3. ELECTRODES: nickel oxide
hydroxide and metallic Cadmium
Terminal voltage of 1.2V
Long life, light.
Used in UPS, portable power
tools, photography
equipment, flashlights, emergency
lighting, and portable electronic
devices.
Disadvantages include Memory
effect, Environmental hazards,
cost.
4. ELECTRODES: graphite rod,
Lithium cobalt oxide(or
Lithium manganese oxide)
Electrolyte :lithium
hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as.
Nominal cell voltage of 3.6-3.7V
Slow loss of charge when not in
use,possibility of a range of shape
and size.
Used in laptops, mobiles, other
consumer electronics.
However it is expensive, delicate,
has high internal resistance and
safety concerns.
5. Lower specific power compared to fuels
Weight and size
High charging time
Environmental hazards
Explosion, corrosion, leakage
High cost
Terminal voltage constraints
6.
7. Flexible
Ultra-thin energy storage
Production device formed by combining carbon
nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based
paper. .
A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and
super capacitor. This combination allows the battery to
provide both long-term, steady power production and
bursts of energy.
It is non toxic, environment friendly.
8. The battery works as conventional lithium-ion
batteries
But all the components have been incorporated into
lightweight, flexible sheet of paper.
Combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned
carbon nanotubes.
9. • Chemical reaction in the paper battery is between
electrolyte and carbon nanotubes.
• Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery
and flow along a connected wire to the positive
terminal.
• Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive
terminal for the chemical reaction to continue.
10. The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as
electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct
electricity.
The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery
and a super-capacitor, which stores charge like a
battery but has no liquid electrolyte. .
The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the
paper is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it
won’t freeze or boil.
Research is going on around the world to replace
this ionic electrolyte with body fluids, blood, sweat
etc.
11. The materials required for the preparation of paper battery
are:
Copier paper and Carbon nano ink
1: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is a solution of
nano rods, surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions.
Carbon nano ink is spread on one side of the paper.
2: The paper is kept in the oven at 150 degree Celsius. This
evaporates the water content on the paper.
The battery is ready and would provide a terminal voltage
enough to power an LED
12. Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut, made
into any shape.
The nano composite paper is compatible with a number of
electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.
If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times
the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut power by
50%. So we can control the power and voltage issue.
Non toxic and hence can be used to power pacemakers
and RF tags.
It is very useful where burst of energy is required for
operation like mostly electric vehicles.
13. The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s
nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate,
potentially allowing operation in extreme
temperatures.
Environment friendly.
The organic radical materials inside the battery are
in an "electrolyte-permeated gel state,“ which helps
ions make a smooth move, allowing the batteries to
charge at lightning speeds.
(It could charge 10-20 times faster than
conventional Li-ion batteries.)
“Paper Battery Would Be THE Answer To Electrical
Energy Storage Problems.”
14. Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and
they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to
make it commercially viable.
Carbon nanotubes are expensive.
The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable
paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a
reality.
Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce nanotubes
is promising.
15. Pace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)
Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.
Devices in space shuttles
Powered smart cards RF id tags, smart clothes.
16. The range of possible applications for paper batteries
derives from their important advantages as compared to
conventional battery technologies.
They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet
the requirements of each application.
The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost and
weight which in itself may give birth to new applications.
Paper battery could solve all the problems associated with
electrical energy storage.
However the reality is still very far away, though the
researches are promising.
