2. INTRODUCTION
As we know in an emmetropic eye, parallel rays of light coming from the
infinity are brought to focus on the retina, with accommodation being at
rest.
However our eyes have been provided by a unique mechanism by which
we can even focus the diverging rays coming from a near object on the
retina in a bid to see clearly.
This mechanism is called accommodation.
3. Components of near reflex are:
1. Accomodation, i.e., increase in curvature of anterior surface of the
crystalline lens, leading to increase in focusing power of the lens.
At rest, the radius of curvature of anterior surface if the lens is 10 mm and
that of the posterior surface is 6 mm.
During accommodation the curvature of the porsterior surface remains the
same but that of anterior surface changes.
In strong accommodation, curvature of anterior surface also becomes
6mm.
4. 2. Constriction of pupil: leading to sharp focus. It occurs due to reflex
contraction of sphincter pupillae muscle.
3. Convergence of eyeball: leading to focusing of both eyes on the near
object. It occurs due to contraction of the medial rectus.
5. MECHANISM OF ACCOMODATION
According to Von Helmholtz’s capsular theory the process of accommodation
is achieved by a change in the shape of lens.
When eye is at rest (unaccommodated), the ciliary ring is large and keeps the
zonules tense. Because of zonular tension the lens is kept compressed (flat) by
the capsule.
Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the ciliary ring to shorten and thus
releases zonular tension on the lens capsule.
This allows the elastic capsule to act unrestrained to deform the lens
substance.
The lens then alters its shape to become more convex or conoidal (to be more
precise).
The lens assumes conoidal shape due to configuration of the anterior lens
capsule which is thinner at the centre and thicker at the periphery.
6.
7. OCULAR CHANGES IN
ACCOMODATION
Slackening of zonules- due to contraction of ciliary muscles
Changes in curvature of lens:
Almost no change in posterior surface (6mm)
Anterior surface radius of curvature ( decreases from 11 mm to 6 mm)
8.
9. Anterior pole along with iris moves forward
Shallowing of anterior chamber in centre
Pupillary constriction and convergence of eyes
Near triad
Choroid moves forward
Orra serrata moves by 0.05mm forward with each diopter of
accommodation
10.
11.
12. What triggers accommodation??
Image blur
Apparent size and distance of object
Disparate retinal images
Contrast
Luminance
Chromatic abberation
14. REFLEX ACCOMODATION
The normal involuntary response to blur which maintains a clear image
Largest and most important component
Automatic adjustment of refractive state to obtain clear retinal image
Occurs for small amount of blur, upto 2.00D, beyond which voluntary effort
is required.
Voluntary Accommodation
16. Proximal Accommodation
Due to influence or knowledge of apparent nearness of object
Stimulated by targets located within 3m of the individual
Tertiary component of accommodation
17. Tonic Accommodation
Revealed in absence of blur, disparity and proximal inputs as well as any
voluntary or learned unusual aspects
Reflects baseline neural innervation from the midbrain.
In young adults, ranges from 0 to 2 D
18. Measurement of Accommodation
A full clinical examination includes assessment of accommodative function
in five parameters
Amplitude of accommodation
Lag of accommodation
Accommodative facility
Relative accommodation
Accommodation fatigue
19. FAR POINT AND NEAR POINT
The nearest point at which small objects can be seen clearly is called near
point or punctum proximum.
The distant(farthest) point is called far point or punctum remotum.
Far point and near point of the eye:
These vary with the static refraction of the eye as shown below:
In an emmetropic eye far point is infinity and near point varies with age.
In hypermetropic eye far point is virtual and lies behind the eye.
In myopic eye, it is real and lies in front of the eye.
20. RANGE AND AMPLITUDE OF
ACCOMODATION
Range of accommodation: The distance between the near point and the far
point is called the range of accommodation:
Amplitude of accommodation: the difference between the dioptric power
needed to focus at near point(P) and far point (R) is called amplitude of
accommodation (A). Thus A=P-R
Amplitude of accommodation and thus the near point of vision(punctum
proximum) vary with age.
23. Measurement of Amplitude of
Accommodation
Push up method
To determine maximum amount of accommodation that eyes are capable
of producing individually or together
Done by RAF rule, Livingstone Binocular Gauge, Prince Rule
24.
25. Procedure
Near visual acuity chart placed on near point rod
Direct patient’s attention to 20/20 line of letters on near point card
Patient eye occluded
26. Near point card brought closer to patient (2-3 inches per second)
Patient instructed to keep the letters as clear as possible and report when
it blurs
Prompt the patient to clear the target
27. Stop when patient can no longer clear the print within 2 to 3 seconds of
viewing
Record the dioptric points on the near point rod that corresponds with the
blur
Procedure repeated for left eye
28. FORMULA to determine Amplitude of
Accommodation
Hofstetter formulae for expected amplitude as a function of age (using the
data of Donders, Daune and Kaufman)
Maximum amplitude= 25- 0.4 x age
Probable amplitude= 18.5-0.3 x age
Minimum amplitude= 15-0.25 x age
29. Example:
For 20 yrs old patient
Minimum AA is given by: 15-0.25 x 20= 10 DS
NPA= 1/10=0.1 m= 10 cm
30.
31.
32. Amplitude of Accommodation and
Age
Rule of 4 A’s
Amplitude= 4 x 4- (Age/4)
Example:
Age of 20,
Amplitude = 16- 20/4 = 11 diopters
33.
34. General Symptoms
Intermittently blurred vision
Eyestrain and/or headache with visual tasks
Fatigue/sleepiness with visual tasks
Inattentiveness over time
35. PRESBYOPIA
Is not an error of refraction but a condition of physiological insufficiency of
accommodation leading to a progressive fall in near vision
36. pathophysiology
As we know in an emmetropic eye far point is infinity and near point varies
with age (being about 7 cm at age of 10 years, 25 cm at the age of 40
years and 33 cm at the age of 45 years).
Therefore at the age of 10 years, amplitude of accommodation(A)=
100/7(diopteric power needed to see clearly at any point)-
1/infinity(diopteric power needed to see clearly at far point)= 14 diopters
Similaryly at age 40=100/25-1/infinity= 4 diopters
Since we usually keep the book at about 25 cm, so we can read
comfortably up to the age of 40 years.
37. Causes: decrease in the accommodative power of crystalline lens with increasing age,
leading to presbyopia, occurs due to:
1. Age related changes in the lens which include:
Decrease in elasticity of lens capsule
Progressive increase in size and hardness of lens substance which is less easily moulded.
2. Age related decline in ciliary muscle power may also contribute in causation of
presbyopia.
Causes of premature presbyopia are:
Uncorrected hypermetropia
Premature sclerosis of the crystalline lens
General debility causing presenile weakness of ciliary muscle
Chronic simple glaucoma
38. symptoms
Difficulty in near vision
Asthenopic symptoms : due to fatigue of ciliary muscle
Intermittent diplopia
39. TREATMENT
Optical treatment: convex glass for near work
Surgical treatment:
1. Cornea based procedures: monovision conductive keratoplasty (CK)
2. Monovision LASIK
3. Presbyopic bifocal LASIK AND LASIK-PARM( LASIK by Presbyopia Avalos
Rozakis Method)
4. Presbyopic multifocal LASIK
5. Presbyond laser blended vision
6. Corneal inlays for presbyopia
40. Lens based procedures:
1. Trifocal IOL
2. Monovision with intraocular lenses
Sclera based procedures:
1. Anterior ciliary sclerotomy
2. Scleral spacing procedures and scleral ablation
3. Scleral expansion
41. INSUFFICIENCY OF ACCOMMODATION
When Accommodative power is significantly less than the normal
physiological limits.
Therefore it should not be confused with presbyopia in which the
physiological insufficiency of accommodation is normal for the patient’s
age.
So it can be labelled as pathological insufficiency of accommodation.
42. Causes:
1. Premature sclerosis of lens
2. Weakness of ciliary muscle due to systemic causes of muscle fatigue such
as debiliating illness, anemia, toxaemia, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus,
pregnancy, stress and so on
3. Weakness of ciliary muscle associated with primary open angle glaucoma
4. Cyclitis
43.
44. TREATMENT
Near vision spectacles in the form of weakest convex lens which allows
adequate vision should be given till the power of accommodation
improves
If there is associated convergence insufficiency base out prism may be
added to patient comfort
Accommodation exercises help in recovery, if underlying debility has
passed.
45. Vision therapy: to stimulate accommodation monocularly
Small print targets that are slowly moved closer to the ye
Reading print through minus lenses (gradually increasing the power) using
“monocular minus lens rock”
Monocular lens flippers
Monocular minus lens clear/blur/clear (for fine voluntary control)
Binocular lens flippers
46. PARALYSIS OF ACCOMODATION
Also known as cycloplegia refers to complete absence of accommodation
Causes:
1. Drug induced cycloplegia
2. Paralytic internal ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscle and
sphincter pupillae)- seen in neuritis associated with diphtheria, syphilis,
diabetes, alcoholism, cerebral or meningeal diseases.
3. Paralysis of accommodation as a component of complete third nerve
paralysis may occur due to intracranial or orbital causes.
47. Clinical features
Blurring of vision
Photophobia
Abnormal receding of near point and markedly decreased range of
accommodation
48. Treatment
Self recovery occurs in drug induced cycloplegia and in diphtheria cases
Dark glasses
Convex lenses for near vision
49. Spasm of Accommodation
Exertion of abnormally excessive accommodation
Also known as cyclotonia
50. causes
Drug induced spasm of accommodation after use of strong miotics such as
echothiophate and DFP(Diisopropylflourophosphate)
Spontaneous spasm of accommodation- in children who attempt to
compensate for a refractive anomaly that impairs their vision (when eyes
are used for excessive near work in bad illumination, bad reading position,
lowered vitality, state of neurosis, mental stress or anxiety)
53. Treatment
Relaxation of ciliary muscle by atropine for few weeks and prohibition of
near work
Correction of associated causative factors
Assurance and psychotherapy
54. ILL SUSTAINED ACCOMODATION
Initial stage of true insufficiency
Range is normal
During prolonged near work, accommodative power weakens, the near
point gradually recedes and vision becomes blurred
55. INERTIA OF ACCOMODATION
Rare condition
Difficulty in altering the range of accommodation
Requires time and effort to focus a near object after looking into distance
Treatment:
Correction of refractive error
Accommodative Exercises
56. Accomodation Excess : TREATMENT
Prescribing lenses
Distance lens prescription
Added plus lenses are not usually accepted for near work
Vision therapy: to relax accommodation monocularly
Small print targets slowly moved AWAY from the eye
Reading print through PLUS lenses (gradually increasing the power)