This document discusses politics and education in the Philippines. It begins by defining different types of governments - autocracy, oligarchy, democracy - and comparing autocracy and democracy. Next, it defines and compares oligarchy and plutocracy. It then discusses examples of plutocrats in the Philippines. The roles of key education institutions in the Philippines are outlined, including the Department of Education, Technical Education and Skills Development Authority, and Commission on Higher Education. It concludes by discussing the roles of higher education in the Philippines and the higher education reform agenda, focusing on excellence, capacity, access, and ethical governance.

1. Polytechnic University of the
Philippines
Graduate Studies – College of
Education
Sta. Mesa, Manila
POLITICS AND EDUCATION
DEM 730 Philosophical and Psycho-Social Perspectives in Education
Kathleen C. Abaja
DEM Student
Dr. Nilo E. Colinares
Course Specialist

2. SCOPE OF DISCUSSION
Autocracy and Democracy
Education in the Political
Culture
Oligarchy and Plutocracy

3. To study governments, geographers
look at the following:
• Types – Who rules and who
participates.
• Systems – How the power is
distributed.

4. Types of Government are based on
one key question: Who governs and
what is the citizen participation?
• There are three types of governments:
– Autocracy, Oligarchy, and Democracy

5. AUTOCRACY AND
DEMOCRACY

6. Autocracy
• Government in which the power to govern
is held by one person.
• Generally the power to rule is inherited or
by military force.
• There are three
types of Autocracy.

8. Democracy
• In a democracy, the government is “Rule
by the people”
• There are two forms of democracy
– Direct Democracy – People vote on all the
issues.
– Representative Democracy – People elect
representatives and give them the power to
vote on issues.
• Example: United States

9. In a democracy….
• Individual freedom and equality is valued.
• Free elections are held
• Decisions are based on majority rule.
• All candidates can express their views
freely.
• Citizens vote by secret ballot.

10. DEMOCRACY vs AUTOCRACY COMPARISON
COMPARISON
ELEMENT
DEMOCRACY AUTOCRACY
Meaning of Term From Greek –
Demos means
“people” and Kratos
means “power” or
“authority”.
From Greek – Auto
means “self” and
Kratos means “power’”
or “authority”.
Government The power and
strength of the
government are
given to it by the
people.
One person or group
holds all the power,
without the
participation, or
sometimes even the
consent, of the people.

11. OLIGARCHY AND
PLUTOCRACY

12. OLIGARCHY vs PLUTOCRACY COMPARISON
COMPARISON
ELEMENT
OLIGARCHY PLUTOCRACY
Meaning of Term From Greek – Oligos
means “few” and
arch means “rule”.
From Greek – Ploutos
means “wealth” and
Kratos means “power’”
or “authority”.
Government Rule or
governance by a
privileged or
favoured few.
controlled and ruled
by the wealthy or a
wealthy class.

13. PLUTOCRATS IN THE PHILIPPINES

14. WHO RULES?
NONE ALLFEWONE
AUTOCRACY OLIGARCHY
PLUTOCRAC
Y
DEMOCRACY

15. EDUCATION IN THE
POLITICAL CULTURE

16. Definition of Terms
 Politics – involves the production, allocation and use of
decision-making powers among large groups of
individuals.
 Culture – refers to everything socially created (Fiske,
1996). It is shared by different groups of interacting
humans.
 Filipino Political Culture - covers all thoughts and
feelings, group-accepted practices shared by large
groups of Filipinos as they produce, allocate and use
political powers within, outside, and in interaction with
the state.

17. Benigno Simeon “Noynoy” Aquino, Jr.
15th
President of the Philippines
2010-2016
Rodrigo Roa Duterte
16th
President of the Philippines
2016-2022

19. Department of Education
Luistro is a major proponent of the K+12
Basic Education Program in the Philippines.
The program seeks to add two years to the
current 10-year basic education curriculum.
Bro. Armin Luistro
Prof. Leonor Briones
On May 31, 2016, it was announced that
Briones will be joining the Cabinet of President
Rodrigo Duterte as Secretary of
the Department of Education. She assumed the
secretaryship on June 30, 2016
succeeding Armin Luistro.

21. Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority
He was a former Director General of
the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) from
2010-2015
Sen. Joel Villanueva
Atty. Guiling Mamondiong, a former
transportation undersecretary, is now the
director general of the Technical
Education and Skills Development
Authority (Tesda) under the Duterte
administration.

22. Commission on Higher Education
Patricia Licuanan, Ph.D.
She started her term in July 2010 when President
Benigno Aquino III appointed her as head of the
commission. Under Republic Act 7722 or the Higher
Education Act of 1994, she is entitled to a four-year term
as chair of CHED.
Licuanan was re-appointed in 2014 for another four-year
term. She is expected to bid farewell to the office in 2018.

23. The Roles of
PHILIPPINE HIGHER EDUCATION
Expands and
enhances career
and life choices
and chances of
individuals
Is an INSTRUMENT for
•Poverty alleviation
•Human capital formation
•Technology driven national
development & global
competitiveness

24. Higher Education Reform Agenda
EXCELLENCE
CAPACITY
ACCESS
ETHICAL & INNOVATIVE
GOVERNANCE

25. Financial support to students
Programs for learners in special circumstances
Support for modernizing facilities &
resources of State Universities and Colleges
Dissemination/transfer of technologies to improve
lives of poor communities & households
Student Financial Assistance Programs
Unified Student Financial Assistance System
for Higher and Technical Education (UniFASTE) Bill
Expanded Tertiary Education Equivalency and Accreditation
Program, Ladderized Education Program, Distance Education
ACCESS

26. Establishing learning competency &
outcomes-based quality assurance
Aligning curricula with K12
Implementing Revised General Education Curriculum
Re-engineering curricula aligned with industry
Rationalizing HEI Programs
Operationalizing the Philippine Qualifications Framework
Developing & delivering programs for emerging careers
Providing support for faculty development
Labor Market Information
Career Guidance
Scholarships for STEAM
Steering students toward priority programs
CAPACITY

27. Support for Centers of Excellence and Development
Reform of Graduate Education programs
Upgrading to international standards
Washington Accord
Seoul Accord
International Maritime Organization (IMO) White List
ASEAN Mutual Recognition Arrangements
EXCELLENCE
Internationalization initiatives
ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework (AQRF)
International mobility for students programs
International cooperation agreements

28. Support for world class universities
Food Production and Security
Health Systems
Environment, Climate Change Preparedness
Disaster Mitigation & Resiliency
Smart Analytics & Engineering Innovations
Marine Economy (Biodiversity & Conservation)
Developing niche areas
High-end R&D for technological innovation
Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI)
EXCELLENCE

29. BLUEPRI
NT