Designing Naturalistic in-Vehicle (Human-Machine) Interactions: Automotive Cockpit

www.hvhfsciences.com “HVHF SCIENCES PROPRIETARY”
MOIN RAHMAN
HIGH VELOCITY
HUMAN FACTORS
www.hvhfsciences.com “High Velocity Human Factors”
MAKING TECHNOLOGY SECOND NATURE
NATURALISTIC HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTIONS
presented to
*REDACTED*
--------------------

22
HVHF SCIENCES
High Velocity Human Factors
• Human Factors and Cognitive Engineering of safety critical
systems
• Making human-technology interactions intuitive and second nature
(normal & abnormal situations).
• Paradigm shifting advances in the human experience of – and
interaction with -- technology (neuroscience, embodied cognition,
ecological interactions).

33
TOPICS
High Velocity Human Factors
1. Science: Information Processing to Meaning Making
2. Design Opportunities
3. Embodied-ecological interactions (e2i)
4. Design Solution: Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
5. Discussion

55
CLASSICAL MODEL
Human-Machine Interactions
HUMAN MACHINE

66
CLASSICAL MODEL

77
CLASSICAL MODEL

88
CLASSICAL MODEL
M2M Interface
HMIs resemble
Machine-2-Machine
Interfaces

99
CLASSICAL MODEL
Human-Machine Interactions / Semiotics
SAUSSURE’S MODEL
INTERPRETATION
Signifier
(Representation)
Signified
(Concept)

1010
CLASSICAL MODEL
Human-Machine Interactions / Semiotics
INTERPRETATION
Signifier
(Representation)
Signified
(Concept)
PEIRCE’S MODEL
MEANING
Ecology
(Work Domain)
SAUSSURE’S MODEL

1111
Triune Brain
Three-Layered Brain
Rational Brain
Neocortex (neopallium)
intellectual tasks
Intermediate Brain
(paleopallium) Limbic
System
emotions
Primitive Brain
(archioallium)
self preservation, aggression

1212
EMBODIED & ECOLOGICAL MODEL
Human-Ecology Interactions
SNAKE IN THE GRASS EFFECT

TRIUNE BRAIN
1313
EMOTIONAL
STIMULUS
EMOTIONAL
RESPONSES
HIGH ROAD
SENSORY CORTEX
LOW ROAD
SENSORY
THALAMUS
AMYGDALA

1414
Human Cognition is
Visceral (“embodied”)
and Suffused with
Emotion
COGNITION IS NOT “DRY”

1515
An organism directly perceives an object
in terms of the action it may afford
- James Gibson
EMBODIED ECOLOGICAL+

1616
SEMANTIC DIRECTVS
S D

1717
SEMANTIC DIRECTVS
S D
cognition/language
semantics/semiotics
icons/metaphor
knowable
behavior/action
affordances/affectivities
feed forward/feedback
tangible

1818
SEMANTIC
STOP
PAUSE
GO
SYMBOLIC DIRECT

2020
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES
Affordance Override Semantics

2121
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES

2222
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES

2323
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES

2424
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES

2525
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES

2626
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES
"Plentiful information leads to scarcity of attention."
- Joseph Nye

2727
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES
Like-Affordances: Push, Push, Push

2828
DESIGN EVOLUTION
Model-T

2929
DESIGN EVOLUTION
Model-T

3030
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES
1. Turn on the fuel line, a petcock on the right floor of the front compartment,
allowing gasoline to gravity-flow from the ten-gallon tank mounted under the
front seat to the carburetor.
2. Engage the hand brake by pulling the lever floor-mounted on the left side of the
driver's seat to the rear, an arc of about 45 degrees, which also puts the
planetary gears in neutral.
3. Turn on the ignition key on the dashboard.
4. Prime the carburetor to a rich startup mixture by pulling out the choke, a knob on
the dashboard.
5. Move the throttle lever on the right side of the steering column down about four
or five notches.
6. Raise the spark lever on the left of the column to the top to retard the spark.
7. With your right heel, press the electric starter button in the center of the
floorboard close to the seat base.
8. With the engine running smoothly, advance the spark by pulling it down two or
three notches.
9. Push the brake lever halfway forward to prepare to go either forward or reverse.
10. To go forward, push the brake lever all the way toward the front of the car while
pressing the left pedal all the way in, engaging low, and advance the throttle
another few notches.
11. With the car moving forward at least 10 mph in low, release the left pedal to shift
into high. Adjust throttle as required for desired road speed.
12. To back up, instead of the left pedal, push the center pedal in, engaging reverse.
13. For highway travel, which for a T means 35-40 mph - definitely not expressway
traffic - advance (pull down) both spark and throttle.
Model-T

3131
DESIGN OPPORTUNITES
The Rise of the “APP”
1. Walk up to my car
2. Pull out my smartphone
3. Wake up my phone
4. Unlock my phone
5. Exit my last opened app
6. Exit my last opened group
7. Swipe through a sea of icons, searching for the app
8. Tap the app icon
9. Wait for the app to load and try to find the unlock action
10. Make a guess with the menu and tap "Control"
11. Tap the Unlock button
12. Slide the slider to unlock
13. Physically open the car door (my goal)
Courtesy: @goldenkrishna

EMBODIED-ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
(e2i)
DESIGN SOLUTIONS

3333
MACHINE-COWBOY INTERFACE

3434
ANALOG-PROFESSIONAL INTERFACE

3535
DIGITAL-HACKER INTERFACE
BANK OF PUSH BUTTONS BANK OF VIRTUAL PUSH BUTTONS

3636
EMBODIED-ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS (e2i)
X

3737
Embodied Cognition
THE BODY INSTRUCTS THE MIND
IT IS WITH OUR BODIES THAT WE
PREHEND THE WORLD
-
MERLEAU-PONTY

3838
Embodied Cognition Shapes THOUGHT and LANGUAGE
Verticality Schema: More = UP
“prices keep going UP”
“number of books published
are RISING”
“the DOW JONES index
FELL 1000 points”
“turn UP the heat”

3939
Sensorimotor
Pattern
Direct
Perception
GOAL ECOLOGY
Physical Affordances
(action & functional)
Skills & rules
Signals & signs
“kick the ball”
Rahman, M. (2012). Direct Perception-Action Coupling: A Neo-Gibsonian Model for Critical Human-Machine
Interactions under Stress. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 56th Annual
Meeting. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
SITUATED
COGNITION

4040
Firefighter’s HMI

4141
Firefighter’s HMI
ventral
dorsal
cranial
caudal

4242
Firefighter’s HMI

4343
Firefighter’s HMI

4444
Firefighter’s HMI

4646
ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL
(Source: DVR-Kolloquium Automatisiertes Fahren Bonn, 11.12.2013)
Embodied-ecological interaction (e2i)
IF YOU BUILD VEHICLES
WHERE DRIVERS ARE RARELY REQUIRED TO RESPOND
THEN THEY WILL
RARELY RESPOND WHEN REQUIRED.
- PETER HANCOCK
“
“

4747
Car Senses Surroundings.

4848

4949

5050

5151
Car Senses Opportunity to use Cruise Control
Car senses opportunity to use ACC, pedal pulses, HUD CC icon appears, audio tone alerts

5252

5353
YES: Foot pulses and holds on paddle for x
seconds, acceptance vibration received from
peddle, audio tone alerts, HUD CC icon on,
driver takes foot off the pedal and cruises
NO: Do nothing after x seconds, HUD icon
disappears,
Continue driving as normal

5454
Driver Engaged Cruise Control
1- Holds hand paddle 3- Driver releases foot from pedal2- HUD CC icon appears, positive audio tone, foot peddle
pulses

5555
Driver Engaged Cruise Control

5656
1- Driver tries to toggle paddle, paddle
DOES NOT DEPRESS & gives an short vibration
2- HUD CC X icon appears, audio bonk negative tone
Car Declines Cruise Control Driver Request

5757
Car Declines Cruise Control Driver Request

5858

5959
Target Zone
LV
TV
1. TTC (Time to Collision)
2. THW (Time to Headway)
3. Range Rate
4. Braking Power & Algorithm
5. Speed Limit
6. Road Conditions
7. Sensor Conditions
8. Sensor Confidence

6060
LV
Target Zone
TV
3. Range Rate
5. Speed Limit
6. Road Conditions

6161
3. Range Rate
5. Speed Limit
6. Road Conditions
Low Confidence (Machine)
LV
Target Zone
TV

• Classical HMI to Embodied-Ecological
Interactions
• Designing naturalistic in-vehicle interactions that
are second nature
• Redesign of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC):
embodied & ecological approach (e2i).
• DISCUSSION

Designing Naturalistic in-Vehicle (Human-Machine) Interactions: Automotive Cockpit

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