Thesis book for the Savannah College of Art and Design Masters of Architecture program. May 2008

1. Rethinking the Zoological Park: The 21st Century Zoo as a Sustainable Fixture.
The Miami MetroZoo. Miami, Florida
A Thesis Statement submitted to the Faculty of the Architectural Department in partial
fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Architecture
At
The Savannah College of Art and Design
By:
Mario Estanislao Pozzo
Savannah, Georgia.
May, 2008.

2. Introduction
Document Abstract 1
Social Impact 2-3
Concept Statement 4-5
Nature’s Cities:
The Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem 6-17
Analysis of a Global Issue 18-21
MetroZoo’s History 22-24
MetroZoo’s Future 25
Project Brief:
Outcome, Scope, Constraints, Dependencies 26-28
Master plan Goals 29
Circulation and Immersion Study 30-33
User Needs and Interface Study 34
Proposed Infrastructure 35
Visitor Interface: 36-39
Immersion Scheme 40-41
Climatic Conditions 42
Eco-regions and Climatic Zones Study 43
Animal Interface: 44-45
Nepal 46-50
Mekong River System 51-55
The Heart of Borneo 56-59
Programming Requirements 63-65
Keeper Interface: 60-62
Private Circulation and Functions Study 62
Natural Systems Study 66-70
Conceptual Definition:
Geographic juxtaposition and Natural systems 71
Masterplan overlay 72
Form and Thematic structure 73
Preliminary design studies 74-76
Schematic Design and Documentation
Conceptual Design Synthesis and Programming 77-79
Code Analysis 80
Final Design and Documentation
Final Design and building design 81-97
Architectural Synthesis 88-91
Visitor Experience 92-97
Project Conclusion 98

3. This document represents the findings and studies conducted for the proposed
expansion and remodel of the Miami MetroZoo, with a concentration on the Asian
lobe regions on the North Western portion of the site. Defined in the document
is the proposed regions of the Mekong River system and the southern rainforests
of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos with a transitions into Borneo and Nepal. This
proposal will discuss and explore the Rainforest ecosystem, exhibit sequence
options, immersion studies, animal lists, general storyline and exhibit sizes along
with site analysis and context studies which pertain to the project. There are
three possible phases which will be programmed and sited alongside the new
approved master plan by the Portico Group to create a continuous geographic
themed storyline and zones. The document will conclude with the overall
geographic ecosystems structure and definition of program to house potential
species. The document will conclude with the final design of the enlightenment
path which will take visitors through an adventure through the infrastructure of
the rainforests of the world.
Pg. 1

4. For as long as man has existed on this planet we have had an innate
attraction to the natural world surrounding us. We have used nature for our own
personal and social growth, and as our species expanded throughout the world and
became aware of our surroundings we have had a growing attraction to natures
resources, companionship and often looked to her to answer questions of our very own
existence.
Animals have been collected by humans since the earliest moments of our
history. Exotic animals have been taken from far away places by social leaders,
scientists and travelers and though these animals have been used many times for
savage reasons, or though they were kept under inhumane standards their impact on
societies knowledge and appreciation of the natural world is immeasurable. Much of
our modern attraction to the natural world can attributed to the early specimens
collected by the zoological parks and menageries of our recent past. [1]
Pg. 2 [1] Zoo: A history of zoological gardens in the west, Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, Reaktion Books 2002

5. Today we find ourselves in a position
where we no longer need to collect wild
specimens for the zoo, in fact many of the
animals housed at modern zoo stand as a
genetic insurance policy for the species
survival. However these captive animals
are far from the realities of their wild
cousins and their ability to survive in a
wild environment is severely impacted by
their captivity. Due to the growing issues
of human expansion and declining levels
of global resources, pressure has been put
on all of the remaining ecosystems of the
world. The issues behind extinctions and
habitat degradation are complicated in
nature, but its solution can have global
repercussions that will change the way
humans exist on this planet.
Fig. 1.1
Pg. 3

6. The Miami Metro-Zoo, in this new century should strive to connect the creatures and
ecosystems of the natural world to the current global condition. The park will serve as an
example of how man and animal can co-exist, through conservation, education and
scientific inquiry. The park will utilize sustainable building practices and site design as a
canvas to easily frame the relation between the urban fabric of our cities and the
intertwined webs of the wild. The tropical climate of the site is uniquely suited to recreate
the important rainforest ecosystems of the world.
Circulation problems, visitor comfort and the captivity of wild animals have surfaced to
become important issues affecting zoos around the globe. Captive surroundings can never
replace an animal’s natural home, but their design can strive to keep animals happy and
healthy, visitors engaged, educated and visiting. With recent advances in habitat research,
and with a better understanding of the ecological web and its effect on the natural world,
zoos are ready to move into a new century.
Pg. 4

7. There are many ways of experiencing the interface between animals and humans, from the
small menagerie style cages of the 19th century to observation towers on the edge of
wilderness to recreated constructed habitats designed to paint the image of un-built natural
space. History shows us that exhibition alone is not enough to educate the public, however
new technologies and educational tools allow us to easily frame out an image of how
timelessness and modernity can co-exist together. The design will focus on the interface that
occurs between three user groups and their respective interfaces to show how man can grow
sustainable in rhythm with the wild.
Fig. 1.2
Pg. 5

8. Fig. 1.3
The rainforest holds the greatest
diversity of any ecosystem on earth, though
these forests cover only 3% of the earth’s
surface, estimates show that they hold 50% of
all documented species on earth.[1] When the
typical person enters the forest, the
overwhelming density of vegetation at all levels
of the forest is overwhelming. Due to this
density the only signs of life are usually
auditory, bird and monkey calls echo through
the leaves of the forest as their location is kept
secret by the branches. The canopy of the
forest holds many secrets entangled throughout
the limbs of the trees, they support life from the
ant colonies through the large predatory cats.
The density of life in the rainforest far surpasses
the life that we see in the largest of our
cities.[2]
Pg. 6 [1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005
[2] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF International (pg 2)

9. Rainforests only occur between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, this region of
the world maintains stable temperatures and most importantly high humidity. The 12 hours
of sunshine maintain optimum conditions for plants to grow year round. The annual rainfall
needed to maintain the diversity of the forest must be at least 8 1/4 feet evenly distributed
throughout the year[1] though as much as 20% of the rainfall is caused by the
Photorespiration of the surrounding vegetation.[2] Photorespiration occurs when water
evaporates from the leaves of the plant to help in the absorption of carbon dioxide and
release of oxygen from the leaf structure. This process is not well understood by scientists
however the importance of photorespiration to the climatic stability of the forest is beginning
to be widely accepted. The stable climate in these regions of the world has allowed the forests
to grow relatively uninterrupted for millions of years. Since all aspects of the climate will
have an effect on the evolution of the forest, one of the most important variables is the
elevation at which the forest grows. For example as the forest moves from an area of low
elevation to a high elevation the variety of plants begins to shrink. Large trees will change
from being close to 200 feet at a low elevation where the same tree will only grow to be 6-8
feet at a high elevation.[3] Biodiversity will also differ as the elevation rises forcing animals
to adapt to the wet conditions. As the forest moves above the clouds and remain shrouded in
the fog, amphibians and other moisture loving creatures are not tied down to forest ponds
and rivers. Elevation, Humidity, Light, Temperature and rainfall are the climatic variables
that will shape the form, structure and biological diversity of the rainforest.
[1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005
[2] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/07/040723093305.htm accessed 10/15/07.
[3] Planet Earth, Alastair Fothergill, University of California Press, Section 9 (pg 234-6)11 Pg. 7

10. Life evolved out of the need to survive, the density and diversity of the forest ultimately
forced rainforest life into a battle for all available resources. As plants compete for
light, nutrients and space their differing survival techniques leave room for only the
strongest and most specialized to survive. The thick vegetation maintains the stability
of the entire rainforest ecosystem feeding, sheltering and distributing resources over
vast areas.[1] The 3 dimensional structure of the forest canopy is invaluable to
thousands of animal species which depend on the layers of plant life encrusted on all
the surfaces of the forest to survive. If we cut sections of the forest and examine their
density we find that the intertwined web of vegetation is noticeably denser at the
highest levels of the canopy or where levels of light are the highest. The physiology of
plants restricts their maximum growth to a programmed height, these size differences
create a range of ecosystems which can be separated into four vertical groups.
[1] Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution, DK Books 2005 pg 46
Pg. 8

11. The lowest ecosystem occurs on the ground and
Fig. 1.4
becomes the largest home for the decomposers. The
forest floor is nourished by constant organic litter that
falls from the upper stories of the canopy. Here the
levels of light are minimal, humidity is high and
temperatures are stable, but these conditions nourish,
feed and support all the major infrastructure of the
rainforest.[1]
Emergent
Whenever direct light reaches the forest
floor seeds of all types begin their race towards the
light. Hardwoods for example will germinate much
faster than other plants, thus becoming the first to
Canopy become established.[2] Once they reach sapling size
growth slows as they make their way into the under
storey.
The under story is made up of a shade
tolerant and young trees. Where light filters through
Under Story the leaves, a glimmering play between the lights and
the darks in the textures of the space define depth and
camouflage residents. Vines reach from massive trunk
to massive trunk becoming tangled webs sometimes
Forest Floor reaching 850’ long.[1] As the vines move ever higher
into the light we begin to enter the canopy of the trees. Pg. 9
[1] Animal: pg 46
[2] Planet Earth pg 234

12. Fig. 1.5
The Forest Canopy holds the highest density of life in the forest Lichens, Orchids and Cacti
hang from niches created between the branches of the trees becoming additional layers and
micro-ecosystems for many creatures. The thickness of the canopy can reach 65’ before any
individual tree is able to break through from the grasp of the surrounding vegetation.[2]
Palms and Hardwoods are the only families of trees that can achieve this difficult task. Once
a tree penetrates the thick canopy of the forest it enters the emergent layer and is considered
a giant.
The Emergent layer is the least dense of all the forest layers, the massive buttressed roots seen
on the forest floor are far from this incredible aerial world. This layer is made up of an ever
shrinking number of hardwood trees sometimes 245’ in height and hundreds of years old. The
sheer size and quality of the specimens makes them prime nesting sites for many Apes,
predatory birds and many other species who seek them for their highly prized nighttime refuge.
[2] Unfortunately the emergent’s are also highly priced by the logging community since growing
demand of exotic hardwoods and their ever shrinking numbers are driving their prices higher and
higher. Due to this fact illegal logging in most protected forests remains a serious threat. [3]
[1] Animal pg 46
[2] Planet Earth pg 258
[3] WWF Annual Report 2006 pg5
Pg. 10

13. The global distribution of life on earth is a result of a variety of functions on earth.
The tectonic movements of our planet and its ever changing surface distributed Animal
Families onto different continents. Examples such as the Tapir’s of South America and
Malaysia are unique to their ecosystems but are separated by the vast Pacific Ocean.
Mountains and climate change caused some animals to migrate or adapt such is the case
of Indian and African Elephants who evolved alongside ancient Mammoths and have
adapted uniquely to different climates and ecosystems. Scientific inquiry and
Biogeography show that historically these processes have always been at play.[1] But it
is also understood that life writes its own evolution, that is to say that it was the
conscious movements, behaviors, adaptations and actions of the individual animal that
write the animals evolutionary past and future. These changes in global diversity
typically occur over a very long time allowing animals to adapt efficiently from the
predator to the prey, however as we have seen man is also a factor.
Fig. 1.6
Pg. 11

14. Movement and circulation are the first behaviors learned by all animals of the
rainforest. The means by which animals move are directly proportionate to
its size, but the style of movement employed is directly attributable to its
ancestry and classification. The most utilized style of movement and
circulation is flight. Insects, birds, amphibians and some small mammals have
mastered this skill gaining relative freedom from the existing infrastructure of
the forest for their circulation.[2] Flight was first mastered by the
invertebrate world and in order to follow their prey landlocked reptiles
evolved into the flying ancestry of the birds we see today. Some animals
have simply mastered the art of gliding or controlled falling to move through
the forest canopy. Adaptations typically occur in sequence with changes in
Fig. 1.7
food sources, creating specializations which become essential to the
populations survival and sometimes forming an important partnership
between creatures.[1]
Fig. 1.8
The animal life of the rainforest is dependent on its ability to move, unlike
vegetation animals cannot absorb energy from their environment, however
immobile plants often rely on the mobility of animals for their reproduction
and evolution. For example the Fig tree is the most plentiful fruit available to
all rainforest animals and the tree depends on animals but especially birds to
eat its fruit and later deposit its seeds far from its origin. As a result of this
symbiotic relationship the fig tree is found in all the rainforests of the world
[1] Animal pg 16
and is the most important food source for many animals.[3]
[2] Ibid pg 24
[3] WWF Annual Report 2006 pg5
Pg. 12

15. Walking is the most efficient and
most diverse mode of circulation
seen from the smallest invertebrate
to the largest predators in the
forest. By using the ground or the
existing structure of the canopy to
move around energy can be
conserved and can result in a
longer lifespan.[5] The smaller an
animal is the easier it can circulate
through the environment, ants for
Fig. 1.9 example feel few effects from
gravity and can virtually walk on any surface without falling and allowing them to carry over
eight times their body weight without being crushed or losing mobility.[6] But the larger a
species becomes, its chances of injuries as a result of falls or trauma are greatly increased.
Like movement, the routes and ways of path-finding of the animals through the rainforest are as
diverse as its species, the importance of sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste are important to
most animals though each have varying degrees of utility to each sense. Some animals have
developed specialized senses unique to their species survival demands.[7] Such is the case with
bats reliance on echolocation to move through the forest to find prey. Jungles are home to the
specialist, these specializations are the key to survival here and are responsible for the jungles
[5] Planet Earth pg 246
diversity. [6] Animal pg 24 Pg. 13
[7] Ibid pg25

16. The food chain is the final organizing feature of the rainforest ecosystems. The
relationships of the five Kingdoms of life and the vertical chain of energy create a situation
where the top needs the bottom and the bottom needs the top. The food chain begins
with the most essential elements on earth water and energy. Through photosynthesis
plants convert light energy into food and form the base for the food chain. Herbivores and
insects feed on these plants, converting their sugars and cellulose into small amounts of
caloric energy which can be used or stored in their tissues. Herbivores typically consume
large amounts of vegetation to obtain their dietary and caloric needs where omnivores will
supplement their diet with much needed protein. The food chain rarely contains more
than six links since predators can only absorb about 10% of an animal’s total generated
energy or biomass.[1] The high levels of energy consumed by the living creatures of the
rainforest must be maintained by the predators in order to keep healthy vegetation stocks.
A collapse of the food chain from either end eventually result in a steep decline in density
as balance is broken. The loss of a top predator can result in a lethal blow to the overall
diversity of life in the forest, when controls are removed and certain species overwhelm
the sensitive balance of life all levels of life are affected on a global scale.[2]
[1] Animal (pg 15)
[2] Ibid (pg 31)
Pg. 14

17. One of the giants at the heart of Borneo, a 250 year old mahogany tree stands high as
a steady wind rustles through its leaves. Its branches are encrusted in an exotic garden of
Orchids cacti and bromeliads, each of them supporting ecosystems of their own. There is an
entire world within the branches of this tree as an Orangutan feeds its newborn baby in the
canopy of the massive tree. Ants return to their colony in the roots of the orchids bearing
food for their queen and birds feed throughout its branches. Smoke rising over the horizon
precludes our incoming presence, and as the sounds of chainsaws gets closer the animals
become startled and hide. Suddenly the tree snaps away and begins to accelerate pulling
down surrounding vines and trees. A loud crash echoes through the thick forest as the tree
hits the moist ground, the mother Orangutan lays motionless on the ground as its infant
hangs from her lifeless body. Farmers are clearing land to make way for their growing palm
oil industry in Borneo. As the trees are cut, light floods the forest floor and vegetation is
shaken from the canopy, its residents scramble for cover. The cleared vegetation is set on
fire in an attempt to release the nourishing carbons and minerals back into the infertile land.
[1] The now orphaned ape is picked up by the farmers who will later sell it on the illegal
wildlife trade as he will never return to his shrinking home.
Today the rainforest accounts for an estimated 20% of all carbon emissions released
into our atmosphere which contribute to climate change, all due to their destruction at the
hand of man.[2] The balance that has existed for the last 65 million years can today be easily
destroyed with chainsaws and gasoline. The destruction of the rainforest ensures that the
balance which maintains thousands of species is permanently broken. Rainforest do not grow
back once they are destroyed, the density which has ensured evolution is never regained and
the animal species which reside between their branches quickly disappear.
[1] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF International Pg. 15
[2] Ibid (pg 3)

18. Planet earth is currently on the edge of a mass extinction, according to the IUCN
over 5400 animal species and 6000 plants face a high risk of extinction in the near future.
It is important to recognize that the IUCN can only keep limited or estimated count, due to
poor knowledge and viable research available of most creatures on earth. Reliable
Mammal and Bird counts do show us that nearly one in four mammals and one in eight
bird species are currently on the brink of collapse. The International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was founded by the United Nations to
maintain a running count of animal and plant populations and density. Their figures show
that severe levels of habitat destruction due to human interference have accelerated
extinction levels to one hundred times the natural rate.[1] The role and support of zoo’s in
the organization of programs and fundraising for the protection of biologically important
sites is a necessary for the overall success of many of the existing animal protection
agencies. However we must first understand the underlying reasons for the ongoing
destruction of these important natural resources to examine the approach of the zoo in its
protection and education.
Pg. 16 [1] WWF Annual Review, 2006, WWF International

19. Work Cited
Animal: The Definitive Guide to the Worlds Wildlife, Smithsonian Institution 2005.
Planet Earth: as you’ve never seen it before, Alastair Fothergill 2006.
World Wildlife Fund Annual Report 2006, WWF International, 2006.
Online Sources
IUCN Red List, http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist_archive/redlist2000/news.html Accessed 11/03/07
Rainforest Facts www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm accessed 10/21/07.
World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/03/07
Image Sources
World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 11/12/07
Pg. 17

20. To accurately disseminate the
issues behind extinctions and
habitat loss and to formulate a
solution it is important to define
the underlying causes of this
trend. The issues facing the
natural world today are the
result of three main issues which
have had global implications as
serious as those of extinctions.
Poverty, Climate Change and
Environmental degradation are
three issues that are closely tied
to each other and ultimately are
a result of each other.
This is to say that it is
impossible to successfully
protect the remainder of the
natural world without resolving
Fig. 2.1
these issues in sequence with
Pg. 18
each other.

21. It is known and understood that the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the poorest 48
nations (i.e. a quarter of the world’s countries) is less than the wealth of the world’s three
richest people combined. [1]
It is the three top developed nations in the world that produce over 50% of the worlds
carbon emissions. The United States, China and the European Union are the world’s top
three polluters and consumers. [2]
It is in the most biologically rich and biodiverse areas of the world that the vast majority of
the rural poor live, and their survival often depends on the quality and availability of
natural resources such as fuels, biomass, arable land and fresh water. [3]
Falling levels of resources have triggered political unrest and wars in which millions of
people and countless species have been directly affected. The most recent crisis stemming
from these issues are still occurring in Ethiopia and most notably Sudan, whose levels of
fresh water and ongoing desertification have caused unrest and political instability which
led to a civil war and the death of thousands of people.[4]
Recent natural disasters have shown us that it is the worlds poorest who are affected most
widely and severely by natural disasters. Climate change threatens our world with
increased flooding, worsening draught, rising seas, fires and severe storms, all of which
are affecting developing nations and the environment most severely. [5]
The growth of industrialized nations in the last 150 years (most notably the top three
players) has placed the most pressure on the world’s global resources and has had the
largest impact on the ongoing climatic changes and environmental degradation. These
industrial techniques must be reevaluated to shrink the carbon footprint of its citizens and
processes. [6]
[1] Ignacio Ramonet, The politics of hunger, Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1998
[2] http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.htm#3 International Monetary Fund
[3] WWF, http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/climate_change/problems/people_at_risk/index.cfm
[4] International Federation of the Red Cross http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/chapter1.asp
[5]International Federation of the Red Cross, http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/chapter1.asp
[6] International Monetary Fund, http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.htm
Pg. 19

22. WWF’s 200
Global Eco-
regions
Remaining Forests Global GDP Fig. 2.3
Pg. 20
Fig. 2.4 Fig. 2.5
World Wildlife Fund, www.panda.org accessed 01/12/08

23. The issues highlight the unified
relationship between the environment, the
wellbeing of people and the
responsibilities of the industrialized world
to the natural world. It is mean to create
a path towards a sustainable world in
which the richest reexamine their
technologies and commitments, the poor
are introduced to modern amenities and
techniques necessary for growth, health
and sustainability. And allowing these
important ecosystems can be protected by
the people who live within them under the
leadership of the people studying and
leading these efforts. It is in the
developing world that sustainability can
have the largest impact. Not only could
people be brought out from the brink of
environmental and social collapse easily
with just a few brushstrokes, but establish
them as the guardians of their land, living
a happy and healthy existence. Fig. 2.6
Pg. 21

24. The Miami MetroZoo began as the Crandon Park
Zoo on Key Biscayne just south of Miami Beach. In 1948 a small
road menagerie broke down near Miami and the owner sold his
three monkeys, two black bears and goat for $270 to officially
create the zoo. By 1967 the zoo had grown to over 1200 Fig. 2.7
animals to include the first captive birth and rearing of an
Aardvark. The zoo was nearly destroyed by hurricane Betsy in
1965 when over three feet of water covered the entire zoo killing
over 250 of the animals at the park. However by 1968 it was
rated among the countries 25 best zoo’s and its collection
included a rare white Tiger who was only the second such animal
to enter the U.S.
After the sheer devastation of Betsy, the Zoological
Fig. 2.8
Society began to play with the idea of the construction of a new
Zoo for Dade County. On December 11, 1970 county officials
applied for the acquisition of a 600 acre parcel of land that used
to house the Richmond Naval Air Station. By 1975 the
construction of the new master plan designed by painter T.A.
Strawser in 1971 had begun, but it would take until December
1981 before the first section of the Zoo was officially open.
Pg. 22
Fig. 2.9

25. The Asian lobe covered a total of 200 acres and
contained 28 exhibits of animals from the mainland and Asiatic
Islands. By 1982 an additional 25 acres and six new African
exhibits would open to the public along with the brand new
MetroZoo monorail which gave visitors a new way to move
through the zoo and a safe way to preview future exhibits under
construction. By August 1990 the zoo had seen a growth to over
300 developed acres, they had opened the award winning 1.6
acre Wings of Asia aviary which contained nearly 300 birds of
over 50 species. The completion of the African exhibits and
Asian River life habitats attracted over 800,000 people per year
and plans continued on the proposed South American sections of
the park.
It was August 24, 1992 when the winds of
hurricane Andrew shattered the goals of the MetroZoo. The
category 5 storm ripped through the park, destroying over 5000
trees and completely collapsing the majestic aviary. By the time
the winds died down 20 large animals and over 100 rare birds
were dead and 200 were missing, workers quickly worked to
recover the surviving birds and amazingly were able to capture
all the birds and distribute the animals among other zoo’s.
Pg. 23

26. The destruction left a deep scar on the park, visitor numbers plummeted
to under 200,000 people per year and the recovery of the exhibits had
just begun. It took until 1995 with the arrival of the zoo’s Koala’s for
the zoo to recover its collection, by 1996 the Falcon Bachelor Komodo
Dragon Encounter was opened as an extension to the Asian River life
exhibits.
On May 3, 2003 over ten years after Andrew the new
American Bankers Family, Wings of Asia aviary re-opened to the public.
The new aviary is the largest aviary on the East coast and cost over 13.5
million dollars. This exhibit can hold between 150 and 300 birds within
its three zones, the Canopy, uplands and the wetlands. This aviary was
designed to be able to stand hurricane force winds, its coiled metal
screen canopy flexes in the wind over the entire 70 foot high structure.
The aviary introduced an exhibit which draws the evolutionary
relationship between birds and dinosaurs through immersions in the
aviary and interactive exhibits including a theatre, a fossil digging pit for
children and a series of bones which show the similarities between the
bones of these extinct reptiles and modern birds. The completion of the
aviary consisted of Phase 1 of the zoo’s total redesign, the second phase
is set to open in late 2008 and will consist of 27 new acres of the never
completed Tropical America lobe. Amazon and beyond will house
keystone species such as the Anaconda, Giant River Otters and Harpy
Eagles. Miami MetroZoo, www.miamimetrozoo.com/history
Pg. 24

27. Amazon and Beyond was designed by Seattle based Jones & Jones
Architects who set as a goal the creation of a fun and informative scientific experience
while motivating the public to act responsibly after leaving the zoo. Their design is set
to be one of the largest and among the first LEED accredited structures in South Florida
which includes many interior conditioned spaces. The overall master plan calls for a
geographically accurate transition from North America at the entry to the park and
moving further into the Caribbean, Central and South America.
The next phases to follow will reformat the existing Asian, Australian and
African lobes and will integrate the storyline begun by the Amazon and Beyond project
and wings of Asia aviary to eventually create a cohesive, educational and impactful
experience.
Fig. 2.10
Miami MetroZoo, www.miamimetrozoo.com/future
Pg. 25

28. The Miami Metro-Zoo is among the nations top five zoo’s, today it is a sprawling
park with a unique collection of animals all living free from bars under the warm
south Florida sun. However the zoo fails to create successful narratives of its
themes and biological concepts. Over the last 5 years the first three phases of the
21 phase redevelopment of the zoo have been completed. These new areas of the
zoo have introduced new ways of housing these animals and provide new and
exiting ways for visitors to experience these amazing creatures.
The purpose of this project is to evoke a sense of admiration for both the
achievements of man and the wonder of nature her creatures and systems. It is an
exploration of the interface that occurs between man and beast from wilderness to
city. The MetroZoo will play host to the conservation and preservation goals of
many existing institutions. Its design will draw from the needs of the Animals that
reside within its walls, the visitors that fill its walkways and the keepers that keep it
functioning. As generators of space these users will define program, circulation and
axiom.
Pg. 26

29. The projected outcome of the MetroZoo redevelopment will strive to lead the visitors
through a narrative of the existing condition of our natural world. The zoo will
expose issues surrounding extinctions and habitat loss through the use of
interactive immersion exhibits. Solutions to these issues will be presented by the
built environment and interactive sensory programming throughout the park. The
ever evolving experience will increase attendance as the natural surroundings
trigger natural behaviors in the animals.
The Miami MetroZoo is the only existing sub-tropical zoo in the nation, due to this
fact the site is a prime location for the re-creation of natural tropical environments.
The importance of these vulnerable natural environments for the biodiversity of the
planet are undeniable. The zoo is a total of 740 acres, of which only 300 have been
developed since its opening in 1981. This project will maintain a focus on the Asian
sections of the new master plan and set goals and aspirations for the remaining
sections of the park.
Pg. 27

30. The Miami MetroZoo is among the top five zoo’s, as judged by the American Zoo
Association. The AZA maintains a close relationship with all the zoo’s around the nation,
and they manage the collections at all accredited facilities. The AZA maintains a strict
set of guidelines for the design of all zoo exhibits, and master plans. Zoo’s go through
regular re-certification processes through the association and in return the AZA
maintains and oversees all breeding and reintroduction programs. City and State
restrictions also exist which restrict collections and exhibitions of wild or exotic animals.
The Miami MetroZoo is run and maintained by
the Parks and Recreations department of the
city of Miami. The park is a public entity under
the larger umbrella of the AZA, most funds are
provided by the city, however the zoo is
dependent on profits made by ticket sales,
food, fundraising, merchandise and donations
to cover daily operations and expansions.
Many private companies have come forward as
sponsors to the zoo and many of the existing
and planned exhibits have been funded by such
companies. Possibilities for increased funding
and profit opportunities should always be
Pg. 28
explored.

31. The master plan calls for
eight distinct zoogeographical
regions from around the
world to be created
throughout the zoo. These
regions range from the
Florida everglades to the
shores of Patagonia, and
from the African savannah’s
to a saltwater swimming
lagoon on a tropical Asian
island. Each region is
unique, immersing visitors in
a special educational
experience. Within these
regions themed villages will
provide shelter, refreshment
and a variety of other
opportunities and
experiences.
Fig. 3.2
By the Portico Group, property of Dade County
Parks and Recreation Dept. Pg. 29

32. No Hierarchy Central Axis.
Incremental growth of Having a central
the park has created distribution path gives
an inefficient visitors an efficient
circulation that can be circulation experience.
unpleasant and The elongated plan
disorienting. The gives more
many circulation opportunities for
options can cause maximized themed
visitors to miss many exhibit opportunities.
of the exhibits.
Multiple Loop
Unique Loop Hierarchy.
Hierarchy When a single
When unique themes circulation space is
are used throughout used opportunities
the park the ability to arise for visitors to
use a single main loop explore at their own
is a good solution for speed. This visitor
small zoo’s. However friendly scheme also
in larger parks, this allows for service to
layout creates exhibit occur on the periphery
spaces which are thus minimizing visitor
Pg. 30 excessively long. Fig. 3.3-3.6 Gustavo Sariego (2004) contact.

33. Pg. 31

34. The Mekong River System
Hanging Gardens of Asia
Majestic Nepal
Wings of Asia
Tiger Exhibit
The Heart of Borneo
Asian River life
Pg. 32

35. A common solution at many
zoo’s is to place themed
exhibits parallel to each other The most successful solution is
along the circulation path. to place one theme at the
This strategy destroys the beginning of the habitat
ability for themed immersions, followed by a transition zone,
since the viewer will be or ecotone. Then taking
exposed to two, often visitors through a second zone
conflicting themes and/or themed zone. This concept
environments. Attempts at can be repeated with as many
interpretation of parallel zones as is practical.
storylines are doomed to Another solution allows
failure. visitors to pass through one
theme on a unique loop, this
loop will then take them
through a second theme.
This presents the
unfavorable problem when
one returns to the original
distribution point, where it
Fig. 3.7-3.9
Gustavo Sariego (2004) will become necessary to
Organización de Circulaciones
en Zoológicos. pass through the originating
www.zoolex.org/research.html
theme. Pg. 33

36. The design of the zoo is a
delicate balance between the
needs of the animals, visitors
and keepers. It is the interface
between these three users that
creates the excitement, conflict
and magic of the zoo. These
three user groups have unique
and particular needs, each
becoming critical
to the success
of the exhibits
and the
mission of
the zoo.
Pg. 34

37. Pg. 35

38. The experience of walking through the zoo
grounds should fully immerse visitors within an
accurate depiction of the animals natural
habitat. Once immersed, audio and visual
resources will educate the public of the natural
behavior, social hierarchy and physiological facts
consistent with current updated information
regarding the species unique situation.
Contemporary Architecture will serve as a
contrast to the natural exhibits breaking the
Fig. 4.1-4.2 relation between wild nature and constructed
nature and taking visitors through a journey
through the ecosystems of the world.
Visitors will be introduced to a constructed version of
nature built to house wild animals. There is no way of
fully recreating a natural ecosystem which could
replace the critical relationships and communities
found within a natural ecosystem. However all
opportunities for mixed species and exhibit rotation
Pg. 36 should be used to maintain ecosystems and plant life.

39. Fig. 4.3-4.12
Pg. 37

40. The existing mode of exhibition and
circulation at the zoo places visitors
at eye level with animals. Paths
across from habitats are paved and
usually have benches and some
shaded areas. Moats, depressions
and short fences separate the
visitors from the animals.
Husbandry and caretaking occurs
behind the scenes via private paths
and buildings.
Pg. 38

41. This mode of exhibition restricts the opportunities
for multiple viewpoints which are necessary for the
study and exploration of an ecosystem. The large
separation between the exhibits, its support
spaces and the public is a good option for safety
but can be functionally inefficient.
Pg. 39

42. Pg. 40

43. This diagram represents a collage
of functions that would have to
occur in an immersion exhibit with
hidden support spaces. The
diagram represents four potential
themes, aquatic, terrestrial, and
arboreal, each with the opportunity
for complementary species at either
side of the exhibit and changing
levels through the structure of the
forest.
Pg. 41

44. 9 90
8 80
7 70
6 60
5 50 Miami Average
Precipitation
4 (in) 1971-2000 40 Temperatures
3 30
2 20
1 10
0 0
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Pg. 42
Statistics by National Climatic Data Center,
NOAA http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov

45. Pg. 43

46. Fig. 5.1
To recreate the regional and geographical qualities
of specific locations of high diversity values through
the use of contemporary architecture. These built
natural habitats will simulate natural ecosystems in
a controlled manner to showcase co-dependent
species and show the natural hierarchy and
biological structure of the environment. The
relationship between predator and prey can be used
for enrichment if the design of the habitat allows for
controlled contact between the two species.
Although the recreated habitats may not have
functioning ecosystems, the illusion of an
ecosystem should be established for both the health
of the animals but also for the education of the
public. The design of the animal interface must
work in sequence and balance with the interface of
the visitors and keepers for both maximization of
views but also for the health and safety of all users.
Pg. 44

47. Fig. 5.2-5.10
Pg. 45

48. The majesty of Nepal’s
geographic diversity creates environments
that are as diverse as the areas culture.
However Nepal’s forest is disappearing at an
alarming rate, ever since Malaria was
eradicated in the 1960’s and the lowlands
were opened up for agriculture Nepal has lost
over 2/3’s of its wildlife habitats. This
development has also caused the remaining
habitats to become fragmented throughout
the country. Wwf
The Tiger is the top predator of
most of South-eastern Asia and is one of the
first affected by habitat loss and external
predation of its prey, recent accounts place
the five tiger species at the top of the IUCN
red list Based on estimates of density and
geographic range (Nowell and Jackson 1996,
Seidensticker et al. 1999), the tiger’s total
effective population size is estimated at
below 2,500 mature breeding individuals.
Fig. 5.11
Pg. 46

49. With a declining trend due to habitat and
prey base loss and persecution, and with no subpopulation
containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals it is
evident that the Tiger and its associated species are in
turmoil. (IUCN) The power and grace of this species is the
first to be encountered by the visitors of the park, though
their presence may not always be seen it is always felt.
Motion-activated cameras within the thick underbrush
preclude his emergence as visitors gain views directly into
his world as they watch from the safety of the path.
The thick vegetation of the Tigers habitat
obscures him from most of the visitors until this beautiful
animal begins to emerge from the darkness of his forest. Fig. 5.12
The presence of this majestic creature attracts not only
the attention of the public but also of creatures living
nearby. The Hanuman Langur’s spot the Tiger from the
trees opposite of the exhibit and begin to warn their
group. Their agitated calls reveal to the Spotted Deer (the
tigers main prey item) that their nemesis has emerged.
The natural cooperation and behavior of
these two species helps to protect both groups and is
important for avoiding capture and certain death.
However this is no longer the case, since Spotted Deer
have been hunted heavily by humans and has drastically
reduced the Tigers access to food in the wild, along with a
steep decline in suitable habitats the Tiger and all
Fig. 5.13
associated species have seen a decline in population. Pg. 47

50. Pg. 48

51. 80
70
60
50
Avg Temp
40 Hours of Sun
Rainfall
30 Days of Rain
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Arp May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Nepal’s climate is as diverse as its animals, it ranges from dry and cold North of
the Himalayan mountains to hot and humid in the lowlands. The sheer change in
elevation of the land causes clouds condense and release moisture the higher the
elevation becomes. The result is a lush tropical green environment from India to
Thailand, and dry barren deserts beyond the mountain chain. Fig. 5.14
Pg. 49

52. Pg. 50

53. Snow pack melt from the Himalayas pours down
the steep and rocky slopes of the mountains,
coming together into fast moving streams of frigid
water. To the locals and wildlife this area is of
immeasurable importance since these streams
quickly grow into the massive river known as the
Mekong River. The Mekong River is the tenth
largest river in the world, its turbulent waters
originate high in the alps of the Tibetan Plateau
over 4900 meters above sea level. Torrential
rains fall along the eastern front of the Himalayas
turning its landscapes lush and green with each
drop joining the previous irrigating the lands and
flowing into the rivers. Streams and tributaries
flow through the dramatic gorges of China’s
Yunan Province before flowing into the “Golden
Triangle” between the borders of Burma, Laos
and Thailand. All countries along the path of
this river depend on the rivers water for its
resources, transportation and economic benefits.
Fig. 5.15
Pg. 51

54. Mekong stingrays, Large tooth Sawfish and the giant
Carp have all been left defenseless against the ongoing
sprawl of humans and all look towards a very uncertain
future. The ongoing construction of hydroelectric
damns and the effects of overfishing and pollution are
quickly destroying this ecosystems ability to regenerate
and survive. Visitors will experience the Mekong River
from the perspective of these creatures as they
progress through a series of underground habitats
meant to bring humans right into their natural
environments. Interactive displays and exhibits will
educate the public of both the environmental and
sociological issues surrounding the Mekong river system
and how a sustainable future is the only way to
guarantee these ecosystems survival.
WWF. The Mekong River: An unknown and threatened kingdom.
Fig. 5.16-5.20 Story by Zeb Hogan, Produced by Save Cambodia's Wildlife
Pg. 53

55. 90
80
70
60
50 Avg Temp
Hours of Sun
40 Rainfall
Days of Rain
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
The climate along the path of the Mekong river is quite stable once it enters
the flatlands of the “golden triangle” as it approaches the sea, the climate is
hot and humid with a wet season between May and November. Temperatures
remain above 70 degrees year-round with constant morning sun and
afternoon shower. Here we see the WWF’s main Mekong Catfish protection
area in an area where high levels of sediment provide good conditions for
aquatic vegetation to grow.
Pg. 54 Fig. 5.21

56. As the Mekong falls over Khone falls sediments in
the water turn the river deep shades of umber
before its fertile waters enter the delta of “Nine
tails of the Dragon” before its waters flow into the
South China Sea.
The diversity of life within this river is only second
to that of the Amazon River in South America, it is
thought to contain over 1300 species of fish and is
one of the most important and diverse fresh water
ecosystems in the world. The most impressive of
all freshwater fish call this river home; the
Mekong Giant Catfish is thought to be the largest
freshwater fish in the world. Growing to over 10
feet in length and weighing in at 650 pounds this Fig. 5.22
fish was once an important food resource for
people of the area, however in the last decade
stocks of this extreme fish have dropped by over
90%. The largest contributor to the decline of the
Mekong Catfish has been the uncontrollable
human expansion and spread that has occurred in
the area. This once migratory fish could be
spotted all along the length of the river until
twenty-five years ago when damning projects
began to block the rivers paths.
Fig. 5.23
Pg. 52

57. Pg. 55

58. Fig. 5.24
Borneo is the third largest island in the world, at
nearly 289,000 square miles it represents one of
the most important biodiversity centers of the
world. Of 200 world eco-regions Borneo contains 5
including the Lowland Dipterocarp forest which
consists of Oak’s, Chestnut, and Myrtle trees which
are over 200 ft tall and can support over 1000
species of Insects per tree. The Heart of Borneo
has been made famous by its ability to support
Elephants, Orangutans and Rhino’s in the same
environment (this is the last place on earth that this
occurs) Within Lambir Hills National Park in
Sarawak the highest concentration of tree species
were found, within a 52-hectare plot 1,175 species
of tree were documented, the highest such diversity
in the world. The interior of the island also
supports a population of about 4 million Dayak or
indigenous people who rely on the forest for most of
their resources.
Pg. 56 Fig. 5.25

59. In 2006 scientists working in Borneo
discovered a total of 52 new species never
before seen which adds to the impressive
200 birds, 100 mammals, 150 reptiles &
amphibians endemic species already
identified on the island.
Despite the unique biodiversity of the
island, Borneo also holds the highest rates
of deforestation on earth. Between 1985
and 2005 an average of 850,000 hectares
of forests were cut down yearly.
Fig. 5.26
The largest contributor to the
deforestation is the ongoing conversion of Fig. 5.27
the land to plantations for commercial
production of Palm Oil, Rubber and Pulp
production. Today there are nearly 1.6
million hectares which have been
converted to Palm Oil production alone.
Palm oil has now surpassed Soybean as
the most widely produced vegetable oil.
New uses including Bio-fuel production are
threatening to expand the operations to
un-sustainable levels effectively Pg. 57
destroying its ecosystems.

60. 80
In the years of 1997 and 1998 severe forest
fires begun by people ripped through the 70
Kalimantan region of the island. The fire 60
destroyed over 6.5 million hectares of prime 50
Avg Temp
Orangutan habitat and undeniably killed 40 Hours of Sun
Rainfall
hundreds of these creatures along with 30 Days of Rain
thousands of others species. The fire 20
released considerable amounts of CO2 into
10
the atmosphere and resulted in Indonesia's
0
Jan Feb Mar Arp May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
jump to third largest CO2 contributor in the
world for the year.
Constant hot and humid conditions keep
Borneo’s forest lush and green, average
rainfall on the island is over 12” per month
and rain occurs nearly every day.
Temperatures remain well over 75 degrees
year-round and have the ability to support
very complex ecosystems including Tropical
Rainforests, Mangrove Forests, Peat swamps
and freshwater swamps. The shrinking
rainforest still cover nearly 30% of the total
area of the island.
Pg. 58
WWF. Forests of Borneo: Forest areas and Key facts.

61. Pg. 59

62. To create a sequence of spaces for the support
structure of the modern zoo where keepers can
have easy and efficient contact with both the
animals and the visitors. By consolidating of some
of the keepers roles through the habitat’s design,
we can minimize contact with the animals
environment and maximize time spent on animal
enrichment and visitor education.
AZA standards for curatorial responsibilities and
contact with animals must be adhered to, life
Fig. 5.29-5.32
safety issues must also be supplemented beyond
those specified by the building code. However
physical resources such as graphics and
audio/visual exhibits can fill the educational
requirements in visitor areas where little keeper
impact occurs. Areas where high levels of
security must occur visitor contact will diminish.
Pg. 60

63. Fig. 5.33-5.39
Pg. 61

64. Pg. 62

65. Species Status Diet Outdoor Indoor/Den Water Exhibit Size
Space Space Access Height
Gibbons & Critically Herbi 860 sf / Pair + 322 sf / Pair Moat 16 ft
Siamangs Endangered vore 10% / Adult optional on 13 lb – 15 lb
exhibit
(White-Handed,
Crested)
Indian Near Omni 215 sf/ Pair On exhibit Running 10 ft 6.5 lb
Hornbill Threatened vore Water
Hanuman or Least Concern Herbi 1000 sf / 5 Pool 10 ft
Douc Langur Endangered vore adults On exhibit 25 lb
Bengal Tiger Endangered Carni 5400 sf/ Pair 160 sf/ Pair Pool or 16 ft w 220 lb – 550
vore Moat turn-back lb
Asian Herbi 33,000sf / 3 550 sf/ Adult Pool & ------- 9000 lb –
Elephant Endangered vore adult females or Mudbath 11000 lb
1 Male
Indian Herbi 10800 sf / pair 550 sf/ Adult Pool & ------- 4000 lb –
Rhinoceros Endangered vore + 10%/ adult Mudbath 6000 lb
Gaur/Water Herbi 8700 sf / pair + Running ------- 1300 lb –
Buffalo. Vulnerable vore 550 sf / adult On exhibit Water 2200 lb
River Dolphin Vulnerable Fish 2150 sf/4 Min 3 individual 2150 sf/4 8.5 ft 10 ft
adults draining pools. adults deep 190 – 300 lb
Gharial Endangered Fish 161 sf/ + 50sf/ Mixed Species 215 sf + 12 ft 15 ft - 25 ft
adult of Land 50sf/ adult deep
Pg. 63

66. Species Status Diet Outdoor Indoor/ Water Exhibit Size
Space Den Space Access Height
Clouded Vulnerable Carniv 2150 sf / Pair + 322 sf / Pair Running 13 ft net
ore 550 / Adult optional on Water cover 33 lb – 50
Leopard exhibit lb
Leopard Least Carniv 5400 sf/ Pair + On exhibit Running 14 ft w/ 66 lb –
Concern ore 550 sf/ Adult Water turn-back 180 lb
Carniv 3250 sf / adult.
Vulnerable ore Solitary On exhibit Pool ------- 145 lb
Sun Bear
Asian Black Vulnerable Omniv On exhibit Pool or 16 ft w/ 140 lb –
ore 3250 sf/ Pair Moat turn-back 330 lb
Bear
Dugong Herbiv Min 3 individual 2150 sf/4 10 ft deep 10 ft
Vulnerable ore 2150 sf/4 draining pools. adults 550 – 650
adults saltwater lb
Lowland Endangered Herbiv Pool ------- 330 lb –
SSP ore 3300 sf/ Adult On exhibit 660 lb
Anoa
Proboscis Herbiv 322 sf / Pair on Running 17 ft 26 lb – 53
Endangered ore 5300 sf/5 exhibit Water lb
Monkey
Adults
Lesser/Red Endangered Herbiv 450 sf/pair + Min 3 individual Running 8.5 ft high 6lb - 14lb
ore 20%/adult draining pools. Water walls
Panda
Siamese Critically Carniv 161 sf/ + 50sf/ Mixed Species 215 sf + 6 ft deep 5ft - 10 ft
Endangered ore adult on Land 50sf/
Crocodile adult in
water
Pg. 64

67. Species Status Diet Outdoor Indoor/D Water Exhibi Size
Space en Space Access t
Height
Saurus Critically Herbiv 860 sf / Pair + 322 sf / Pair Moat 16 ft
Endangered ore 10% / Adult optional on 13 lb – 15 lb
Crane exhibit
Greater Near Omniv 215 sf/ Pair On exhibit Running 10 ft 6.5 lb
Threatened ore Water
Flamingo
Flying Lemur Herbiv 1000 sf / 5 Running
Endangered ore adults On exhibit water 10 ft 25 lb
Shrews Endangered Carniv 5400 sf/ Pair 160 sf/ Pair Pool or 16 ft w 220 lb – 550
ore Moat turn- lb
back
Malayan Herbiv 33,000sf / 3 550 sf/ Adult Pool & ------- 9000 lb –
Endangered ore adult females Mud bath 11000 lb
Tapir or 1 Male
Small Herbiv 10800 sf / pair 550 sf/ Adult Running ------- 4000 lb –
Endangered ore + 10%/ adult Water 6000 lb
clawed Otter
Owston’s Insecti 850 sf / pair + Running 15 ft
Vulnerable vore 50 sf / adult In exhibit Water 4.5 lb – 8 lb
Civet
Rainbow Least Nectar 215 sf/ Group In exhibit Running 8.5 ft 10 ft
Concern Water deep 190 – 300 lb
Lory
Palm Endangered Herbiv 215 sf/ Pair In exhibit Running 12 ft 15 ft - 25 ft
ore Water deep
Cockatoo
Program recommendations by The WAZA (World Association of Zoo’s and Aquariums.) Pg. 65

68. Photosynthesis and Plant Tectonics
Plants make up the base of the worlds entire food chain
and a huge proportion of the worlds oxygen. Their ability
to convert the energy of the sun into food is unique to the
earth. By spreading and aiming their leaves into the rays
of the sun they collect light which stimulates Chlorophyll
and its absorption of Carbon Dioxide. Using water as a
transportation system the plant stores this energy and
releases Oxygen as a byproduct.
Passive Communities
Coral reef systems are made up of millions of individual
polyps, each of these polyps is dependent on the recycled
bones of its ancestors for a home. Though the polyps life
may be short, its body will become a part of this structure
and further the growth of new polyps. These coral
colonies live their life passively in the oceans, feeding from
tiny particles of organic matter in the currents. As time
passes and the colonies grow, more and more creatures
become dependent on these unique structures and they
effectively make up the base of all coral reef ecosystems.
Pg. 66

69. Active Sense
The Venus Flytrap is one of those plants that makes
us rethink all that we know of the passive nature of
plants. These amazing organisms have evolved
from their infertile environment and have developed
the ability to hunt prey. This diagram shows the
mechanics behind this adaptation, where a small
amount of liquid at the joint of the flower sits
dormant until a fly or other stimulus trips over one
of its sensitive fibers, once triggered the plant
instantly releases the liquid allowing the flower to
quickly close and effectively trap its prey. Slowly
the prey will die and release nutrients which the
plant can consume.
Annual Growth
Of all the plants on earth none are more known or
visible as the trees of the earth, these massive
organisms take decades to reach their mature size.
Every year a tree is alive it records facts about its
environment that year, effectively writing a climatic
journal of its life. Scientists use these rings to
gauge and study changes in the climate of each
individual specimen.
Pg. 67

70. Modular Growth
By examining the growth patterns of certain cacti we can
isolate the growth of each individual segment that makes
up the surface of the plant. These segments originate at
the top of the plant, where the soft fresh tissues are
protected by the growth of the previous segment. As the
segments grow and new ones emerge they move
downward adding to the size of the plant and create a
reinforced system of modules which protect the water
within its frame.
Spiral Growth
The geometry of the pinecone is made up by two inversed
spirals running from its base to its tip which distribute
scales along its entire surface. The seeds are mostly small
and winged for wind-dispersal, but other types are larger
and have only a vestigial wing, and are bird-dispersed. At
maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but
in others, the fire climax pines, the seeds are stored in
closed cones for many years until a forest fire kills the
parent tree. These stored seeds are then released in huge
numbers to re-populate the burnt ground.
Pg. 68

71. Water and its Tectonics
Water is the basic building block of all life on earth, it is
the prevalent cover of the earth and the primary
ingredient in our bodies. This diagram shows the most
basic of waters tectonics as rain. As a single drop of
water condenses high in the atmosphere and falls onto
the still surface of a lake, the reaction creates
concentric waves which radiate from its epicenter. This
diagram is meant to remind us of the importance and
uniqueness of our liquid planet.
Rhythmic Partners
All beings on earth have developed some sort of a
circulatory system, here we see the basic rhythm held
between the heart and the lungs. It is the essential
piece which connects the being with the global system,
absorbing oxygen into the blood and releasing Carbon
Dioxide back into the system.
Pg. 69

72. Plate Tectonics
Of all the systems of the planet the most impressive,
destructive and responsible for life and geographical
uniqueness of our planet are the actions of the ground
right below our feet. This study shows the effects of two
plates engaged in immeasurable forces. As the two pieces
come together each must give, one is forced into the
molten core of our planet the other is forced high into the
sky. The result of these forces create mountains, valleys
and expend massive amounts of energy in the form of
earthquakes.
Evolution, Genetics and the Environment.
This diagram is a simple representation of a phylogenetic
tree which traces the lineage of every living being on
earth. The earth and environment supports the “tree”
whose length symbolizes time, its branches are made up
of an extensive system of species each evolving from the
previous. Each main branch makes up an ever expanding
family. Extinctions would abruptly end the process of
evolution or growth of the tree.
Pg. 70

73. Geographic Juxtaposition An overlay of the
and Natural Systems zoogeographical regions
was placed over the
proposed masterplan for
the Metrozoo
redevelopment plan. In
this study we can examine
Symmetry how different climatic
zones should be
interwoven into the
infrastructure of the park.
By creating differing zones
from the lush jungles of
the Amazon through the
Balance arid regions of the Sahara
in a manner that reflects
the natural transitions
between these climatic
regions, both animals and
visitors can experience a
Harmony
more realistic and
comprehensive experience.
Pg. 71

74. In a study performed by the American Zoo
Maserplan Overlay
Association entitled “Why zoo’s matter,”
visitors of zoo’s were divided into five
taxonomies which define the reasons why
so many people visit zoo’s today. These
definitions were used to create spaces that
would embrace each taxonomy.
“Explorers” are curiosity-driven and seek to
learn more about whatever they might encounter at
the institution.
“Facilitators” are focused primarily on
enabling the experience and learning of others in
their accompanying social group.
“Professional/Hobbyists” feel a close tie
between the institution’s content and their
professional or hobbyist passions.
“Experience Seekers” primarily derive
satisfaction from the fact of visiting this important
site.
“Spiritual Pilgrims” are primarily seeking a
contemplative and/or restorative experiences.
The design of the masterplan takes into account the needs and desires of these five visitors taxonomies.
Within the three spaces of the Southeast Asian lobe, visitors will be given an opportunity to explore their own
individual goals for their visit of the zoo. In an effort to further enhance the visit the Village design and
programming will support the endeavors of the main exhibit spaces and freely adapt to changing exhibits and
missions of the zoo.
Pg. 72

75. Form and Thematic
Structure
To accurately represent the current
condition of Asian ecosystems the
design must take into account the
relationship between our urban cores
and their dependence on the natural
resources available from the forests. A
perceived and drastic sense of transition
between the village and the jungle
ecosystem will be useful to convey the
message of conservation and
stewardship. The enlightenment trail
will transport visitors and expose them
to both the issues facing man and
nature and will begin to outline the
reasons for these issues while outlining
sustainable solutions and giving them
the tools to become stewards of the
Pg. 73
planet.

76. Preliminary Design studies.
A series of studies were performed to
examine different modes of both animal and
human circulation through the aviary space.
This study uses parallel plains held together
by tensile cords, the circulation weaves
between wall panels as it takes visitors
through each individual animal module.
This scheme though effective in human
circulation and thematic transitioning failed
to allow smaller animals passage throughout
Pg. 74 the length of the exhibits.

77. In this study an examination of existing techniques in exhibit design were utilized to simulate a dually
thematic exhibit. In this scheme we find two separate circulation paths, one above the constructed
terrain in the form of a path and the second filling the space left by the constructed mound. Though
this scheme succeeds in its animal spaces, the human spaces may loose the quality of the thematic
portrayals within the spaces and experience a loss of connection with exterior zones. Pg. 75

78. A final study examined the axis of the river and canopy themes with the village and theatre.
This scheme used the theatre as the main tensile anchor of the structure and effectively divided
the aviary into two portions. This scheme drove the theatre to detach from the structure and
evolve into a freestanding gem within the aviary structure.
Pg. 76

79. Conceptual Design Synthesis and Programming
This figure shows the quantification and juxtaposition of the zones and functions critical to the
design. The enlightenment path passes through the village and under the monorail station before it
divides evenly between the sub zones in figure eight form. The theatre becomes the central
organizing feature between the two zones, it represents the assault that nature endures at the hand
of man but stands in reverence and balance with the exhibit and content.
Pg. 77

80. Integrated within the programming of the village will be an artisan shop that will sell a variety of fair trade
gifts and souvenirs from the region. A themed café will allow visitors to sit and enjoy a healthy meal
composed of organic ingredients grown locally or onsite and cooked with traditional southeastern Asian
recipes. “ZooHotel” rooms would provide an accurate architectural expression of accommodations from the
region, these rooms may range from double occupancy up to 4 person bunk rooms. Classroom spaces will
allow for both educational, exhibit or rental spaces, while utilizing biological concepts and subjects based to
the current theme to further encourage overnight stays and camps at the zoo.
Village Size & Classification Purpose
Program Number
Classrooms 500sf Semi-private Multi
3
Restrooms 500sf Public Storm shelter
2
Gift Shop 1200sf Public Sales
1
Facilities 500sf Private/ Security and
Management 1 Restricted First Aid
Eco-lodge 300sf Overnight
rooming house 6 Private Visitor rooms
Café 1200sf Public Eco-lodge
1 Support
Mekong 1000sf Public Transportation
Station 1 and storage
Dr. Wilde’s 3000sf Public Exhibit and
Asian cultural 1 performance
center Space
Facilities management spaces will contain control and surveillance equipment alongside, Restrooms and
mechanical/storage spaces. Standing between the rock garden and the mekong station will be Dr. Wilde’s
Asian cultural center which will contains a concise collection of Asian artifacts and cultural exhibits which tie
the resource demands of the people to the natural areas of the world while presenting alternatives that
better preserve resources and protect wildlife. Opposite of the Cultural center is the biology center, in this
space visitors will be shown some examples of conservation projects which the zoo has embarked on and will
Pg. 78 give visitors the opportunity to join in the zoo’s projects.

81. Building Size & Classification Purpose
The design of the Aviary structure Program Number
moved past the original iteration of Mekong River 10000sf Semi-private Mekong river fauna
Tour 1
balance between the arch and the
Biodiversity 1000sf Public Theatre
post and lintel form into a more Theatre 1
Hanging 20000sf Private Southeast Asia
fitting and engaging representation Gardens of 1 rainforest fauna
Asian tour
of the emergent trees of the
Keeper Space 500sf Restricted Visitor Interface and
rainforest. The circulation and path 4 Animal husbandry
Visitor Service 1000sf Public Ticket sales and
through the Mekong river and 1 storage
hanging gardens remained in the Leopard 4000sf Public Viewing Gallery
Gallery 1
same path originally iterated in the
River Gallery 4000sf Public Viewing Gallery
conceptual studies and schematic 1
Mekong 3000sf Public Viewing Gallery
design. Gallery 1
Pg. 79

82. Code Ecology Aviary Enlightenment
Theatre Structure Village
Analysis
A1 A5
Occupancy
A2
Construction
Assembly IA IA IV Heavy Timber
Height & Area
32 ft, 3 stories,
restrictions Unlimited Unlimited
15,000 sf
Fire
I.B.C Occupancy
Resistance exception 411.1
Wall 3 Hours N.A. HT or 2 Hours
Floor 2 Hours N.A HT
Roof 1.5 Hours N.A HT
Partitions 2 Hours N.A 1 Hour
Structure 3 Hours N.A HT
Pg. 80