The document provides information on several topics from the 1920s including the automobile culture, consumerism, popular culture, organized crime during Prohibition, the Scopes trial, the Harlem Renaissance, immigration restrictions, the Great Migration, and the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan. Key developments included Henry Ford's assembly line lowering car costs and fueling mass consumption, the rise of national media and celebrities, increased racial tensions, and efforts to crack down on radicals and limit immigration. The period saw major social, economic, and cultural changes that shaped American society.

1. 1920’S UNIT REVIEW:
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

2. The Automobile Culture:
1. How did the Model T revolutionize the
American economy?

3. Ford River Rouge Complex
 Massive production
facility cut costs
 Mastered assembly line
process
 Copied by other
manufacturers
 Lower costs led to low
prices for consumer
goods
 Consumption skyrockets

4. Buying on Credit
 Installment plan:
A system that lets
customers make partial
payments (installments)
over a period of time until
the total debt is paid
 Consumers buy things on
credit they otherwise
wouldn‘t buy

5. The Automobile Culture:
2. What is a consumer culture and why did it
develop in the 1920s?

6. Rise of a Consumer Economy
 Consumer
economy: An
economy that
depends on a
large amount
of buying by
consumers—
individuals
who use (or
―consume‖)
products

7. The Automobile Culture:
3. How did the automobile revolutionize
American culture?

8.  By 1929, most middle-class
Americans in cities or towns
would most likely own:
--Car
--Washing machine
--Radio
--Refrigerator
--Other small
appliances

9. Things That Led to More
Independence
 25% women worked outside the home
 Automobiles
 New social values
 Voting rights
 Freud: New ideas about sexuality (It‘s normal
and healthy)

10. The Automobile Culture:
4. How did the automobile change living
patterns?

11. Ford Model-T
 Most popular car in
America in the first three
decades of the 20th
century
 $1000 when introduced in
1908
 Model T's cost fell every
year
 Less than $300 in 1927

12.  1920: One car
for ever 15
people
 1929: One car
for ever 5 people
Result:

13. Popular culture; radio; jazz; heroes of
the 20s:
1. Why did a national culture develop in the
1920s?
2. What impact did the radio have on popular
culture?

14. Mass Media Creates a National
Culture
 Chain stores, branch
banking, national
brands, etc.

15.  Seeing same movies, listening to same radio
shows
 Creates common ground that breaks down
ethnic boundaries in America's cities
 What does that today?

16. Mass Media
 National Radio
Shows
 Hollywood
Movies
 National
celebrities

17. Popular culture; radio; jazz;
heroes of the 20s:
3. How did trends in fashion and music reflect
the spirit of the times?

18. After WWI
 Americans wanted to rejoice and redefine
themselves
 Rejected the past
 Led to new lifestyles and social values

19. Life of a Flapper
•Wild partying
•Smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol
–unheard of if you were a woman!
•Lived reckless lives and clung to
youth
•Flappers were the first of the women
to flaunt their sexuality
•Their lifestyles were shown in the
way that they dressed and danced

20. The Flapper Look
•Wore heavy make up
•Clothes: a dress just below the knee,
stockings, heels no corset
•The look was influenced by Coco
Chanel
•Gender bending—tightly wrap their
chest to flatten it
•The ―Tube‖—Lower hipline and
straight from shoulders to hem

21. THE JAZZ AGE
 The era from right after WWI until the stock
market crash in 1929, during which jazz
increased in popularity. It was a reaction to the
hardship of the war and was characterized by
prosperity, extravagance and self-indulgent
behavior

22. Popular culture; radio; jazz;
heroes of the 20s:
4. Who were the most popular heroes of this
time? Why did hero worship become popular?

23. Rise of the National Celebrity
 Hero worship: Intense or excessive admiration
for a hero or a person regarded as a hero;
seen widely in the 1920‘s

24. Babe Ruth
 Baseball hero of
1920‘s pop culture
 Helped popularity of
baseball to explode
 714 career home
runs and 2,814 hits

25. Charles Lindberg: Celebrity Pilot
 First non-stop flight across the Atlantic in 1927

26.  Seeing same movies, listening to same radio
shows
 Creates common ground that breaks down
ethnic boundaries in America's cities
 What does that today?

27. Organized crime; Cultural
backlash; Scopes Trial:
1. Why did Prohibition lead to organized crime?

28. Underground Market Booms
 Estimated income of bootleg liquor
industry in 1929: $3 billion
 Entire United States federal budget in
1929: $2.9 billion18

29. Rise of Organized Crime
• Prohibition created huge
consumer market unmet by
legitimate means
• Meant that criminals ran the
market
• Criminals get rich
• In 1927 Al Capone makes $60
million
• Organized crime gains
power in cities
• Increases lawlessness
Al Capone

30. Organized crime; Cultural
backlash; Scopes Trial:
2. How did organized crime affect the American
way of life?

31. Weakened Law Enforcement
 Leads to public contempt for police
 Organized crime leaders, bootleggers and
speakeasies pay bribes to cops
 In 1927, Al Capone had half of Chicago‘s
police on his payroll

33. Organized crime; Cultural
backlash; Scopes Trial:
3. What is the connection between the religious
revival of the 1920s and the Scopes Trial?

34. Clash of Cultures
 Opening statements pictured the trial as a titanic
struggle between good and evil or truth and
ignorance.
 Bryan claimed that ―If evolution wins, Christianity
goes." Darrow argued, "Scopes isn't on trial;
civilization is on trial."
Vs.

35. Showdown: Modernists v.
Traditionalists
 In response to new social patterns of
modernism, a wave of revivalism developed
 Trial emerged as a conflict between social and
intellectual values
 Journalists looking for a showdown—who
would dominate American culture?
Traditionalists or modernists?
OR

36. Organized crime; Cultural
backlash; Scopes Trial:
4. Why did the Scopes trial become the ―trial of
the century‖?

37. Clash of the Titans
 Case argued by the
two most famous
figures possible: a
showdown of rivals
 Darrow represented
modernity
 Bryan represented
tradition

38. Showdown: Modernists v.
Traditionalists
 In response to new social patterns of
modernism, a wave of revivalism developed
 Trial emerged as a conflict between social and
intellectual values
 Journalists looking for a showdown—who
would dominate American culture?
Traditionalists or modernists?
OR

39. Harlem Renaissance:
1. What was the connection between the Great
Migration and the Harlem Renaissance?

40. Title
1930
1920
1911
1920

41. Harlem Renaissance:
2. What was unique about the artists‘ message?
3. How did this movement affect American pop
culture and perceptions of African-Americans?

42. Music: Jazz
• Began with African-American
musicians in New Orleans and
transported North during Great
Migration
• Blended blues and ragtime with
improvisation and syncopated
rhythms to produce totally new
sound
• Has been called the single greatest
contribution Americans have
made to world culture
• Jazz influenced all American
popular music that came after it

43. Literature
 At the same time, African-
American authors were
giving their own voice to
the experience of being
black in America
 Plays depicting African-
Americans with complex
emotions are put on stage
(challenged minstrel
images)

44. Harlem Renaissance:
4. Who were the major figures of the Harlem
Renaissance?

45. LANGSTON HUGHES
 Poet, playwright and
novelist
 His first collection of poems:
I, Too, Sing America (1925)

46. ZORA NEALE HURSTON
 Novelist, short story writer,
folklorist and anthropologist
 Novel: Their Eyes Were
Watching God
 Major influence on Ralph
Ellison, Toni Morrison and
Alice Walker

47. INTELLECTUALS:
MARCUS GARVEY
 Became convinced
uniting blacks only way to
improve their condition
 Founded the United Negro
Improvement Association
in 1914 to unite blacks
 Back-to-Africa movement
 Goal to form their own
country
 Black Star Line: fleet of
ships used by the UNIA

48. Red Scare and the Palmer Raids;
Immigration reform:
1. What made Americans ―afraid‖ of radical
ideas?

49. Russian Revolution
 Czar Nicholas II is
unpopular due to WWI
and high casualties
 Forced to give up power
 Leads to a communist
revolution in 1917

50. Labor Strikes Make U.S. Leaders
Nervous
 1919: A wave of labor strikes sweeps nation
after Armistice
 Boston Police Strike
 Steel and Coal Strikes

51. Strikes Broken Up By Force
 Nervous business
owners fear
Communists have
infiltrated their workers
 In reality, cost of living is
twice what it was before
the war

52. Red Scare and the Palmer Raids;
Immigration reform:
2. What actions did the federal government take
against suspected radicals?

53. Palmer Raids
 A campaign of raids to
identify and root out groups
whose activities posed a
"clear and present danger"
to the country, such as
communists, socialists and
anarchists

54. Red Scare and the Palmer Raids;
Immigration reform:
3. How did this change immigration to the US?

55. Quota
 Numerical limit on
immigrants from each
foreign nation
 Quotas set low for
Eastern and Southern
Europe
 Asian immigration
banned

56. Red Scare and the Palmer Raids;
Immigration reform:
4. What were the long term effects of the Red
Scare?

57. Red Scare
 An intense fear of communism and other ideas
considered extreme

58. New Immigration Laws
•1921 Emergency Quota
Act: Sets quota for each
country to the # of people
from that country living in
the U.S. in 1910
•1924 Immigration Act:
Sets quota for each
country to the # of people
from that country living in
the U.S. in 1890
•Reduces immigration of
―New Immigrants‖ by
97%

59. The Great Migration; Rise of the
KKK:
1. What caused African-Americans to move from
the South?

60. Push Factors:
Why to Get Out of the South
 Jim Crow laws
 Lynching and KKK
 Flood
 Boll Weevil infestation

61. The Great Migration; Rise of the
KKK:
2. Why did conditions in the North appealed to
African-Americans?

62. Pull Factors:
Why to Head North
 Jobs
 NAACP
 Leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois
and Booker T. Washington
inspire people

63. The Great Migration; Rise of the
KKK:
3. What impact did the Great Migration have on
American racial relations?

64. Racial Conflict
 African-Americans face
anger and hatred from
whites
 Whites fear job
competition
 Black women often
domestics in white
households for low wages

65. The Great Migration; Rise of the
KKK:
4. Why did the Ku Klux Klan experience a revival
in the 1920‘s and how was it different than the
KKK of the past?

66. Some Factors That Lead to Rise of
KKK

67. Film: Birth of a Nation
•1915 silent film
glorifying the KKK during
the Civil War era
•Highest-grossing film of
the silent era
•Remained highest-
grossing film for 22
years
•Helps to revive the
KKK, which had mostly
died out in the 1870‘s

68. Presidents of the 1920s;
Economic Boom:
1. How did Harding and Coolidge reflect the
laissez-faire theory?
3. Why was the 1920‘s a ―great time to be rich‖?

69. Warren G. Harding, (R) 1921-1923
 Elected on campaign of ―a return to
normalcy‖
 Considered by some historians to be
worst president in history
 Hostile to government regulations from
Progressive era
 Staffs regulatory agencies with officials
from the industries meant to be
regulated
 Many regulators are philosophically
opposed to government regulation and
deeply corrupt
Worst President Ever

70. A Great Time to Be Rich
 Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon lowers
income tax rates for wealthiest Americans
from 73% to just 25%
 Investors enjoy one of the greatest periods
of market growth in U.S. history
 The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaks
in 1929 at more than six times its value in
1921
 Less than 1% of U.S. population owns
stock, so directly benefits only the wealthy

71. Presidents of the 1920s;
Economic Boom:
2. How did the Teapot Dome scandal affect the
American Presidency?

72. Teapot Dome Scandal
 Harding‘s Secretary of the
Interior, Albert B. Fall, gives
away oil drilling rights on
federal land for $300,000 in
bribes
 Fall later goes to jail
 The worst of several
scandals in Harding‘s
administration
 Harding dies before full
extent of scandal comes to
light

73. Calvin Coolidge (R), 1923-1929
 Harding's replacement
 Also an economic
conservative
 Reputation for respectability
 Most famous for saying "the
business of America is
business‖
 ‗Coolidge Prosperity‘
defines the 20s: Robust
economic growth and
widespread affluence
Known as ―Silent Cal‖
Show
me the
money

74. Presidents of the 1920s;
Economic Boom:
4. Why was the wealth and economic success of
the 1920‘s not felt by farmers?

75. A Terrible Time to Be a Farmer
 Collapse of agricultural prices
in 1920
 Poverty, crushing debt and
foreclosures
 During WWI U.S. farmers
benefit from high demand and
high prices throughout the
world
 Many European farmers can‘t
produce during war, which
drives up prices

76. Farmers Left Behind
 From 1920 to 1921, farm prices
fall at catastrophic rate
 Price of wheat falls by ½
 Price of cotton falls by ¾
 Farmers suddenly can‘t make
payments
 Rural wealth falls far behind
urban wealth
 More than 90% of U.S. farms
still lack power into the 1930‘s
 Rural access to telephones
actually falls during the 20‘s