–based admissions in selective universities, with only 35% publicly stating that they still consider race an
important factor in their admission process (Hirschman and Berrey). This significant decrease can be explained by a variety of factors such as
political reasons, with affirmative action a target of numerous Supreme Court cases. However, an argument can also be made that affirmative action
policies are no longer necessary in many public institutions, as there has also been an observable increase in minority enrollment. A Pew Research
study found that Hispanic enrollment in colleges experienced a 240% increase from 1996 to 2012, while African–American enrollment increased by
72 % during the same time period (Anderson). However, there is still a large gap in academic success; Hispanics and African Americans lag behind
with bachelor's degrees and were underrepresented in the most competitive universities (Anderson). Although there is an overall decreasing use of
race–based admission policies, among the 63 most competitive institution race is still widely considered; in 2014, 88% still employed affirmative
action, which constitutes only a 5% percent decrease during the

Essay Affirmative Action
Should a man be hired for his skills or for the color of his skin? Is racial diversity in the business world more important then the most qualified
workers? Affirmative action has become an important topic in today's society to better diversify the different races in America. Affirmative action is a
set of public policies that were designed for the elimination of discrimination toward race, color, sex, etc. These policies are under attack today because
of the unfairness toward the more qualified people. Increasing opportunities for a minority that has suffered past discrimination is the cause for
affirmative action, and for the reverse discrimination toward the majority. Many people view discrimination toward ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Supporters of affirmative action say that the government must make up for the past by aiding groups that have been discriminated against. They argue
that goals for hiring are necessary to integrate fields traditionally closed and minorities because of discrimination. Does achieving these goals help the
American population?
College admissions are a great example of affirmative action. Colleges across the country must admit a certain number of minorities every year into
their college. To admit minorities though comes at a cost to the majority. Colleges can only admit a certain number of people in every year as well
as certain number of minorities. To do so they must turn down applicants from entering their school that may be more qualified or better fit for the
education. Even medical schools are forced to follow the rules set to help minorities. Until recently, medical schools used a numeric point system to
rank candidates in the admission process (Croasdale). However, the government ruled this form of admission process unconstitutional forcing schools
to rethink their admission process (Croasdale). Some people view the racial preference in college admissions as a positive thing, saying that diversity
is a benefit for all students (Bowen). While others view this is a discredited achievement toward the minorities as well as discrimination toward other

Affirmative Action Analysis
Affirmative Action: Overview A reflection on the society depicts the fact that it is composed of individuals with varying differences aligned with
gender, race, socio–economic status, and education levels. While it is true that all people should be equal irrespective of these factors, there is a need
to note that there exist a persistent discrimination of various people. Affirmative action has often been poised as the most comprehensive means through
which equality can be attained. While much has been hypothesized regarding affirmative action, it is of the essence to note that it mainly connotes to
actions and policies that are intended to ensure equality for all people regardless of the differences they exhibit (Bridges 73). Affirmative action is
established with the sole intent of assuring equal opportunities for all. From this analysis, it can be deduced that the scope of affirmative action is to
assure equality between minority and majority groups. There are various strategies that are often utilized to enhance the affirmative action. ... Show
Based on a personal thought, affirmative action would be more beneficial if it based on class and not race. Class–based affirmative action offers a
comprehensive platform that assures an enhancement in the representation of the minorities. Class–based affirmative action favors individuals from
low–income backgrounds, which ends up favoring the minority groups (Berry & Bonilla–Silva 237). An analysis of racial minority groups points to the
fact that they have lower economic statuses. Therefore, class–based affirmative action caters for low–income groups who mainly comprise of the racial
minority groups. Overall, class–based affirmative action is recommendable because it caters for both racial and class–based

America is the land of opportunity, but to be fully qualified for the status, it needs to be "color–blind, race–blind, and gender–blind." Affirmative
Action began as a way to stop discrimination, but as new laws have been added to it, it has become reverse discrimination. Everyone has the
opportunity to be a great addition to society. It is an immense injustice for people to say that someone of a different race or gender is not capable of
achieving the same status in life as a white male. Through this paper, the concepts of affirmative action will be analyzed and discussed.
Affirmative Action began in 1965 when President Johnson signed the Executive Order 11246 in to law. The Executive Order 11246 "prevents Federal
contractors from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The OFCCP investigates into the complaints and lawsuits against companies that have been accused of discrimination. It requires that annual
reports be submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The OFCCP analyzes these reports and then audits about 4,100 firms
in connection with the federal government each year. So, not only can a company get into trouble by people filing complaints, the OFCCP looks
for companies that it thinks are not abiding by its rules, which are not always written clearly. The general public, because of how the OFCCP has
gone about auditing companies, has come to know some of these goals, as quotas. Goals are the precepts of affirmative action, but the goals are
sometimes enforced to the point of looking like quotas, which are numeric targets for the racial composition of the work force. An example of how
the OFCCP works is in the case of Aaron Woodson, an African American. He applied for a job at Solectron Corporation, but did not get the job. He
was a qualified applicant, but there may have been a better one. When the reports were analyzes, the OFCCP decided that the company had "a low
percentage of minority workers compared to other similar companies in the area." At the end of the case,

Affirmative Action Thesis
Topic: The Importance of Affirmative Action in the College Admissions Process
Thesis: In order to resolve underrepresentation of African Americans in higher education, affirmative action is needed to promote diversity, improve
students' critical thinking skills, and increase race–consciousness by utilizing race as a factor in college admissions.
University of California Regents v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 98 S. Ct. 2733, 57 L. Ed. 2d 750 (1978).
The Reagents of the University of California v. Bakke is a US Supreme Court case from 1978 that upheld the use of affirmative action and allowed
education institutions to use race a factor in their admissions policy. However, the US Supreme Court decided that the use of racial quotas, such as the
medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
William Bowen and Dr. Derek Bok composed one of the most comprehensive studies of different affirmative action programs among universities in the
United States. One of the most crucial findings from their study was that the commonly held "mismatch" theory is false. The mismatch theory arose
from critics of affirmative action who feared that letting African American students into selective universities that had lower test scores would result in
a lower performance than the average student. However, the authors' discovered that black students who attended competitive colleges performed better
than their academically equivalent peers who attended a less rigorous school. This is critical because if affirmative action was not in place, then the
African American students would most likely attend the less selective schools as their academic equivalent peers and would end up having a less
successful outcome. In addition, the study illustrated that African American students who benefitted from Affirmative Action programs in college
ended up having a greater chance at post–graduate

Affirmative Action
Blacks and other minority groups have been wrongfully persecuted and punished and have suffered the indignities of discrimination. As Martin Luther
King stated so eloquently in his "I Have a Dream" speech, blacks should be judged "…not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their
character." Our American culture with its political, legal, and social considerations, is struggling with the idea of white redemption while offering
minorities a more fair and proportionate representation in the working community. The result of this challenge is the policy of affirmative action and the
many controversies it brings with it. The proponents of affirmative action argue that because of past ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It fails to address the real problem.
Minorities have been denied equal educational opportunities, and a realistic policy needs to go to the root of the problem. In this case, it has been
inferior education. As Steele states, "Racial representation is not the same as racial development…Representation can be manufactured,
development is always hard–earned." I completely agree with Martin
Luther King. People should be judged by the "content of their character" and opportunities should be given to those who earn them. Unless it's life
threatening, handouts and special unearned status is not good for the person who receives it or for society as a whole. Affirmative is itself a
discriminating policy, and the issue is whether the discrimination is justified. In my opinion, reverse discrimination is not an acceptable result. Is it fair
to a highly qualified white applicant to law school is denied admission because a lesser qualified minority student was admitted under a quota system?
Again I think of Dr. King and the simple truth of judging based on content and not color. Instead of placing minorities in positions where they may be
unqualified, a more logical solution is to develop them through better education.
There is another aspect of affirmative action that relates to power because the policy encouraged minorities to exploit their past victimization. This is
wrong, and can
instead

Affirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative
Throughout America there are many different views on the effects of affirmative action. Many see it as a negative policy which gives an unnecessary
advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew Poll, "58% of African Americans agree" and only "22% whites agree" that there should be
"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities" ("Public Backs Affirmative Action").
Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, such as in "Fisher v University of Texas at Austin" case which
highlighted that many highly qualified white prospective students are passed over for less qualified minority students to attempt to make the university
more diverse using the affirmative action initiative ("Voices: Affirmative Action"). Affirmative action or positivediscrimination is a policy in which
those who have been discriminated on in the past or who tend to be discriminated on presently are favored, usually in relation to education or jobs. It
was introduced by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 to attempt to reduce the discrimination still continuing despite the civil rights movements. Later
it was further developed and enforced by President Lyndon B. Johnson. A professor of English at San Jose University, Shelby Steele, an African
American man, spoke of his views of the negative impacts of affirmative action in his book, "The Content of Our Character: A New Vision of Race in
America." In Steele's book he discredits

Essay Affirmative Action
Affirmative action works. When these policies received government support, vast numbers of people of color, white women and men have gained
access they would not otherwise have had. These gains have led to very real changes. Affirmative action programs have not eliminated racism, nor
have they always been implemented without problems. However, there would be no struggle to roll back the gains achieved if affirmative action
policies were ineffective. The implementation of affirmative action was America's first honest attempt at solving a problem, it had previously chosen
to ignore. In a variety of areas, from the quality of health care to the rate of employment, blacks still remain far behind whites.
Their representation in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congress also passed a number of civil rights laws barring discrimination against blacks in hotels, theaters, and other places. However, the South
reacted by passing the "Black Codes, " which severely limited the rights of the newly freed slaves, preventing them in most states from testifying in
courts against whites, limiting their opportunities to find work, and generally assigning them to the status of second or third class citizen. White
vigilante groups like the Klu Klux Klan began to appear, by murdering and terrorizing blacks who tried to exercise their new rights. "Legal" ways
were also found for circumventing the new laws; these included "grandfather clauses", poll taxes, white only primary elections, and constant social
discrimination against and intimidation of blacks, who were excluded form education and from any job except the most menial. Affirmative action has
had its greatest amount of success in city, state, and government jobs. Since the 1960s the area of law enforcement witnessed the greatest increase in
minority applicants, and in jobs offered to minorities. This should be viewed as an extremely positive thing, because prior to affirmative action these
jobs were almost

Affirmative Action Goals
There are various goals to affirmative action. It can depend on the group that has been oppressed or discriminated in the past. President Kennedy
introduced this to redress the discrimination that constantly happened due to the civil rights movement. This sought to guarantee the same
opportunities that the minority groups were excluded from. This was a temporary measure; its purpose was to level the playing field for any American
citizen. With affirmative action's there were bound to be backlashes, one example of the Bakke case in 1978. Just as it was intended to level the efforts
of minority's, it brought controversy to the supreme court due to the manner the affirmative action was considered. There are many reasons to this
being why the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been many instances that the action has been taken or considered that it isn't fair to that white worker. The reason being so is that
conservatives say that it was or is a free ride on the American system. Many whites and minorities support affirmative action but at the expense of white
worker will the white people accept? That's where controversy begins.one instance is the case of Allan Bakke he at the time was much more
classified to get in Davis school. The averages were 2.88 GPA and average admissions test scores of 46 in verbal, 24 in math, 35 in science and 33 in
general knowledge. This case itself has bought a mixed result after the supreme court had decided a 5–4 decision. This brought a change in attitude on
how to accept admissions from different races or ethnics. Those goals may back fire to those who its intended to protect. The chances that created in
the education level back fired. In the Bakke case and Wygant vs Jackson Board of Education. The opportunity give minorities to keep their job even if
they had less seniority. They laid off those who were thought it was necessary to be laid off. This provisions were sought to preserve those minority
teachers and in the process to hire more of the minority teachers while laying off those teachers who had more seniority when necessary. The verdict of
the Supreme court was that the layoff was unconstitutional due to violating the Equal Protection

The Affirmative Action Movement
Affirmative action is necessary to give women and minorities a level playing field.
The affirmative action movement began in 1960 with the intention of promoting opportunities for minority groups. How is that in the year 2015 we
are still having discussions about women and minorities being discriminated against? While the movement of the 1960's has brought attention to
discrepancy against groups, which has paved the platform for reform and opportunity, there is a break down in the movement if 55 years later there is
still discrepancy thereby suggesting a resign of the efforts of the movement may be needed. Do I agree with affirmative action? I am a female. I'm a
college graduate with an earned bachelor's degree. I am enrolled in schooling to

Evolution Of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action which is also known as equal opportunity is the federal government's program to counteract discrimination. The intent was to foster
diversity, and compensate groups that have historically been discriminated against such as minorities, women, and other underrepresented groups.
Although Affirmative Action was intended to right wrong, it has become one of the most controversial issues of the twentieth and twenty–first
centuries. All three branches of our Government have been involved in the evolution of Affirmative Action.
First of all, Congress led the way for Affirmative Action by approving the 14th Amendment in 1866. The 14th Amendment forbade states to deny
citizens equal protection under the law. Affirmative Action laws,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is when Plessy v. Ferguson where the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment did not prohibit separate but equal facilities in America.
This ruling paved the way for states to establish segregation policies that were followed for decades. Then in 1954, the Supreme Court overturned
Plessy by way of Brown v. Board of Education. This decision marked the end of Jim Crow and the beginning of the policies aimed at promoting
diversity in schools, the workplace, and other public facilities. Affirmative Action was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2003 in Grutter v. Bollinger.
Then in Gratz v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for colleges to enforce racial or gender quotas. The well–known Bakke
case showed flaws in Affirmative Action and brought about the term "reversediscrimination." Ala Bakke, a white male, was denied admittance to a
medical school when less qualified minority applicants had been accepted. The Supreme Court ruled against colleges that practiced inflexible quota
systems in their Affirmative Action programs. The Court said the college had discriminated unfairly against a white applicant. As time has gone on
more injustice was uncovered in regard to Affirmative Action. In the Wygant case in 1986 minority employees were allowed to keep their jobs while
white employees with seniority were laid off. On the other side of the spectrum, however, was the Paradise case in 1987 where the Alabama
Department of Public Safety refused to promote minority employees above entry level positions even though the court ordered them to. However, the
landmark case surrounding Affirmative Action was heard in 2003 involving the University of Michigan Affirmative Action policies. This decision
upheld Affirmative Action in higher education. The Court declared that rave can be one of =many factors that colleges use in selecting their students.
They said the

Affirmative Action
Analyzing Affirmative Action in America doesn't just mean looking at how to make equality, it also means understanding how inequality has been
made. Race and gender are not inherently disadvantageous; one cannot get "more or less race" or "more or less gender." How do we define this
inequality of race and gender? These socially constructed equalities are linked very strongly to real, tangible inequalities such as education, jobs,
income, class, and social mobility. Another concern, therefore, is what inequalities are acceptable? These material inequalities of income, education,
housing, etc. are necessary to a multi–class capitalist society, but the unacceptable cultural inequalities of race, gender,... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, most legislation promoting equality and Affirmative Action comes after the Civil Rights movement. The first instance the term was used
in any form was the Kennedy Executive Order 10925, which prohibited the use of discrimination against people based on their race, creed, color, or
national origin by government contractors (Holzer 485). This Executive Order created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, which was
designed to make sure that the order was being followed by federal contractors (Bishop 230). Kennedy's Executive Order was modified and reinforced
by Johnson Executive Order 11246 and 11375, the latter of which eliminated gender discrimination by federal contractors (Hudson 270).
Perhaps the two most important pieces of legislation passed dealing with equality were the Civil Rights Act of 1964, specifically Title VII
(clinton2.nara.gov), and Title IX, passed in 1972. Title VII prohibited discrimination by race, creed, color, or national origin by all federally funded
programs but also large private corporations (clinton2.nara.gov), while Title IX made gender discrimination illegal. President Nixon and then Labor
Secretary George Shultz drafted the "Philadelphia Plan," which set timetables for the implementation of Affirmative Action (clinton2.nara.gov). These
laws were subsequently challenged in the Supreme Court.
The first major case dealing with affirmative action came with Regents of the

Affirmative Actions
Running Head: AFFERMATIVE ACTION
Affirmative Actions
Affirmative action is an action taken by an organization to select on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity by giving due preferences to minorities like
women and races being not adequately represented under the existing employment. To make the presentation of all these compositions almost equal in
proportion to do away the injustice done in the past. The Supreme Company need to design an affirmative action program in the light of recent
Supreme Court judgment passed in favor of affirmative actions to be adopted by various companies. Affirmative action is not free from controversies.
It is one of the issues in the country, which has raked most controversies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before, going into this we need to look at the past discriminative policies adopted many companies, responsible for many acts of discrimination
against minorities. Menial and low level jobs were offered to certain ethnic and minority groups. Even, woman was denied certain job categories on the
ground of strength and their capabilities. This discriminatory policy adopted for so many decade has led to a situation where there cannot be a level
playing field without taking certain affirmative action. Thus short–run violations of the rule are justified to create a more just distribution of benefits.
In order to make an effective policy, the supreme company should be able to predict, as best it can, how many minorities and women it would select
over time, without adopting the policy of discrimination. These predictions would constitute the institution's affirmative action in terms of "goals"
(Anderson, 2002). It is for the supreme company to think in the public interest by maintaining such policy. For example let us take a very apt example;
A Michigan farmer who grows sugar beets is relevantly different from his neighbor across the road who grows tomatoes. If the nation thinks a modest
program of redistributing income is legitimate, then it uses a social security payout formula that gives disproportionate return to low wage–earners over

Essay on Affirmative Action
"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. We hold these truths to be self–evident: that all
men are created equal." – Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (6). Dr. King stated this in his famous "I have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C.
in 1963. Is affirmative action still needed in America? Affirmative action is still needed because America does not have enough equality and diversity.
Almost all of our American history dealt with inequality between the white men and the black men. As time went on, nothing has changed and is still
seen in today's society. There are two definitions of affirmative action: 1) race–neutral, gender–neutral assurance against actual discrimination ... Show
Many argue that reverse discrimination takes effect. Reverse discrimination is described as discrimination towards whites. Many of these reverse
discrimination cases have been brought to court, the result is just more confusion. This is because there is a lot of gray in the law concerning this
topic. Sometimes courts allow someone to choose the minority if they are less qualified, while in other cases they don't allow it. For example in a
Supreme Court decision, it was allowed for a Michigan school district to layoff non–minority teachers in order to hire minority teachers with less
experience (1). However, not many cases such as these occur. The minorities have gone through such cases everyday for decades. For the whites or
majority to say that one or two cases are a substantial amount and that justice be served, where have they been when the minorities had the same
troubles years ago and still to this day? There is bound to be some setbacks but overall, affirmative action will lead to a better society where everyone
can be treated and looked at fairly.
Affirmative action is still necessary because of lack of equality. White males typically earn significantly more than women and minorities. According to
the National Committee on Pay Equity, women, overall, make 71 cents as compared to a man's dollar(4). While minority men make more than
non–minority and minority women,

Affirmative Action is Ineffective
Throughout the world America is referred to as the land of opportunity a place where opportunity is limitless, but is that so called limitless
opportunity available and equal for all? For years Affirmative Action has tried to level the laying field, but its black field workers are still being
oppressed. It is evident that Affirmative action is ineffective with the differences in the number of employed black's compared to whites and their
difficulties to get and keep a job, blacks repetition in society has been tarnished due to stereotypes, and blacks face hidden discrimination.
Allover America people are loosing their jobs and struggling to fide another. Compared to its white population blacks have a substantially higher
difficulty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blacks are forced to fight to keep whatever job they were lucky to get. Many Companies hire black workers but do not adequately train them which
puts blacks at a further disadvantage. How can you properly preform for a job if you we not told how to properly do it. Because of this many black
lose their job and are force to fide another again and the cycle continues, when will Affirmative Action step in and put an end to this tiring cycle of
Inequality. Due to Affirmative actions unsuccessfulness blacks cat get jobs nor can they keep them. Great job Affirmative Action many people cant
feed their families because of you, African American family's could not pay rent and are now being evicted from their homes, Bravo Affirmative Action
you deserve an award for all you've done to help these people. Affirmative Actions failure is no laughing matter peoples lives are at stake and
Affirmative Action isn't doing much to help. Affirmative Action was introduced to help minorities but it only causes more pain.
During the Civil Rights Era minorities suffered from discrimination. During the period in 1951, President Kennedy introduced Affirmative Action in to
place to ensure minorities were hired and treated fairly in the workplace(Stewart,1) It was a much different time than now discrimination and racism
was much more prominent in society back then but rest assured the tag team has never completely left America it has only abated

Affirmative Action Definition

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