Contains life cycle and uses of different organism.

1. BIOLOGY OF
INDUSTRIAL MICRO ORGANISMS
By
S Vinitha B.Sc

2. An industrial important microorganism must:
 Produce the product of interest in high yield
 Grow rapidly on inexpensive culture media available in
bulk quantities
 Be amenable to genetic manipulation
 If possible, be nonpathogenic.
Some Antibiotics produced by Microorganisms
Antibiotic Producing microorganism
Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acrimonium
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelae
Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus
Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvin
Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Tetracycline Streptomyces aureofaciens
Gentamicin Micromonospora purpurea

3. PENICILIUM
LIFE CYCLE:
 Asexual Reproduction: Conidiospores not enclosed in a sac. Become
airborne easily. Form chains (broom-like structures).
 Sexual Reproduction: Ascospores enclosed in a sac-like structure (ascus).
CONIDIOSPORE
– Multiple (chains) or single spores formed at the end of an
aerial hypha
– Not enclosed within a sac
– Eg: Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.

4. Life Cycle of penicillium (Ascomycete)
Reproduces Asexually and Sexually

5. INDUSTRIAL USES OF PENICILIUM :
• Species of Penicillium and Aspergillus serve in the production of a number of
biotechnologically produced enzymes and other macromolecules, such as gluconic, citric,
and tartaric acids, as well as several pectinases, lipase, amylases, cellulases, and proteases.
• Some Penicillium species have shown potential for use in bioremidiation because of their
ability to break down a variety of xenobiotic compounds. Penicillium also prevents bacteria
from affecting the body.
• Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug and a potential chemotherapeutic agent that
was discovered in P. griseofulvum. Additional species that produce compounds
capable of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in vitro include: P. pinophilum,
P. canescens,] and P. glabrum.

6. S. cerevisiae cells can reproduce both asexually and sexually. In fact, environmental
conditions often determine the method of reproduction of these cells. Asexual
reproduction of S. cerevisiae cells is called budding, while sexual reproduction of the
cells is called sporulation.
During the budding process, the nucleus of the parent cell splits and locate itself towards
the daughter cell.
The bud continually grows and when it is fully matured, it can separate from the parent
cell and function as an independent cell.
Interestingly, diploid cells can undergo meiosis to produce four haploid spores that is
composed of two a spores and two α spores upon facing stressful conditions, such as
nutrient depletion.
 Haploid cells are capable of mating with other haploid cells, but of the opposite mating
type (an a cell can only mate with an α cell, and vice versa) to produce a diploid cell.
This process begins with the fusion of the cytoplasm, and then the haploid cells become
fertilized and become a diploid zygote.
After this, the zygote can undergo meiosis and form an ascus which will split into four
ascospores.
SACCHAROMYCES
LIFE CYCLE:

7. Finally, these haploids can then undergo germination and become haploid cells
again.
With sufficient and appropriate nutrition, S. cerevisiae cells can reproduce every
100 minutes. Their average replicative lifespan lasts about 26 cell divisions.

8. LIFE CYCLE OF HANSENELA
H. polymorpha, is a model organism for studying the functions of peroxisomes
and their underlying molecular biology.

10. SPIRULINA

13. Streptomyces has a complex life cycle that includes formation of spores and
other cell types.
Typically, a spore germinates under the right conditions to generate a vegetative
or substrate mycelium. This consists of a net of branching hyphae that grow and
"dig" into the substrate to reach nutrients.
Remarkably, there are few partition walls in the substrate mycelium: as a result,
several copies of the genome are contained in every "cell". When nutrients are
scarce (or in response to other signals), some hyphae start growing away from the
substrate and into the air. In the new kind of hyphae (or aerial mycelium),
partition walls are more frequently formed.
At the same time, the substrate mycelium suffers a process of programmed cell
death and its content is reused by the growing aerial mycelium.
Finally, on the distal parts of aerial hyphae, the partition process is complete
and yields beautiful chains of spores. Each spore contains a single copy of the
genome.
LIFE CYCLE
STREPTOMYCES

14. LIFE CYCLE OF STREPTOMYCES

15. Streptomyces and their close relatives became famous thanks to
their ability to produce (among other stuff):
• antibiotics
(antibacterials): streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline,
neomycin,chloramphenicol, vancomycin, gentamicin
• antifungals: nystatin, amphotericin
• anticancer drugs: doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin
• immunosuppressants: rapamycin
• herbicides: bialaphos