Module 3

2.  The schoolmen in this country are wont to deplore
the entrance of politics into school affairs. They
fear that educational policies will then be
determined by considerations oblique or even
irrelevant to the meritorious development of
education itself. In some quarters this studied
attempt to keep the schools unsullied by politics is
viewed as grave misfortune . In the communistic
ideology and probably in the fascistic ideology as
well it is unthinkable that the schools should lie
outside the political sphere. Since the school trains
the future citizen, education is far too strategic and
instrument to fall into the hands of any save the
state.

3.  1. AUTOCRACY- is a form of government in
which one person possesses unlimited power. We
begin with the effect which the distribution of
political power has on educational philosophy. For
convenience we shall note the educational
consequences of vesting political power in the
one, the few, or the many. As for rule by the one,
there have been various types, whether the ruler
has been a king, tyrant, despot, or dictator,
however will make little difference, for the
educational consequences of all will be much the
same. The ruler must have the best education that
his times afford in order to make wise choices.
The schools of autocracy will more than likely
emphasize drill and obedience at the expense of
initiative and criticism.

4.  An Autocratic Government or an
Autocracy is a kind of government
where the political power is held by
a self appointed ruler. It is used
Synonymously with the term
dictator. The autocrat normally
creates a power structure for
himself so that he can rule. They
depend on their nobles and most
importantly the military or religious
institutions for their rule.
The best example of autocratic
government is Cuba. Cuba is being
ruled by Fidel Castro. His
government is self-appointed as he
had taken over the government.

5.  2. ARISTOCRACY, OLIGARCHY, AND
PLUTOCRACY
 ARISTOCRACY- is a form of government
in which the best qualified citizens rule.
The term was derived from the Greek
aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best".

6.  A well cited example for a de facto
aristocracy is Russia. In Russia, more that
80% of that countries wealth is in the hands
of less than 20% of the population.
Additionally much of the political power in the
country is handed back and forth between old
time soviet era powerbrokers. However,
labeling a country as an aristocracy is a
subjective and difficult thing. In the present,
no country likes to be called an aristocracy
because of the negative implications. Few
now remember it as the vibrant form of
benevolent government it was believed to be
in the middle ages. The country that is most
definitely and formally an aristocracy would
be the Vatican.

7.  OLIGARCHY- a form of power structure in
which power effectively rests with a small
number of people. These people could be
distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties,
corporate, or military control.
 The modern United States is an oligarchy by
most definitions, with the top 10% holding
75% of private wealth and the top 1% holding
35% of private wealth. The richest 500
Americans hold more wealth than the bottom
150,000,000 Americans combined. However,
the great wealth of America ensures a high
standard of living even for average citizens.

8.  PLUTOCRACY- is rule by the wealthy, or
powerful provided by wealth. The
combination of both plutocracy and
oligarchy is called plutarchy.

9.  The sovereign power is shared with a
selected group of others. This minority group
may rule with or without elevating one of their
number above the rest. In either event this
distribution of power results in oligarchy rule
by the few. For long the nobility of the
aristocrats was thought to be hereditary.
Under capitalism, the few have sometimes
formed a plutocracy rule by the wealthy.
Communism and fascism also result in rule
by the few because the ruling party is a
minority group. Whatever way the few are
constituted will have definite educational
implications.

10.  When the few have nobility, education has
notoriously been an upper-class affair. The nobility
and the wealthy bourqeoisie have virtually had a
monopoly of education beyond rudiments.
European education, even as late as the twentieth
century, still exhibits this influence in its two-class
system of schools, one set for the masses and
another for the classes.
 Government policy is determined by a ruling class.
Naturally they must have an education consonant
with their responsibilities. The education of the rest
of the people beyond what is absolutely necessary
can be relatively neglected.
 The fascistic philosophy of education has some
points in common with this view:

11.  Education is chiefly for a dominant elite
 The leadership principle of feudal times is
central
 Sovereignty rests with a group of leaders
who do not derive their power from the
populace or its elected representatives,
but from their ability to rule by rising above
their own immediate private interests.

12.  One modern, perhaps unique, formalised
example of a plutocracy is the City of London.
The City (not the whole of modern London
but the area of the ancient city, which now
mainly comprises the financial district) has a
unique electoral system. Most of its voters
are representatives of businesses and other
bodies that occupy premises in the City. Its
ancient wards have very unequal numbers of
voters. The principal justification for the non-
resident vote is that about 450,000 non-
residents constitute the city's day-time
population and use most of its services, far
outnumbering the City's residents, who are
fewer than 10,000.

13.  3. DEMOCRACY AS FREEDOM
When we use the word freedom it is
usually followed by the preposition
from. On the whole, this is the sort of
freedom with which we have
identified democratic education so
far. We have emphasized the
importance of establishing the
independence of the individual from
environmental circumstances which
would restrict or interfere with his
individuality. But freedom is also
often followed by the preposition to
or for. The more thoroughly educated
people are in the field the more free
they are to take action. Since all men
in a democracy are free, education
must be free, that is there must be an
economic barriers to its acquisition. It
is this freedom which is incorporated
in the idea of a public school, a
school open and free to all.

14.  Democracy as sharing
A less individualistic conception of
democracy and one with a greater social
emphasis is that which takes its origin in the
nature of society as communication, as
mutually shared purposes. Advocates of this
conception of democracy not only fasten on
sharing as the nature of society but sharing
into a norm of a good society. The devotion of
democracy to education is of long standing.
Democracy is more than just a political form;
it is way of life. It is a mode of association
which applies as well to other social groups
such as the family, the church, and business.

15.  Democracy as equalitarianism
The American Declaration of
Independence states that “all men are
created equal”. The educator is now no
more justified in assuming that children
have equal mental gifts than that they are
all the same height and weight at birth.
Furthermore, no amount of education will
eliminate these differences. The
conclusions follows that equality can no
longer mean identity of education for all.

16.  Democracy as respect for
dignity of the person
An instance has already been
noted where the educational
pattern is cut after the
interests of the many,
although the many do not, at
least as yet, participate
broadly in the exercise of
sovereign power. It is now in
order to inspect a philosophy
where not only are the many
the center of educational
gravity, but where the
government, too, is of the
many, by the many, and for
the many. Democracy makes
the many of such paramount
political and educational
importance because it
believes in the essential
dignity of all persons.

17. K+12 Education in the Philippines
 The Enhanced K+12 Basic
Education Program in the
Philippines has been officially
started. It has been initiated by
the Aquino administration where
students will have to undergo a
new system of education. This
program will require all incoming
students to enroll into two more
years of basic education. Thus, the
K+12 System will basically include
the Universal kindergarten, 6
years of elementary, 4 years of
junior high school with an
additional 2 years for senior high
school.
 Moreover, the program aims to
uplift the quality of education in the
Philippines in order for graduates
to be easily employed. The
program also aims to meet the

18. Most importantly, the system aims to fully enhance and
develop the students in order for them to be well-prepared
especially in emotional and cognitive aspects. Through this,
graduates will be able to face the pressures of their future
workplace.
However, not all are in favor of the K+12 Education. There are
students complaining of the additional years and there are
parents who are not in favor of the additional expenses. But
indeed, it is an undeniable fact that additional years in the
education system will really require more budgets not just
from the government but from the parents as well.
Aside from this, students will need additional classrooms,
school supplies and facilities. The program would need
more qualified teachers as well.

19. References:
 http://www.blurtit.com/q722444.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy
 http://factoidz.com/k12-education-in-the-philippines
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy
 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index