Lecture-4: Introduction to Programming & Databases

1. LECTURE 04
INTRODUCTION TO
PROGRAMMING &
DATABASES
Mr. Mubashir Ali
Lecturer(Dept. of Computer Science)
dr.mubashirali1@gmail.com

2. Living in a Digital World
Discovering
Computers 2010

3. Objectives Overview
Differentiate between
machine and assembly
languages
Identify and discuss the
purpose of procedural
programming languages,
and describe the features of
C and COBOL
Identify and discuss the
characteristics of these
object-oriented
programming languages
and program development
tools
Identify the uses of other
programming languages
and program development
tools
Describe various ways to
develop Web pages
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3See Page 663
for Detailed Objectives

4. Objectives Overview
Identify the uses of
popular multimedia
authoring programs
List the six steps in the
program development
life cycle
Differentiate between
structured design and
object-oriented design
Explain the basic
control structures and
design tools used in
designing solutions to
programming problems
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 13
4See Page 663
for Detailed Objectives

5. Computer Programs
and Programming Languages
• A computer program is a series of instructions
that directs a computer to perform tasks
– Created by a programmer using a programming
language
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5Pages 664 – 665
Figure 13-1

6. Low-Level Languages
• Machine language is
the first generation of
programming languages
• Only language the
computer directly
recognizes
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Figure 13-2

7. Low-Level Languages
• Assembly language is the
second generation of
programming languages
• Programmer writes
instructions using
symbolic instruction
codes
• A source program
contains the code to be
converted to machine
language
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7Pages 665 – 666
Figure 13-3

8. Procedural Languages
• In a procedural language, the programmer writes
instructions that tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to do it
– Third-generation language (3GL)
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A compiler
translates an entire
program before
executing it
An interpreter converts
and executes one code
statement at a time

9. Procedural Languages
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Figures 13-4 – 13-5

10. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows
programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects
• Other advantages include:
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Objects can be
reused
Programmers
create applications
faster
Work well in a
RAD environment
Most program
development tools
are IDEs

11. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• Java is an object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems
• The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert the bytecode
into machine-dependent code
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11Page 670
Figure 13-8
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Java Platforms
below Chapter 13

12. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any
type of program to run on the Internet or an
internal business network, as well as computers
and mobile devices
• Features include:
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CLR (Common
Language
Runtime)
Classes

13. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
• C++ is an extension of
the C programming
language
– Additional features for
working with objects,
classes, events, and
other object-oriented
concepts
• C# is based on C++ and
was developed by
Microsoft
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Figure 13-9

14. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of
program development tools
Visual Basic is
based on the BASIC
programming
language
Visual C++ is based
on C++
Visual C# combines
the programming
elements of C++
with an easier,
rapid-development
environment
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14Pages 671 - 673

15. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools
A visual programming language is a language that
uses a visual or graphical interface for creating all
source code
Borland’s Delphi is a powerful program
development tool that is ideal for building large-
scale enterprise and Web applications in a RAD
environment
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16. Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
programmers to access data in a database
– One popular 4GL is SQL
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Figure 13-13

17. Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• Classic programming languages include:
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Figure 13-14
Ada ALGOL APL BASIC
Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP
Logo Modula-2 Pascal PILOT
PL/1 Prolog RPG Smalltalk

18. Other Programming Languages
and Development Tools
• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS
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Figure 13-15

19. Summary of ITP
Various programming
languages used to
create computer
programs
A variety of Web
development and
multimedia
development tools
Steps in the program
development life cycle
and tools used to make
this process efficient
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20. Objectives Overview DBMS
Define the term,
database, and explain
how a database
interacts with data and
information
Define the term, data
integrity, and describe
the qualities of valuable
information
Discuss the terms
character, field, record,
and file
Describe file
maintenance
techniques and
validation techniques
Differentiate between a
file processing
approach and the
database approach
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10
20See Page 513
for Detailed Objectives

21. Objectives Overview
Discuss the functions
common to most
database management
systems
Describe characteristics
of relational, object-
oriented, and
multidimensional
databases
Explain how to access
Web databases
Identify database design
guidelines and discuss
the responsibilities of
database analysts and
administrators
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10
21See Page 513
for Detailed Objectives

22. Databases, Data, and Information
Database
• Collection of
data organized
in a manner
that allows
access,
retrieval, and
use of that
data
Data
• Collection of
unprocessed
items
• Text
• Numbers
• Images
• Audio
• Video
Information
• Processed data
• Documents
• Audio
• Images Video
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23. Databases, Data, and Information
• Database software, often called a database
management system (DBMS), allows users to:
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Create a computerized
database
Add, modify, and
delete data
Sort and retrieve data
Create forms and
reports from the data

24. Databases, Data, and Information
• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data
• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the
accuracy of the input
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Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Integrity
below Chapter 10

25. Databases, Data, and Information
• Valuable information should have the following
characteristics:
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Accurate Verifiable Timely Organized
Accessible Useful
Cost-
effective

26. The Hierarchy of Data
• Data is organized in layers
– Files, records, fields, characters
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Figure 10-2

27. The Hierarchy of Data
• A character is one byte
– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
of one or more related
characters
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type
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Figure 10-3

28. The Hierarchy of Data
• Common data types include:
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Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency
Date Memo Yes/No Hyperlink
Object Attachment

29. The Hierarchy of Data
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Figure 10-4
• A record is a group of related fields
– A primary key uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records

30. Maintaining Data
• File maintenance refers to the procedures that
keep data current
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Adding
records
Modifying
records
Deleting
records

31. Maintaining Data
• Validation compares data with a set of rules or
values to find out if the data is correct
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Chapter 10
31Pages 522 - 524
Alphabetic/Numeric
Check
Range check Consistency check
Completeness check Check digit Other checks
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Validation
below Chapter 10

32. File Processing Versus Databases
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Chapter 10
32Pages 524 - 526
File processing system
• Each department has its
own set of files
• Used for many years
• Have data redundancy
• Isolate data
Database approach
• Programs and users share
data
• Reduce data redundancy
• Improve data integrity
• Share data
• Allows easier access
• Reduces development time
• Can be more vulnerable

33. File Processing Versus Databases
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Figure 10-10

34. Database Management Systems
• A data dictionary contains data about each file in
the database and each field in those files
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Figure 10-12

35. Database Management Systems
• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users
and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database
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Query language
Query by example
Form
Report generator

36. Database Management Systems
• A query language consists of simple, English-like
statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
users with retrieving data
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37. Database Management Systems
A DBMS provides means to
ensure that only authorized users
access data at permitted times
•Access privileges
•Principle of least privilege
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38. Database Management Systems
• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to
restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed
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Backup Log
Recovery
utility
Continuous
backup

39. Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A relational database
stores data in tables
that consist of rows and
columns
– Each row has a primary
key
– Each column has a
unique name
• A relationship is a link
within the data
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Figure 10-20

40. Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query
language that allows users to manage, update,
and retrieve data
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Figure 10-21
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click SQL
below Chapter 10

41. Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data
in objects
• Examples of applications appropriate for an
object-oriented database include:
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Multimedia
database
Groupware
database
Computer-
aided design
database
Hypertext
database

42. Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A multidimensional database can store data in more
than two dimensions of data
– Sometimes known as a hypercube
– Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database
• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and
manages the data required to analyze historical and
current transactions
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
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42Pages 535 - 536
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Warehouses
below Chapter 10

43. Web Databases
• Databases on the Web allow you to:
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Shop for
products or
services
Buy or sell stocks Search for a job
Make airline
reservations
Register for
college classes
Check semester
grades

44. Database Administration
Database analysts and administrators are responsible
for managing and coordinating all database activities
Database Analyst (DA)
Decides on proper field
placement, defines data
relationship, and identifies users’
access privileges
Database Administrator (DBA)
Creates and maintains the data
dictionary, manages security,
monitors performance, and
checks backup and recovery
procedures
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44Page 538
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Database
Administrators below
Chapter 10

45. Summary
How data and
information are
valuable assets to
an organization
Methods for
maintaining high-
quality data
Assessing the
quality of valuable
information
Advantages of
organizing data in
a database
Various types of
databases
Roles of the
database analysts
and administrators
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10
45Page 539