1. Nicotine transdermal patches using
polymeric natural rubber as the
matrix controlling system : Effect of
polymer and plasticizer blends
Wiwat Pichayakorn, Jirapornchai Suksaeree, Prapaporn Boonme, Thanaporn Amnuaikit,
Wirach Taweepreda, Garnpimol C. Ritthidej
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Prince of Songkhla University,
Songkhla 90112, Thailand
Department of Material Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkhla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
Department of Pharmaceutical and industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
10330, Thailand
Present by
Miss Nada Khattiyos 09520063
Faculty of Engineering and Industrial

2. Introduction
Objective
Outline
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
2

3. Introduction
3

4. Objective
This research is focused on the use of
deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNRL)
as a major polymer for preparing NCT
transdermal patches.
Safe polymer blends, i.e. sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC), methyl
cellulose (MC), or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
were used to improve the adhesive
properties. Either glycerin (GLY) or
4
dibutylphthalate (DBP) is added as a

5. Materials
Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex
Nicotine (>99%)
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose
(SCMC)
Methyl Cellulose (MC)
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
Glycerin (GLY)
Dibutylphathalate (DBP)
5

6. Preparation of patches
+ DNRL
+ DNRL + DBP
+
+ DNRL + GLY
SCMS MC PVA
Store at 5°C
overnight.
Nicotine
At 70±2°C for 4 hours.
6

7. Mechanical Properties
Young’s modulus
The tensile strength Ultimate tensile strength
Elongation at break
peel strength (ASTM D1876)
The adhesiveness.
tack adhesion (ASTM D6195)
7

8. Moister uptake
Silica gel
weigh specimens every
week until their weight
are constant
Calculate
%moisture
uptake.
saturated NaCl,
75%RH. 8

9. swelling ratio and erosion studies
at 60±2°C At room temperature
overnight 48 hours
Calculate
%swelling ratio
and %erosion.
at 60±2°C
overnight 9

10. Compatibility
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
Spectroscopy.
Differntial Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
X-ray Diffractometry (XRD).
Microscopic morphology
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) -- the surface and
cross section morphologies of the patches.
10

11. Porosity Determination
• After the membrane is
equilibrated
– Calculate %porosity
11

12. Determination of the NCT content
5 mL of distilled water
Collect 0.5 mL
sonication for 30 min
Measure spectrometry
Compare with the validated
calibration curve
Dilute with distilled water. 12

13. An in vitro NCT release study
Fill 12 mL PBS, pH 7.4
Stir constantly 100 rpm ,
at 37±0.5°C
Withdraw 1 mL
The NCT concentrations -- HPLC
The modified Franz diffusion cell
13

14. Newborn pig skin preparation An in vitro skin
permeation study
Pig skin
Stored at 4°C overnight. Fill 12 mL PBS, pH 7.4
Stir constantly 600 rpm ,
at 37±0.5°C
Withdraw 1 mL
Soak in PBS
The NCT concentrations -- HPLC
The modified Franz diffusion cell 14

15. Stability study
4 °C
Store DNRL blend
patches in a well Ambient temperature
closed container
45 °C
5 mL of distilled water
UV analysis 15

16. Results and Discussion

17. Table 1
The mechanical properties, moisture uptake, and swelling ratio of DNRL and its
blended patches.
17

18. Table 1
The mechanical properties, moisture uptake, and swelling ratio of DNRL and
its blended patches(Cont.).
18

19. C=C
C=H
Figure1. FT-IR spectra
C=O C=C
of DNRL, PVA, NCT,
-OH
DBP, GLY, and their
blended patches.
-OH
C=N C=H pyridine
C=O
Aromatic ring
bending band
C-O
-OH
19

20. -64.937°C
-70.896°C
-88.206°C
-64.794°C
Figure2. DSC thermograms of DNRL, PVA, NCT, and their blended patches 20

21. 19.69°
Figure3. XRD diffractograms of DNRL, PVA, NCT, and their blended patches 21

22. Figure4. SEM micrographs of (A)DNRL, (B)DNRL/PVA/DBP, and (C)DNRL/PVA/GLY patches
(a:surface of patches, b and c: cross section of a before and after the release study,
respectively) 22

23. Figure5. (A)Water flux (B)percentage of porosity of various blended nicotine patches (n=3).
23

24. Figure5. (A)Water flux (B)percentage of porosity of various blended nicotine patches (n=3).
24

25. Figure6. NCT release from DNRL
alone and (A)DNRL/SCMC,
(B)DNRL/MC and (C)DNRL/PVA
patches without and with DBP or
GLY compared with Nicotinell TTS-
20 (n=6)
25

26. Table2. The entrapment efficiency and in vitro release kinetics of NCT from
DNRL/polymer blended patches
26

27. Table2. The entrapment efficiency and in vitro release kinetics of NCT from
DNRL/polymer blended patches(Cont.)
27

28. Table3. The in vitro skin permeation kinetics of NCT from DNRL/polymer
blended patches.
28

29. Table3. The in vitro skin permeation kinetics of NCT from DNRL/polymer
blended patches(Cont.).
29

30. Figure7. NCT permeation from DNRL/PVA patches with DBP or GLY compared with
30
Nicotinell TTS-20(n=3)

31. 4°C Ambient 45°C
Temperature
Figure8. The percentage of NCT remaining in the DNRL/PVA matrix patches after
storage in different conditions(n=6) 31

32. Conclusions
• DNRL blended with PVA provided the
best patch for delivery of the NCT to
the skin.
• Moreover, the in vitro release and
skin permeation study of the release
of NCT are mainly affected by
hydrophilicilty of the patches.
• The polymeric patches composed of
DNRL/PVA blends with either DBP or 32

33. Thank you for
your attention